‘be short’
Argument frame: |
X
(be short)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(P. wants to buy a ticket. He counts his money and finds out that)
P.
is short / lacks
one euro
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
недоставать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
-у (недоставать)
Y
-a
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. хочет купить билет. Он посчитал деньги и выяснилось, что)
П.
недостает
одного доллара
.
|
Abaza
gχa
Valency pattern:
IO_ABS
|
X: IO |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
murád |
ẑa–som-ḳ |
jə-gχ-ə́j-d |
pn
|
ten–rouble-
unit
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-lack-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Murad is short ten roubles.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
f-jə-qʷə + NEG
Valency pattern:
BEN_ABS
|
X: BEN |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
č̣ʼale-m |
som-jə-pṣ̂ |
fə-r-jə-qʷə-r-ep |
guy-
obl
|
rouble-
lnk
-ten(
abs
)
|
ben
-
lnk
-
loc
:
cont
-be_enough-
dyn
-
neg
|
‘The guy is ten roubles short.’ |
Aghul
hurk’.u + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
aslan.a-s |
sa |
manat |
hurk’.u-ndawa |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
ruble
|
suffice.
pf
-
aor
:
neg
|
‘Aslan is short one ruble.’ |
Alik Kryz
aksug xhiyic
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
za |
şidri |
sa-d |
dullar |
aksug-e |
1.
gen
|
sister.
gen
|
one-
n
|
dollar
|
missing-
cop
.
n
|
‘My sister is one dollar short.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked. |
Archi
-aχˁ -kes + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
paša-s |
os |
dollar |
b-aχˁ |
be-ke-r-ši |
b-i-tʼu |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
dollar
|
3-be.sufficient
|
3-become-
ipfv
-
advz
|
3-be-
neg
|
‘Pasha is one dollar short.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
NEG + xazə
Valency pattern:
ka_SBJ
|
X: ka |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
ka |
+Ašur |
la |
xzi-lun |
zuyzə |
(zavən |
bilet) |
to
|
pn
|
neg
|
see.
pst
-
ls
.3
pl
|
money(
pl
)
|
buy.
prs
|
ticket(?)
|
‘Ashur lacks the money to buy a ticket.’ |
Avar
ʕeze + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ʕali-je |
co |
dollar |
ʕol-e-b |
heč’o |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
dollar
|
reach.
ipf
-
ptcp
-
n
|
neg
.
cop
|
‘Ali is one dollar short.’ |
Azerbaijani
çatmaq + NEG
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Aslan-ın |
bir |
dollar-ı |
çat-mır |
pn
-
gen
|
one
|
dollar-
poss
3
|
reach-
neg
.
ipfv
(3)
|
‘Aslan is one dollar short.’ |
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Bafut
kə̀ʔə̂
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ni
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ni |
Locus: Y |
àmbɛ́ |
à |
kə̀ʔə̂-tɨ̀ |
nɨ̀ |
ǹtʃwùʔù |
pn
|
sm
|
be_small-
ipfv
|
with1
|
one_thousand
|
‘Ambe is one thousand francs short.’ |
Bambara
jɛ̀
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
dɔ́rɔmɛ |
mùgan |
bɛ |
ń |
ka |
wári` |
jɛ̀ |
5.francs
|
twenty
|
ipfv
|
1
sg
|
poss
|
money\
art
|
lack
|
‘I am short 100 francs.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Brazilian Portuguese
faltar
Valency pattern:
para_SBJ
|
X: para |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
falt-a |
um |
dólar |
para |
Pedro |
lack-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
|
dollar(
m
)
|
towards
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro is one dollar short.’ |
Budugh
çudaraq'ar
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
aslan-ız |
sad |
dullar |
çuraq'ar |
dad |
pn
-
dat
|
one.
n
|
dollar
|
arrive.
ipf
|
neg
.
cop
.
n
|
‘Aslan is one dollar short.’ |
Catalan
faltar
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
|
X: NDIR.OBJ |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
al |
Pere |
li |
falt-en |
deu |
euro-s |
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
3
sg
.
dat
|
lack-3
pl
.
prs
.
