Shinaz Rutul

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo R.R.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. The data have been generously provided by Ramazan Atrashovich Ramazanov (pictured above), who also takes care of the website specifically dedicated to the history and culture of Shinaz.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Shinaz Rutul. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 9, 2024; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.62, 47.38.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-nominative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the ergative, and the P-argument, in the (unmarked) nominative. The ergative form of nouns coincides with the oblique stem in the plural only; it is usually unmarked on proper and some higher animate nouns like ‘father’ and ‘mother’.

The verb takes gender-number prefixes agreeing with the S/P argument in the nominative. These gender-number agreement prefixes can be word-initial but are more often found after deictic preverbs, as well as after the negation prefix in some forms. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers or, rarely, by postpositions (in combination with the genitive case).

Case system

Shinaz Rutul is underdescribed. Probably, there is a total of 15 case forms (see Ibragimova 2019: 202-203), whereas the Standard Rutul based on the Mukhad dialect has 17 distinct case forms. However, in the Shinaz Rutul dataset below only 12 cases are used, of which 5 are abstract cases and 7 are spatial cases.

The 5 abstract cases used are nominative, ergative, dative, attributive, and comitative (= instrumental). 5 locative cases merge essive and lative orientations: IN ‘inside’, SUPER ‘on’, AD ‘at, beside’, CONT ‘in contact with’ and APUD ‘at, behind’. Two further cases attested in the dataset have the meaning of the elative orientation, namely EL ‘(outside) from’ and CONTEL ‘from in contact with’.

Example (12) in the dataset below shows a nominative unmarked form used to denote the goal of motion.

Ibragimova, M. O. 2019. Kategorija padezha i morfologija sklonenija v rutul'skom jazyke: dialektnaja stratifikacija. Makhachkala: IJaLI DNC RAN, ALEF, 222 pp.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited by their masdar form, based on the perfective stem, with IV class agreement.

Glossing abbreviations

A — animate gender, aka class III; AD — adlocative case; ADV — adverbial ending ; AOR — aorist tense; APUD — apudlocative case; ATTR — attributive ending; COM — comitative case; CONT — contlocative case ; CONTEL — contelative case; CONTIN — continuous; COP — copula; COV — coverb; DAT — dative case; EL — ablative case; ERG — ergative case; EVT — evidential; EXIST — existential copula; IN — inlocative case; IPF — imperfective aspect; M — human masculine; MED — medial demonstrative; MSD — masdar; N — neuter gender, aka class IV; NEG — negation; NOM — nominative case; OBL — oblique nominal stem extension; PERF — perfect; PF — perfective aspect; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present tense; RE — repetitive; REFL — reflexive; SEQ — sequential or ‘perfective converb’; SIMUL — simultaneous or ‘imperfective converb’; SUPER — superlocative case.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain j-ete-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM

X: ATTR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-dɨ	pisana	q'ul	v-eti-v
pn - attr	very	head( a )	a -hurt. pf - aor . a
‘Basir has a severe headache.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) načaʁ h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

basir	načaʁ	ɨj	gripp-a-xvan
pn	unwell	cop	flu- obl - com
‘Basir has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid gič' v-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_EL

X: DAT

Y: EL

Locus: XY

basir-ɨs	gič'	ij	tɨlɨj-la
pn - dat	fear( a )	cop	dog. obl - el
‘Basir is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw χač'ibχɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	χač'ibχɨ-r	duχul
pn ( erg )	a .throw. pf - aor	stone( a )
‘Basir threw a stone.’

5. have enough ʁejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	šehi-bɨr	ʁejq'ɨ-j
pn - dat	coin- pl . nom	n .be_enough. pf - aor . n
‘Basir has enough money.’

6. resemble kejkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

basir	kejkɨ-j	karam-ɨkj
pn	n .resemble. pf - aor . m	pn - cont
‘Basir resembles Karam.’

7. believe ilamiš h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

basir	ilamiš	ij	karam-ɨ
pn	believe	cop	pn - super
‘Basir believes Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take lijši-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	lijši-r	kitab
pn ( erg )	n .take. pf - aor	book
‘Basir took a book.’

