BivalTyp

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‘give birth’

Argument frame:

X (give birth) to Y

Stimulus sentence:

M. gave birth to a son .

Predicate label Ru:

рожать

Argument frame Ru:

X (рожать) Y -а

Stimulus sentence Ru:

М. родила сына .

Abaza ʕa-rə-j

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatíma	č’ḳʷən–χʷə́c	d-ʕa-l-rə́-j-d
pn	boy-little	3 sg . h . abs - cisl -3 sg . f . erg - caus -come( aor )- dcl
‘Fatime gave birth to a son.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) qə-fe-χʷə

Valency pattern: BEN_ABS

X: BEN

Y: ABS

Locus: X

bzəλfəʁe-xe-m	č̣ʼale-xe-r	q-a-fe-χʷə-ʁe-x
woman- pl - obl	guy- pl - abs	csl -3 pl . io - ben -become- pst - pl
‘The women gave birth to sons.’

Aghul ruχ.u-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fat’im.i-s	gada	ruχ.u-ne
pn - dat	son	be.born. pf - aor
‘Fatima gave birth to a son.’

Alik Kryz xuyic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

leyla-r	sar	gada	xuy-id
pn - erg	one. m	boy	give_birth. pfv - aor . m
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

Archi a-as

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

marin-ni-s	wišdu	uw
pn - obl - dat	son	1.do. pfv
‘Marina gave birth to a son.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic barə

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

xat-i	bri-la	bruna
sister( f )- p .1 sg	create. pst - ls .3 f	son( m )
‘My sister gave birth to a son.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Avar habize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

marjam-ica	was	ha-w-una
pn - erg	boy	do- m - aor
‘Marjam gave birth to a son.’

Azerbaijani doğmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Leyla	bir	oğul	doğ-du
pn	one	son	give_birth- pst (3)
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

Bafut dzwî

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

bì	à	kɨ̀	dzwî	mú-m̀bàŋnᵼ̀
pn	sm	p 2	give_birth	child-male
‘Bih gave birth to a son.’

Bambara wólo

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Fántà	wólo-la	dén`	ná
pn	give.birth- pfv . intr	child\ art	in
‘Fanta gave birth to a child.’

Brazilian Portuguese dar à luz

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Maria	deu	à	luz	um	filho
pn ( f )	give.3 sg . pst	to+ def . f	light( f )	indf	son( m )
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

Budugh xosu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

leyla'-ri	sar	dix	xeye-ci
pn - erg	one. h	son	m .give_birth. pf - aor
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

Catalan donar a llum

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

la	Maria	va	don-ar	a	llum	un	fill
def . sg . f	pn ( f )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	give- inf	to	light( f )	indf . sg . m	son( m )
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

Chechen AGR-i-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Madina-s	k’ant	v-i-na
pn - erg	boy. abs	v -make- prf
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’

Chirag ʡa̰qi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

madina-le	gale	ʡa̰q-ṵn
pn - erg	boy( abs )	give.birth: pf - aor .3
‘Madina gave birth to a boy/son.’

Czech porodit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Michael-a	porodi-l-a	syn-a
pn ( f )- nom . sg	give_birth( pfv )- pst - f . sg	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Michaela gave birth to a son.’

Danish føde

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Marie	fød-te	en	søn
pn	give_birth- pst	indf . sg	son( c )
‘Marie gave birth to a son.’

Dutch baren

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Marie	heeft	een	zoon	ge-baar-d
pn ( c )	have.3 sg	art . indf	son( c )	ptcp -give.birth- ptcp
‘Marie gave birth to a son.’

Eastern Maninka sɔ̀rɔn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Fántà	bára	dénkɛ`	sɔ̀rɔn.
pn	prf	son\ art	get
‘Fanta has given birth to a son.’

English give birth

Valency pattern: SBJ_to

X: SBJ

Y: to

Locus: Y

Mary	gave	birth	to	a	son.

Estonian sünnitama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Maret	sünnita-s	poja
pn . sg . nom	bear- pst .3 sg	son. sg . gen
‘Maret gave birth to a son.’

Finnish synnyttää

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Lotta	synnytt-i	poja-n
pn . nom	give.birth- pst .3 sg	son- gen
‘Lotta gave birth to a son.’

Forest Enets sɔja

Valency pattern: TOP_NOM

X: TOP

Y: NOM

Locus: X

modʲi	nɛ	nʲe-jʔ	kasa	nʲe-za	sɔja-ʃ
i	woman	child- nom . sg .1 sg	man	child- nom . sg .3 sg	be_born( pfv )-3 sg . s . pst
‘My daughter gave birth to a son’.