ind
|
ten
|
euro(
m
)-
pl
|
‘Pere is short ten euros.’ |
Chechen
ca-toe’a
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
Islam-ana |
chwa |
manat |
ca-toe’a |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
manat.
abs
|
neg
-be_enough.
prs
|
‘Islam is one manat short.’ |
Chirag
hatːaqi
Valency pattern:
GEN_ABS
|
X: GEN |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
ʡa̰li-la |
daršː |
qːuruš |
hatːiq-l-akːu |
pn
-
gen
|
hundred
|
ruble(
abs
)
|
reach:
ipf
-
dur
-
prs
.
neg
.3
|
‘Ali is short of one hundred rubles.’ |
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Czech
chybit
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-ovi |
chybí |
dolar |
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
lack(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Petr is one dollar short.’ |
Danish
mangle
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
mangle-r |
en |
euro |
pn
|
lack-
prs
|
one
|
euro(
c
)
|
‘Peter lacks one euro.’ |
Dutch
tekortkomen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
kom-t |
één |
dollar |
tekort |
pn
(
c
)
|
come-3
sg
|
one
|
dollar(
c
)
|
shortage(
n
)
|
‘Piet is one dollar short.’ |
Eastern Maninka
dɛ́sɛ
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sékù |
lá |
wóri |
dɛ́sɛ-nin |
wàa |
kélen |
ná. |
pn
|
poss
|
money
|
fail-
ptcp
.
res
|
thousand
|
one
|
at
|
‘Seku is short 1000 francs.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
English
lack
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
puudu jääma
Valency pattern:
ADESS_NOM
|
X: ADESS |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Peetri-l |
jää-b |
üks |
euro |
puudu |
pn
-
adess
|
stay-
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
sg
.
nom
|
euro.
sg
.
nom
|
missing
|
‘Peeter is short one euro.’ |
Note: Phrasal verb (puudu is not a flagging device). |
Finnish
puuttua
Valency pattern:
ABL_NOM
|
X: ABL |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Peka-lta |
puuttu-u |
yksi |
euro |
pn
-
abl
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
|
euro.
nom
|
‘Pekka is short one euro.’ |
Forest Enets
tɔɔri + NEG
Valency pattern:
TOP_NOM
|
X: TOP |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ŋo-lʲu |
bɛse-za |
nʲi |
tɔɔri-ʔ |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
one-
restr
|
iron-
nom
.
sg
.3
sg
|
neg
.3
sg
.
s
|
be_enough(
ipfv
)-
conn
|
‘My friend lacks one rouble’. |
French
manquer
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
|
X: NDIR.OBJ |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
un |
dollar |
manque |
à |
Paul |
pour |
acheter |
un |
billet |
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar(
m
)
|
be_missing.
prs
.3
sg
|
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
for
|
buy.
inf
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
ticket(
m
)
|
‘Paul needs one dollar to buy a ticket.’ |
Georgian
Ø-a-k'l-i-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
p'et're-s |
ert-i |
dolar-i |
h-a-k'l-i-a |
pn
-
dat
|
one-
nom
|
dollar-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-lack-
stat
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Petre is one dollar short.’ |
German
fehlen
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Karl |
fehl-t |
ein |
Euro |
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
one[
m
.
nom
.
sg
]
|
euro[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl is one euro short.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Hindi
honā
Valency pattern:
OBLke.pas_DIR
|
X: OBLke.pas |
Y: DIR |
Locus: X |
Pratīk |
ke |
pās |
ek |
yūro |
kam |
hɛ. |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
adjz
.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
near
|
one
|
euro(
m
).
sg
.
dir
|
little
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
‘Prateek lack one euro.’ |
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate. |
Icari Dargwa
či-hatː-iq-araj + NEG
Valency pattern:
GEN_ABS
|
X: GEN |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
Islam-la |
ca |
manat |
či-hatː-iq-atːi |
akːu |
pn
-
gen
|
one.
abs
|
manat.
abs
|
on
-
up
-suffice:
ipf
-
conv
|
be.