9. see hagu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	hagu-j	χal
pn - dat	( n )see. pf - aor . n	house
‘Basir sees a house.’

10. influence asɨl h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ješ-mɨ-la	asɨl	ɨj	hik'i-j	ʁatkɨ-n
year- pl . obl - el	depending	cop	heart. obl - super	n .remain. pf - msd
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

11. encounter salat' h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

basir	salat'	h-iši-r	karam-ɨ
pn	meeting	m -be. pf - aor	pn - super
‘Basir encountered Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter aˁč’uˁ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

iz-dı	duχ	aˁč’uˁ-r	mixteb
my- attr	son	( m )enter. pf - aor	school
‘My son entered the school.’

13. win ʁemi h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

basir	ʁemi	h-iši-r	karam-ɨla
pn	winning	m -be. pf - aor	pn - el
‘Basir beat Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

14. go out ʁaʔ qhɨxɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

basir	χal-a	ʁaʔ	qhɨxɨ-r
pn	house- in	out	re .( m ).go. pf - aor
‘Basir went out of the house.’

15. drive jɨkɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	hivɨka-r	a	zer
pn ( erg )	a .drive. ipf - simul	exist	cow
‘Basir is driving the cow.’

16. bend q'uˁt'k' hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	q'uˁt'k'	hɨʔɨ-r	bɨdaʁ
pn ( erg )	bend	n .do. pf - aor	branch
‘Basir bent the branch.’

17. tell xu-n

Valency pattern: ERG_AD

X: ERG

Y: AD

Locus: Y

basir	xu-rɨ	karam-da
pn ( erg )	say. pf - perf	pn - ad
‘Basir told Karam.’

18. hold χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	χaqhɨ-r	a	kitab
pn ( erg )	( n )catch. pf - seq	exist	book
‘Basir is holding a book.’

19. catch up leqhejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

basir	leqhejq'ɨ-r	peri-χda
pn	re . m .fight. pf - aor	pn - apud
‘Basir caught up with Peri.’

20. milk v-ezi-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	v-ezi-rɨ	zer
pn ( erg )	a -milk. pf - perf	cow
‘Basir milked the cow.’

21. reach lejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

basir	lejq'ɨ-rɨ	qirʁ-ɨ
pn	m .reach. pf - perf	shore. obl - super
‘Basir reached the bank.’

22. touch kejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

basir	kejq'ɨ-rɨ	masal-ɨkj
pn	m .touch. pf - perf	wall- cont
‘Basir touched the wall.’

23. fight kičiqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

basir	kičiqha-r	a	karam-ɨxvan
pn	( m )fight. ipf - simul	exist	pn - com
‘Basir is fighting with Karam.’

24. be friends nuhuˁbat v-iši-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_COM

X: ATTR

Y: COM

Locus: XY

basir-dɨ	hamıʔ	nuhuˁbat	a	karam-ɨxvan
pn - attr	now	friendship( a )	exist	pn - com
‘Basir is now friends with Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

25. think fikɨr havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL

X: ERG

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

basir	fikɨr	vaʔa-r	a	peri-kla
pn ( erg )	thought( a )	a .do. ipf - simul	exist	pn - contel
‘Basir is thinking about Peri.’

26. eat ljɨvʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	ljɨvʔɨ-r	aˁč
pn ( erg )	a .eat. pf - aor	apple
‘Basir ate an apple.’

27. fry džirdž hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	vidžirdž	havʔɨ-r	baluʁ
pn ( erg )	a .cooking	a .do. pf - aor	fish( a )
‘Basir fried the fish.’

28. wait güzlemiš hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	güzlemiš	haʔa-r	a	karam
pn ( erg )	waiting	m .do. ipf - simul	exist	pn
‘Basir is waiting for Karam.’

29. forget hik'i-j upχu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	hik'i-j	upχu-r	tinbij-dɨ	raˁqh
pn - dat	heart. obl - super	a (drop). pf - aor	other- attr	road( a )
‘Basir forgot (about) the other road.’