French avoir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Marie	a	eu	un	garçon
pn ( f )	have. prs .3 sg	have. pst . ptcp . m	indf . sg . m	boy( m )
‘Marie gave birth to a son.’

Georgian ga-Ø-a-čen-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

mašo-m	bič'-i	ga-Ø-a-čin-a
pn - erg	boy- nom	prv :outward- do 3- fact -bear- s 3 sg . pst
‘Masho gave birth to a son.’

German gebären

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Marie	gebar	ein	Kind
pn [ nom . sg ]	give_birth. pst .3 sg	indf [ n . acc . sg ]	child[ acc . sg ]
‘Marie gave birth to a child.’

Guinean Kpelle káa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

àá	gàa
3 sg . prf	3 sg /give_birth
‘She gave birth to him .’

Hindi janm denā

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mīnakṣī	ne	beṭe	ko	janm	diy-ā.
pn ( f ). sg . obl	erg	son( m ). sg . obl	acc / dat	birth( m ). sg . dir	give. pfv - m . sg
‘Meenakshi gave birth to a son.’

Icari Dargwa w=arq'-uj

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Madina-l	durħuˤ	w=aˤrq'-ib
pn - erg	son. abs	m =give_birth: pf - aor
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’

Irish beir

Valency pattern: do(PREP)_SBJ

X: do(PREP)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Do=rug-adh	leanbh	mic	do	Mháire.
pst =take- pst . pass	child	son/ gs	for	pn
‘Máire gave birth to a son.’

Ismayilli Kryz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

leyla-r	sar	dix	xuy-id
pn - erg	one. m	son	bear. pf - aor . m
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

Italian avere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Maria	ha	avuto	un	figli-o
pn ( f )	aux .3 sg . prs	have. pst . ptcp	indf . sg . m	son- sg . m
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

Kadar Dargwa CL-ar-es / CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʡaˤšura-li	urši	w-ar-ib
pn - erg	boy	m -do. pfv - pret
‘Ashura gave birth to a son.’

Kalderash Romani arakhavel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ə	Marijk-a	arakha-ď-a	le	śav-es
art . f . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	give_birth- pst -3 sg	art . m . obl	son- obl . sg
‘Marijka gave birth to a son.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	baž	ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg	boy( abs )	pf -do- pst
‘Fatima gave birth to a son.’

Karata gahaɬa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

marjam-i-l	waša	gehe
pn - obl - erg	boy	do. pf
‘Marjam gave birth to a son.’

Kaytag Dargwa varara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

maša-l	urši	v-ar-iv
pn - erg	son	m -do. pf - aor
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

Kazakh tap

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maša	ul	tap-tï
pn	son	give_birth- pst 1.3 sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

Kazym Khanty tăjti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

maša-j-en	pǒχ	tăj-əs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	son	have- pst [3 sg ]
‘Maša gave birth to a son.’

Khoekhoe ǁora

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Maria-s	ge	aore	axa-b-a	go	ǁora
pn -3 f . sg	decl	male	boy-3 m . sg - obl	rpst	give_birth_to
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

Khwarshi j/uwa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima	uj-ja	uža
pn \ erg	[ i ]give.birth- pst . w	son
‘Fatima gave birth to a son.’

Kina Rutul jišɨra

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

madina-s	duχ	jišɨ-r=a
pn - dat	son( nom )	1.become. pfv - cbv =be
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’

Kryz Proper

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

leyla-r	sa-r	dix	xu-yid
pn - erg	one- m	son	bear. pf - aor . m
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

Kumyk tapmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	ulan	tap-d-ɨ
pn	son	find- pst -3 sg
‘Miriam gave birth to a son.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) anîn (tr)

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

jinik-ê	kur-ek	anî
woman- obl . f	boy- indef	bear. pfv . sg
‘The woman gave birth to a boy.’

Latin pario

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

peper-erunt	ov-es	agn-os	human-o	capit-e
give_birth[ prf . ind ]- act .3 pl	sheep( f )- nom . pl	lamb( m )- acc . pl	human- abl . sg . n	head( n )- abl . sg
‘Sheep gave birth to lambs with a human head.’
Note: (Ter. Ph. 3, 3, 4)

Laz o-Ɂ-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Fatma-s	be(r)e-Ø	Ø-a-[ʔ]-u
pn - dat	child- nom	io 3- ver : r -[have]- s 3 sg . pst
‘Fatma gave birth to a child.’