neg
|
‘Islam is one manat short.’ |
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Irish
bí gearra
Valency pattern:
SBJ_BARE
|
X: SBJ |
Y: BARE |
Locus: Y |
Tá |
Pól |
euro |
gearra. |
be.
prs
|
pn
|
euro
|
short
|
‘Pól is one euro short.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Unusual structure (calqued from English). |
Ismayilli Kryz
Valency pattern:
INESS_NOM
|
X: INESS |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
aslan-a |
sad |
dollar |
surq'ar-adad |
pn
-
iness
|
one.
n
|
dollar
|
ipf
.reach-
hab
.
neg
.
n
|
‘Aslan is one dollar short.’ |
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP is a clause-level dependent. |
Italian
mancare
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
|
X: NDIR.OBJ |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
a |
Leo |
manc-a |
un |
dollar-o |
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
lack-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo is one dollar short.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
ħa-CL-aˤʁ-es / ħa-CL-iʁ-es
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
meħamad-i-s |
ca |
dollar |
ħa-b-iʁ-ur |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
one
|
dollar
|
neg
-
n
-reach.
ipfv
-
th
|
‘Muhammad is one dollar short.’ |
Kalderash Romani
ći arəsəl
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM(NO.AGR)
|
X: LOC |
Y: NOM(NO.AGR) |
Locus: XY |
les-te |
ći |
arəs-ľ-a |
les |
jekh |
řubl-a |
he-
loc
|
neg
|
suffice-
pst
-3
sg
|
he.
cl
|
one.
nom
|
rouble-
nom
.
sg
|
‘He was one rouble short.’ |
Note: The verb has always the 3SG form. |
Kandyk Tabasaran
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
maˁhaˁmad.a-z |
sa-b |
million |
hu<b>k’-ra-dar |
χal |
ʁada<b>ʁu-z |
pn
-
dat
|
one-
n
.
sg
|
million(
abs
)
|
<
n
.
sg
>suffice-
prs
-
neg
|
house(
abs
)
|
<
n
.
sg
>buy-
inf
|
‘Mahamad lacks one million to buy a house.’ |
Karata
kanɬaɬa
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ʕalja |
ceb |
dollar |
kanɬ-ebχwa |
idja |
pn
.
dat
|
one.
n
|
dollar
|
miss-
pf
.
n
.
cv
|
cop
|
‘Ali is one dollar short.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
č:iʔahaqara
Valency pattern:
DATLAT_NOM
|
X: DATLAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
petja-j |
č:iʔahiq-uldi |
ca |
dоllar |
pn
-
datlat
|
neg
.be_enough.
ipf
-
imperf
|
one
|
dollar
|
‘Petja is one dollar short.’ |
Kazakh
žet-pe
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-ɣa |
bіr |
dollar |
žet-pe-y |
tur |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
dollar
|
have_enough-
neg
-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
‘Petya is one dollar short.’ |
Kazym Khanty
tărǝmti + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pet’a-j-en-a |
jaŋ |
šɔjt |
ǎn |
tǎrm-ǝλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
-
dat
|
ten
|
rouble
|
neg
|
suffice-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja is 10 roubles short.’ |
Note: This is an active construction, more natural here (cf. 5 for the passive). |
Khoekhoe
ǃnuwu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petru-b |
ge |
ǀgui |
euro-b-a |
ra |
ǃnuwu |
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
one
|
euro-3
m
.
sg
-
obl
|
prog
|
be_short_of
|
‘Peter is one euro short.’ |
Khwarshi
j/uwa
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
di-l |
j-uw-aj |
q'uni |
ʁuruš |
1
sg
.
o
-
dat
|
v
-be.enough-
neg
.
pst
.
w
|
two
|
rouble(
v
)
|
‘I am two roubles short.’ |
Kina Rutul
ʁewirq’ardiš
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
rasul-u-s |
ʁe-w-irq’a-r-diš |
sa |
manut |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pv
-3-be.enough.
ipfv
-
cvb
-
neg
|
one
|
rouble(
nom
)
|
‘Rasul is short one rouble.’ |
Kryz Proper
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
aslan-is |
sab |
dullar |
tsurq'a-düb |
pn
-
dat
|
one.