30. depend asɨl-ɨ h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

hik'i-j	ʁatkɨ-n	asɨl	ɨj	ješ-mɨ-la
heart. obl - super	n .remain. pf - msd	depending	cop	year- pl . obl - el
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call un hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

basir	un	hɨʔɨ-r	karam-ɨχda
pn ( erg )	call	n .do. pf - aor	pn - apud
‘Basir called Karam.’

32. get to know tanɨš h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

basir	tanɨš	h-iši-d	karam-ɨxvan	sa	sen	xurgin
pn	known	m -be. pf - attr	pn - com	one	year	before
‘Basir got to know Karam a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate

33. know hac'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	hac'ɨ-j	karam
pn - dat	m .know. pf - aor . m	pn
‘Basir knows Karam.’

34. play (instrument) jɨˁvχɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	jɨˁvχaˁ-r	a	gitara
pn ( erg )	a .strike. ipf - simul	exist	guitar( a )
‘Basir is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid gɨleč'u-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

basir	gɨleč'u-j	karam-ɨla
pn	( m ).avoid. ipf - evt . m	pn - el
‘Basir avoids Karam.’

36. make hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	hɨʔɨ-r	č'enk'i-bɨr
pn ( erg )	n .do. pf - aor	trap- pl . nom
‘Basir made mousetraps.’

37. make fun jɨʁ gɨrkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

basir	jɨʁ	gɨrka-r	a	karam-ɨ
pn	day	( m ) ipf .mock- simul	exist	pn - super
‘Basir is making fun of Karam.’

38. have an h-iši-n

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨχda	a-nɨ-v	mašin
pn - apud	exist - prs - a	car( a )
‘Basir has a car.’

39. look for harsɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

basir	harsa-r	a	gülej-maši-χda
pn	m . ipf .look_for- simul	exist	key- pl . obl - apud
‘Basir is looking for his keys.’

40. paint šir jɨvχɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	šir	jɨvχɨˁ-r	čapar-a-s
pn ( erg )	paint( a )	a .strike. pf - aor	fence- obl - dat
‘Basir painted the fence.’

41. bite χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

tɨlɨj-re	χaqhɨ-rɨ	basir
dog. obl - erg	( m )catch. pf - perf	pn
‘A dog bit Basir.’

42. forfeit h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL

X: NOM

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

basir	χal-ɨkla	h-iši-r
pn	house- contel	m -be. pf - aor
‘Basir lost his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

43. try to catch χavqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	χavqha-r	a	get
pn ( erg )	a .catch. ipf - simul	exist	cat
‘Basir is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break q'at' hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	q'at'	hɨʔɨ-r	t'at'al
pn ( erg )	break	n .do. pf - aor	stick
‘Basir broke a stick.’

45. flatter gaˁvχaˁj havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	gaˁvχaˁj	vaʔa-r	a	karam-ɨs
pn	flattery. a	a .do. ipf - simul	exist	pn - dat
‘Basir is flattering Karam.’

46. love (person) rɨka-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	rɨka-rɨ	peri
pn - dat	f .love. ipf - evt	pn
‘Basir loves Peri.’

47. wave levi-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	jaluqh	leve-r	a
pn ( erg )	handkerchief( a )	a .swing. ipf - simul	exist
‘Basir is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream χijal-mi-kj kirxu-n

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTR

X: NOM

Y: ATTR

Locus: Y

basir	χijal-mɨ-kj	ki	mašin-a-d
pn	fantasy- pl . obl - cont	be_in	car( a )- obl - attr
‘Basir is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash temiz hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	temiz	hɨʔɨ-r	čaška
pn ( erg )	clean	n .do. pf - aor	cup
‘Basir washed the cup.’

50. put on u lɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	u	lavʔɨ-r	badu
pn ( erg )	on	a .put_on. pf - aor	trousers( a )
‘Basir put on his trousers.’

51. be called dur xu-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: ATTR

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

hemi-d	kar-di-d	dur	h-iʔi	kompas
this- attr	thing- obl - attr	name	n - cop	compass
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish džaza vɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	džaza	vɨ-r	džu-du	duχar-ɨs
pn ( erg )	punishment	give. pf - aor	refl . obl - attr	son. obl - dat
‘Basir punished his son.’