f
|
dollar(
f
)
|
arrive.
ipf
-neg.
prs
.
f
|
‘Aslan is one dollar short.’ |
Kumyk
jetišmek
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
basir-ni |
bir |
dollar |
aqča-sɨ |
et-iš-me-j |
pn
-
gen
|
one
|
dollar
|
money-3
sg
|
arrive-
rec
-
neg
-3
sg
|
‘Basir is one dollar short.’ |
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
kêmî bûn (intr)
Valency pattern:
SBJ.INTR_BARE
|
X: SBJ.INTR |
Y: BARE |
Locus: Y |
euro-yek |
kêmî |
zilam |
e |
euro-
indef
|
lacking
|
man
|
cop
.
sg
|
‘The man is one euro short.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Latin
desum
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
si |
quibus |
argent-um |
deesse-t |
if
|
who.
dat
.
pl
|
silver(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
|
lack[
ipfv
.
sbjv
]-
act
.3
sg
|
‘... whenever money is not available to someone.’ |
Note: (Liv. XXII, 60, 4) |
Laz
o-k'or-om-u
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Käzim-i-s |
a(r) |
li(r)a-Ø |
da-Ø-u-k'o(r)-om-s |
pn
-
b
-
dat
|
one
|
l
ira-
nom
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-wish-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Käzim is short of one Lira.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
chà
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
hái |
chà |
yí-kuài |
qián |
pn
|
still
|
lack
|
one-
clf
|
money
|
‘Zhangsan still lacks one yuan.’ |
Mano
lépāà + COP.NEG
Valency pattern:
kele_ka
|
X: kele |
Y: ka |
Locus: XY |
à |
lépāà |
wáá |
ká |
wáá |
vṵ̀ |
dōó |
ká |
Pèé |
kɛ̀lɛ̀ |
3
sg
|
completeness
|
cop
.
neg
>3
sg
|
with
|
thousand
|
ten
|
one
|
with
|
pn
|
hand
|
‘Pe lacks ten thousand (Guinean Francs).’ Lit.: ‘Its completeness isn’t with it with ten thousand in Pe’s hand.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The Y argument is obligatorily expressed as the possessor of the relative noun "lépāà" and optionally accompanied by the postposition "ká". |
Mehweb
ħa-eʔes
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Islam-is |
ħa-b-elʔ-an |
darša-l |
ʁuruš |
pn
-
dat
|
neg
-
n
-suffice:
ipfv
-
hab
|
hundred-
card
|
rouble
|
‘Islam is one hundred roubles short.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-rk'-un-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
čelo-s |
art |
lar-i |
Ø-o-rk'-u(n)-Ø |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
l
ari-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-be_short-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Chelo is one Lari short.’ |
Modern Hebrew
χaser
Valency pattern:
le_SBJ
|
X: le |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
χaser |
le |
Pinχas |
juro |
eχad |
is.lacking
|
to
|
pn
|
euro
|
one
|
‘Pinchas is one euro short.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
ʁidžijq'ın
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
murad-ı-s |
sa |
manut |
ʁijq'ı-r |
diš |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
one
|
manat
|
n
.be_enough.
pf
-
seq
|
neg
.
cop
|
‘Murad is one rouble short.’ |
Nanai
aoli-
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM(NO.AGR) |
Locus: XY |
Petia-du |
əm |
tiəsə |
aoli-ni |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
rouble
|
lack.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia is one rouble short.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Akhvakh
kamilooruƛa
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pataħi-ƛa |
če |
dollare |
kamilaj-e |
godi |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
dollar
|
be_lacking-
pf
|
n
.
cop
|
‘Patahi is one dollar short.’ |
Northern Mansi
at towlawe
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
pajel |
at |
towl-awe |
moɕɕa-kw-nuw |
ōln-əl |
pn
|
neg
|
suffice-
pass
.
npst
.3
sg
|
a_little-
adv
-
comp
|
money-
ins
|
‘Pasha is short of a little more money.’ |
Note: This is a passive construction (cf. 5 for the active). |
Northern Yukaghir
NEG pǝliǝ=
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Sǝmiǝn-ŋinˈ |
mа̄rhа-n |
solkuobаj |
ǝl |
pǝliǝ |
pn
-
dat
|
one-
gen
|
rouble
|
neg
|
suffice.
neg
.3
|
‘Semien is one rouble short.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å mangle
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
mangle-r |
en |
dollar |
pn
|
lack-
prs
|
one.
m
|
dollar
|
‘Per is one dollar short.’ |
Polish
brakować
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
X: DAT |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
Ann-ie |
brakuje |
dolar-a |
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
lack:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Anna is one euro short.’ |
Russian
nedostavatʹ
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
X: DAT |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
Pet-e |
nedosta-et |
odn-ogo |
dollar-a |
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
lack(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
one-
m
.
gen
.
sg
|
dollar(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Petja is one dollar short.’ |
Serbian
faliti
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-u |
fali |
jedan |
dolar |
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
lack.
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
.
sg
|
dollar.
nom
.
sg
|
‘Petar is one dollar short.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
kam h-iši-n
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
basir-ɨs |
kam-ɨvɨ |
sa |
dollar |
pn
-
dat
|
few-
cop
.
a
|
one
|
dollar(
a
)
|
‘Basir is one dollar short.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Shughni
na-firīptow
Valency pattern:
LAT_NOM
|
X: LAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Šamil-ard |
aray |
somoni=ga |
na-firop-t |
pn
-
lat
|
3
|
somoni=more
|
neg
-reach-3
sg
|
‘Shamil is three somoni short.’ |
Skolt Saami
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Slovak
chýbať
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-ovi |
chýba |
jedn-o |
eur-o |
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
lack(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
one-
n
.
nom
.
sg
|
euro(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Peter is one euro short.’ |
Slovenian
manjkati
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
An-i |
manjka |
en |
dolar |
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
lack:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Ana is short one dollar.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
kemi bûn
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ.INTR
|
X: EXT |
Y: SBJ.INTR |
Locus: X |
Hîwa |
êsta |
yoroyek=î |
kem-e |
pn
|
now
|
euro=3
sg
.
pc
|
less-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
‘Hiwa is now one euro short.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Southern Rutul
kam yişin
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ye-s |
sa |
manıt |
kam |
viʔi |
1.
obl
-
dat
|
one
|
manat(
a
)
|
lacking
|
a
.
cop
|
‘I am one manat short.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
faltar
Valency pattern:
NDIR.OBJ_SBJ
|
X: NDIR.OBJ |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
a |
Pedro |
le |
falt-a |
dólar |
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
he.
ndir
.
obj
|
lack-
prs
.3
sg
|
dollar[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Pedro is one dollar short.’ |
Standard Arabic
kafā + NEG
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
X: ACC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
lā |
yakfī |
badr-an |
dūlār-u-n |
wāḥid-u-n |
not
|
be_enough.
ipf
.3
m
|
pn
-
acc
|
dollar(
m
)-
nom
-
indef
|
one(
m
)-
nom
-
indef
|
‘Badr is one dollar short.’ |
Svan
x-a-k'l-i (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
maizer-s |
ešxu |
lar-Ø |
x-a-k'l-i |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
l
ari-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-be_short-
prs
|
‘Maizer is short of one Lari.’ |
Swedish
att ha för lite
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
ha-r |
en |
euro |
för |
lite |
pn
|
have-
prs
|
one.
c
|
euro
|
too
|
little
|
‘Björn is one euro short.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
UND_ACT
|
X: UND |
Y: ACT |
Locus: X |
k<in>ulang |
ng |
piso |
si |
Pedro |
<
pv
>
pfv
.fall_short
|
gen
|
peso
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘Pedro is one peso short.’ |
Note: The valency label is partially arbitrary, since this verb does not fit the usual scheme: the encoding of arguments is not affected by the contrast between voice markers on the verb. |
Telugu
takkuva agu
Valency pattern:
OBLdaggara_NOM
|
X: OBLdaggara |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pravīṇ |
daggara |
oka |
yūro |
takkuv' |
ayiṁdi |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
near
|
one
|
euro(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
lack(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
become.