53. attack hajvɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

sirɨ-r	hajvɨ-r	baluʁči-ja-χda
bear. obl - erg	attack. pf - aor	fisherman- obl - apud
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) lac'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

vedre	lac'ɨ-rɨ	xij-re
bucket	( n )fill. pf - perf	water. obl - erg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find aqhakɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	haqhagu-r	gülej-mar
pn ( erg )	( n )find. pf - aor	key- pl . nom
‘Basir found his keys.’

56. be short kam h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	kam-ɨvɨ	sa	dollar
pn - dat	few- cop . a	one	dollar( a )
‘Basir is one dollar short.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

57. hate k'vač' h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	k'vač'	ij	karam
pn - dat	hated	cop	pn
‘Basir hates Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like bɨt'ra-na hagu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	bɨt'ra-na	havgu-v	ha-d	vɨχɨn
pn - dat	nice- adv	a .see. pf - aor . a	med- attr	shirt( a )
‘Basir likes this shirt.’

59. need ljazim h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	šehi-bɨr	ljazim	ɨj
pn - dat	coin- pl . nom	needed	cop
‘Basir needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround juq'sur-u-la χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

masal-mɨ-ra	juq'sur-u-la	χavqhɨ-r	a	šeher
wall- pl . obl - erg	four.sides- obl - el	a .catch. pf - seq	exist	city( a )
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain a atkɨ-n

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨχda	a	atkɨ-rɨ	10	dollar
pn - apud	exist	n .remain- perf	10	dollar
‘Basir has ten dollars left.’

62. answer dživab qhɨvɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	dživab	qhɨvɨ-r	maˁlim-a-s
pn ( erg )	answer	give_back. pf - aor	teacher- obl - dat
‘Basir answered the teacher.’

63. open ačɨχ hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	ačɨχ	hɨʔɨ-r	bank'
pn ( erg )	open	n .do. pf - aor	jar
‘Basir opened a can.’

64. be different kečevkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

iz-dɨ	vɨχɨn	kevkar-džiš	vɨdij-di-kj
my- attr	shirt( a )	a .resemble. ipf -( prs ) neg	yours- obl - cont
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind qhuʔ qharkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

basir	qhuʔ	qharkɨ-r	karam-ɨla
pn	behind	re . m .remain. pf - aor	pn - el
‘Basir fell behind Karam.’

66. plough lejχɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	lejχaˁ-r	a	χuj
pn ( erg )	n .plow. ipf - simul	exist	field
‘Basir is ploughing the field.’

67. smell il h-iši-n

Valency pattern: CONTEL_ATTR

X: CONTEL

Y: ATTR

Locus: XY

iz-dɨ	χɨlab-a-kila	il	ruʔu-j	benzin-a-d
my- attr	hand. pl - obl - contel	smell	ipf .go- evt . n	oil- obl - attr
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross tinaʔ ʁaˁč'u-n

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

basir	rɨqh-aˁ	tinaʔ	ʁaˁč'u-r
pn	road. obl - in	there	( m )cross. pf - aor
‘Basir crossed the road.’

69. sing hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	bɨt'ra-d	maˁni	hɨʔɨ-r
pn ( erg )	nice- attr	song	n .do. pf - aor
‘Basir sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kixi-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	kixi-r	kaʁad
pn ( erg )	( n ).write. pf - aor	letter
‘Basir wrote a letter.’

71. drink raˁʁɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	vaˁ-raˁʁɨˁ-r	naˁk
pn ( erg )	a -( n )drink. pf - aor	milk( a )
‘Basir drank the milk.’

72. melt hic'a hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	hic'a	hɨʔɨ-r	sa	bat'	qurqušum-a-d
pn ( erg )	n .melt. cov	n .do. pf - aor	one	piece	lead- obl - attr
‘Basir melted a piece of lead.’