pst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
‘Praveen lacks one euro.’ |
Tsakhur
q:idyabıy
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
murad-ı-s |
sa |
manat |
q:idyabı |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
one
|
manat(
a
)
|
neg
.
a
.reach.
pf
|
‘Murad is one manat short.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
ʡaˤ-b-eʁ-iz
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
uršːi-z |
ca |
qːuruš |
ʡaˤ-b-eʁ-ule=sab |
boy-
dat
|
one
|
ruble
|
neg
-
n
-be_enough.
pfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
n
(3)
|
‘The boy is ten roubles short.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
b-eʁ-i / b-irʁ-I + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
durħaˤ-j |
wec'al |
qːuruš |
ʡaˤ-b-eʁ-a-j |
boy-
dat
|
ten
|
ruble
|
neg
-
n
-be_enough.
pfv
-
pret
.
neg
-3
|
‘The boy is ten roubles short.’ |
Turkish
yetmemek
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Mehmed-in |
bilet |
al-mak |
için |
bir |
lira-sı |
yet-mi-yor |
pn
-
gen
|
ticket
|
take-
inf
|
for
|
one
|
lira-
p
.3
|
be_enough-
neg
-
prs
|
‘Mehmet is short of one lira to buy a ticket.’ |
Turoyo
noqəṣ
Valency pattern:
OBJAGR_BARE
|
X: OBJAGR |
Y: BARE |
Locus: XY |
Gabriyel |
ko-noqaṣ-le |
waraqto |
pn
|
prs
-be_few.
ipfv
.3
m
-
ls
.3
m
|
banknote(
f
)
|
‘Gabriyel is one (euro) short.’ |
Twi
nni
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kofi |
nni |
euro |
baako |
pn
|
lack(3
sg
)
|
euro
|
one
|
‘Kofi lacks one euro.’ |
Udmurt
тырмыны + NEG
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Петя-лэн |
одӥг |
доллaр-ез |
уг |
тырмы |
pn
-
gen
|
one
|
dollar-
poss
.3
sg
|
neg
.
prs
.3
|
lack.
cng
|
‘Petja is short one dollar.’ |
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent. |
Ulcha
isi- + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_DAT
|
X: DAT |
Y: DAT |
Locus: XY |
ama-du |
um |
taŋgu-du |
is-ə-si-ni |
father-
dat
|
one
|
hundred-
dat
|
reach-
conneg
-
prs
.
neg
-3
sg
|
‘Father is one hundred [roubles] short.’ |
Note: Arguably, this is an elliptical structure, the third implicit argument is 'money' (encoded by the nominative case when overt). |
Uzbek
etmamoq
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-ga |
bir |
dollar |
et-ma-y |
tur-ib-ti |
pn
-
dat
|
one
|
dollar
|
lack-
neg
-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
‘Petja is one dollar short.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗaba
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
birrii |
tokko |
ɗab-e |
pn
-
nom
|
birr.
abs
|
one.
abs
|
lack-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa lacks one birr.’ |
Wolof
ñàkk
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBJ |
Locus: TR |
dama |
ñàkk |
xaalis |
jamano |
y-ii |
f
oc
v
.s
i
:1
sg
|
lack
|
money(
b
)
|
time(
j
)
|
cl
y
-
dem
|
‘I lack money these days.’ |
Yargun Lezgian
agaʔin + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Sahib-a-z |
sa |
dollar |
agaʔ-za-ș |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
one
|
dollar
|
reach-
prs
-
neg
|
‘Sahib is one dollar short.’ |
Zazaki
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
ʒu |
juro-je |
mɨ |
kemi=jo |
one
|
euro-
ez
.
m
|
1
sg
.
obl
|
lacking=
cop
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘I am one Euro short,’ lit. ‘My one Euro is missing.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Zilo Andi
b-iʔ.u-mado- + NEG
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ali-ɬu |
sːe-b |
som |
b-iʔ.u-mado-sːu |
pn
-
dat
|
one-
inan
1
|
rouble
|
inan
1-be_enough.
pst
-
prog
-
neg
|
‘Ali is missing one rouble.’ |