73. match ʁelbi-n

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ha-d	č'il	ʁelbi-v	iz-dɨ	vɨχna-s
med- attr	belt( a )	a .fit. pf - aor . a	my- attr	shirt. obl - dat
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave targ havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	targ	havʔɨ-r	džu-du	šeher
pn ( erg )	leave	a .do. pf - aor	refl . obl - attr	city( a )
‘Basir left his native city.’

75. cover χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

χɨliči-je-r	χavqhɨ-r	a	sijen	džil
carpet- obl - erg	a .catch. pf - seq	exist	whole	floor( a )
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember hik'i-j ʁatkɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	hɨχan	hik'i-j	ʁa-mad	χal
pn - dat	well	heart. obl - super	be_on- contin	house
‘Basir remembers the house well.’

77. help kumag vɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	kumag	vɨ-r	karam-ɨs
pn ( erg )	help	give. pf - aor	pn - dat
‘Basir helped Karam.’

78. understand (language) gijq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

basir	gijq'ɨ-j	francuz	č'il-ɨχda
pn	m .understand. pf - aor . m	f rench	language. obl - apud
‘Basir understands French.’

79. hit (target) kejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

χaˁl-a	hihi-d	c'aj	kejq'ɨ-r	χal-ɨkj
sky- super	n .throw. pf - attr	fire	n .touch. pf - aor	house- cont
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself hat'u-n

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

basir-dɨ	xesɨm	hat'u-r	mič'ri	qhavaʔa-d	mašin-a-r
pn - attr	face	n .cut. pf - aor	beard( a )	re .a.do. ipf - attr	machine- obl - erg
‘The razor cut Basir’s face.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

81. get stuck kičipqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

istak'an	kičipqhɨ-r	isk'am-a-kj
glass( a )	a .stick. pf - aor	table- obl - cont
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) aa gjarkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

basir	aa	gjarkɨ-r	karam-ɨla
pn	low	m .stay_under. pf - aor	pn - el
‘Basir lost to Karam.’

83. be glad šad h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

basir	šad	h-iši-r	kaʁɨd-a
pn	glad	m -be. pf - aor	letter. obl - super
‘Basir was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak halgɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

basir	halga-r	a	karam-ɨxvan
pn	m .talk. ipf - simul	exist	pn - com
‘Basir is speaking with Karam.’

85. give birth huχu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

peri-s	huχu-r	duχ
pn - dat	m .bear. pf - aor	son
‘Peri gave birth to a son.’

86. drop saʔ ʁipxu-n

Valency pattern: AD_NOM

X: AD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-da	saʔ	ʁipxu-r	istak'an
pn - ad	down	a .drop. pf - aor	glass( a )
‘Basir dropped the glass.’

87. govern q'ɨxvaldɨ havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_ATTR

X: ERG

Y: ATTR

Locus: Y

basir	iš-dɨ	kur-di-d	hamıʔ	q'ɨxvaldɨ	vaʔa-v
pn ( erg )	our- attr	village- obl - attr	now	chiefery( a )	a .do. ipf - a
‘Basir runs our village.’

88. miss c'ijal h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD

X: DAT

Y: APUD

Locus: XY

basir-ɨs	c'ijal	ɨj	peri-χda
pn - dat	longing	cop	pn - apud
‘Basir misses Peri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow džubra h-ɨxɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTR

X: NOM

Y: ATTR

Locus: Y

basir	džubra	h-iʔi	karam-dɨ
pn	behind	m - cop	pn - attr
‘Basir follows Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount saʔ seč'u-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

basir	saʔ	seč'u-r	hijvan-a-la
pn	( n )down	( m )dismount. pf - aor	horse- obl - el
‘Basir got down from the horse.’

91. listen qhacu-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

basir	qhacu-r	a	radija-χda
pn	( m )listen. pf - seq	exist	radio- apud
‘Basir is listening to radio.’

92. obey qhacu-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

basir	qhacu-r	a	nin-ɨχda
pn	( m )listen. pf - seq	exist	mother- apud
‘Basir listens to his mother.’

93. hear un h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_ATTR

X: DAT

Y: ATTR

Locus: XY

basir-ɨs	un	h-iʔi	maˁni-je-d
pn - dat	call	n - cop	song- obl - attr
‘Basir hears the song.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

94. mix kaˁjχɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

it	kaˁjχɨˁ-r	a	naˁkɨj-xvan
honey	n .mix. pf - seq	exist	milk. obl - com
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look gjaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

basir	gjaqha-r	a	gɨbli-mɨ-χda
pn	( m )look. ipf - simul	exist	cloud. obl - pl . obl - apud
‘Basir is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off qhebdži-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	qhebdži-r	vɨχɨn
pn ( erg )	a .take_off. pf - aor	shirt( a )
‘Basir took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) neq'j-a hagu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	neq'j-a	hargva-r	a	peri
pn - dat	dream. obl - super	f .see. ipf - simul	exist	pn
‘Basir dreams about Peri.’

98. agree raʁzi h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

basir	raʁzi	h-iši-r	peri-xvan
pn	content	m -be. pf - aor	pn - com
‘Basir agreed with Peri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel kipxu-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_COM

X: ATTR

Y: COM

Locus: XY

basir-dɨ	kipxu-rɨ	peri-xvan
pn - attr	a .fall_ in . pf - perf	pn - com
‘Basir had a quarrel with Peri.’

100. cost q'emet vɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: ATTR

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

hemi-d	čaškɨje-d	q'emet	v-iʔi	sa	dollar
this- attr	cup. obl - attr	price	a - cop	one	dollar( a )
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at v-ihi-n

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

basir	v-ihi-r	šurku-χda
pn ( erg )	a -throw. pf - aor	bird. obl - apud
‘Basir shot at the bird.’

102. pour ar kiʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	ar	kiʔɨ-r	šigar
pn ( erg )	in	( n )pour. pf - aor	sugar
‘Basir poured the sugar.’

103. lose suga hɨʔɨn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	suga	hɨʔɨ-r	gülej-mar
pn ( erg )	( n )lose. cov	n .do. pf - aor	key- pl . nom
‘Basir lost his keys.’

104. sink saʔ kit'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

us-u-d	q'at'	saʔ	kit'ɨ-r	xij-kj
wood- obl - attr	piece	( n )down	n .pull_in. pf - aor	water. obl - cont
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill h-iq'e hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	h-iq'e	hɨʔɨ-r	karam
pn ( erg )	m -die. cov	m .do. pf - aor	pn
‘Basir killed Karam.’

106. hit č'ipχɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

basir	č'ipχɨ-r	karam-ɨ
pn	a .beat. pf - aor	pn - super
‘Basir hit Karam.’

107. kiss k'üx kivɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

basir	k'üx	kivɨ-r	peri-s
pn ( erg )	kiss	give. pf - aor	pn - dat
‘Basir kissed Peri.’

108. read q'ɨle hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	q'ɨle	hɨʔɨ-r	hɨχ-dɨ	kitab
pn ( erg )	read. cov	n .do. pf - aor	good- attr	book
‘Basir read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) sit' hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	sip'	havʔɨ-r	t'ili
pn ( erg )	a .move. cov	a .do. pf - aor	finger( a )
‘Basir moved his finger.’

110. respect hɨχan χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	hɨχan	χaqhɨ-j	karam
pn ( erg )	well	( m )catch. pf - aor . m	pn
‘Basir respects Karam.’

111. be squeamish k'vač' hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	k'vač'	haʔa-j	t'alqhɨ-d	qab
pn ( erg )	hated	n .do. ipf - evt . n	( n )dirty. pf - attr	plate
‘Basir is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content raʁzi h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

basir	raʁzi	j	džu-dɨ	duχar-ɨla
pn	content	m . cop	refl . obl - attr	son. obl - el
‘Basir is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love rɨkar r-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	rɨkar	r-iši-r	a	peri
pn - dat	f .love. cov	f -be. pf - seq	exist	pn
‘Basir fell in love with Peri.’

114. trust umud v-iši-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_SUPER

X: ATTR

Y: SUPER

Locus: XY

basir-dɨ	hamıʔ	umud	ʁa	peri-j
pn - attr	now	trust( a )	be_on	pn - super
‘Basir trusts Peri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

115. sympathise jazuqh hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_ATTR

X: ERG

Y: ATTR

Locus: Y

basir	jazuqh	haʔa-j	džu-du	nin-dɨ
pn ( erg )	pity( n )	n .do. ipf - evt . n	refl . obl - attr	mother- attr
‘Basir sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

116. envy ul livxi-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_SUPER

X: ATTR

Y: SUPER

Locus: XY

basir-dɨ	hamıʔ	ul	ʁa	karam-ɨ
pn - attr	now	eye( a )	be_on	pn - super
‘Basir envies Karam.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

117. be angry qhaˁl biʔi-n

Valency pattern: ERG_ATTR

X: ERG

Y: ATTR

Locus: Y

basir	qhaˁl	beʔe-vɨ	karam-dɨ
pn ( erg )	anger( a )	a .pull. ipf - a . cop	pn - attr
‘Basir is angry with Karam.’

118. be surprised mahaˁt'al h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

basir	mahaˁt'al	ɨj	ha-d	peškeš-a
pn	surprised	cop	med - attr	gift- super
‘Basir was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) begemiš h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	begemiš	ij	čej
pn - dat	like. cov	cop	tea
‘Basir loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy ištaʁ h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

basir	ištaʁan	raˁʁaˁ-r	a	bik'er-dɨ	čej
pn	with.appetite	( n )drink. ipf - simul	exist	hot- attr	tea
‘Basir is drinking hot tea with pleasure.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

121. want hɨkar h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	v-ɨkɨ-v	c'in-dɨ	mobilnik
pn - dat	a -want. pf - aor . a	new- attr	mobile.phone( a )
‘Basir wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge qhaˁl libq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_EL

X: DAT

Y: EL

Locus: XY

basir-ɨs	qhaˁl	libq'ɨ-v	karam-ɨla
pn - dat	anger( a )	a .rise. pf - aor . a	pn - el
‘Basir holds a grudge against Karam.’

123. take offence χatir atkɨ-n

Valency pattern: DAT_EL

X: DAT

Y: EL

Locus: XY

basir-ɨs	χatir	atkɨ-r	a	karam-ɨla
pn - dat	grudge	n .remain- seq	exist	pn - el
‘Basir took offence at Karam.’

124. upset χatir atk hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_ATTR

X: ERG

Y: ATTR

Locus: Y

basir	bala-na	χatir	atk	hɨʔɨ-r	karam-dɨ
pn ( erg )	much- adv	grudge	n .remain. cov	n .do. pf - aor	pn - attr
‘Basir greatly upset Karam.’

125. marvel mahaˁt'al h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

basir	mahaˁt'al	h-iši-r	ha-d	šeher-di-j
pn	surprised	m -be. pf - aor	med - attr	city( a )- obl - super
‘Basir was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise k'vač' h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

basir-ɨs	k'vač'-ij	karam
pn - dat	hated- cop	pn
‘Basir hates Karam.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset fikɨr v-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_ATTR

X: DAT

Y: ATTR

Locus: XY

basir-ɨs	fikɨr	v-iši-r	a	džu-du	duχar-dɨ
pn - dat	thought( a )	a -be. pf - seq	exist	refl . obl - attr	son. obl - attr
‘Basir got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated bizar h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

basir	bizar	ij	džu-du	rɨš-a-la
pn	offended	cop	refl . obl - attr	daughter- obl - el
‘Basir is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond bɨt'ra-na hagu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

basir-ɨs	bɨt'ra-na	hagu-j	karam
pn - dat	nice- adv	( n )see. pf - aor . m	pn
‘Basir is fond of Karam.’

130. be shy rɨˁχ ruʔun

Valency pattern: DAT_EL

X: DAT

Y: EL

Locus: XY

basir-ɨs	rɨˁχ	ruʔu-j	džu-du	buj-a-la
pn - dat	shame	ipf .go- evt . n	refl . obl - attr	size- obl - el
‘Basir is embarrased about his height.’