Mandarin Chinese shēng-xià

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Lǐsì	shēng-xià	le	yí-gè	háizi
pn	give_birth-down	pfv	one- clf	son
‘Lisi gave birth to a son.’

Mano yē

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka

X: SBJ

Y: ká

Locus: Y

āà	yē	nɛ́	pèèlɛ̄	ká
3 sg . pst	give.birth	child	two	with
‘S/he gave birth to two children.’

Mehweb -aq'as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Madina-jni	urši	w-aq'-ib
pn - erg	son	m -do: pfv - pst
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-rčkin-u-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

anučia-k	boš-(i)	g-Ø-a-rčkin-(u)
pn - erg	boy-( nom )	prv - do 3- fact -beget- s 3 sg . pst
‘Anuchia gave birth to a son.’

Modern Hebrew jald-a

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Mirjam	jald-a	ben
pn	give.birth[ pst ]-3 sg . f	son
‘Miriam gave birth to a son.’

Mukhad Rutul huχun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

majram-a	duχ	huχu-ri
pn - erg	son	m .be_born. pf - aor
‘Majram gave birth to a son.’

Nanai baa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Maša	Petia-wa	baa-xa-ni
pn	pn - obl	find- pst - p .3 sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

Nivkh pand

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ajsana	azməc	+	eʁlŋ	pan-d
pn	man	+	child	give.birth- ind
‘Ajsana gave birth to a son.’

Northern Akhvakh guruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

madina-de	waša	gweri
pn - erg	boy	do. aor
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’

Northern Mansi on’ɕas

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

mārja	mōlxōtal	on’ɕ-as	āji
pn	yesterday	have- pst [3 sg ]	daughter
‘Yesterday Mary gave birth to a daughter.’

Northern Yukaghir mǝdˈuorī=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Əkulˈǝ	kuodˈǝ-d-uo-k	mǝdˈuo-rī-mǝ-lǝ
pn	male- gen -child- foc	be_born- appl - tr - of .3 sg
‘Akulina gave birth to a son.’

Norwegian Bokmål å føde

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kari	fød-te	en	sønn
pn	give_birth- pst	indf . m . sg	son
‘Kari gave birth to a son.’

Polish urodzić

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mariol-a	urodzi-ł-a	syn-a
pn - nom . sg	give_birth- pst - f .3 sg	son- acc . sg
‘Mariola gave birth to a son.’

Russian roditʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maš-a	rodi-l-a	syn-a
pn ( f )- nom . sg	give_birth( pfv )- pst - f . sg	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Maša gave birth to a son.’

Serbian roditi

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Marij-a	je	rodi-la	sin-a
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	give.birth- part . perf . f . sg	son- acc . sg
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

Shinaz Rutul huχu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

peri-s	huχu-r	duχ
pn - dat	m .bear. pf - aor	son
‘Peri gave birth to a son.’

Shughni vīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Lola=yi	puc	vūd
pn =3 sg	son	bring. pst
‘Lola gave birth to a son.’

Skolt Saami šõddeed

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mäʹrjj	šõddi-i	pääʹrn
pn . sg . nom	give.birth- pst .3 sg	child. sg . acc
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

Slovak porodiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mári-a	porodi-l-a	syn-a
pn ( f )- nom . sg	give_birth( pfv )- pst - f . sg	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

Slovenian roditi

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

An-a	je	rodi-l-a	sin-a
pn - nom . sg	aux .3 sg	give_birth- lpt - f . sg	son- acc . sg
‘Ana gave birth to a son.’

Sorani Kurdish bûn

Valency pattern: EXT_SBJ.INTR

X: EXT

Y: SBJ.INTR

Locus: X

Sirwe	kur̂-êk=î	bû-Ø
pn	boy- indf =3 sg . pc	be. pst -3 sg
‘Sirwe gave birth to a son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Southern Rutul hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ayten-ra	sa	dix	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	one	son	m .do. pf - aor
‘Ayten gave birth to a son.’

Spanish tener

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

María	ha	teni-do	un	hijo
pn [ sg . f ]	aux .3 sg	have- ptcp : prf	art . ndef . sg . m	son[ sg . m ]
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

Standard Arabic walada

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maryam-u	waladat	Ɂibn-a-n
pn - nom	give_birth. pf .3 f	son- acc - indef
‘Maryam gave birth to a son.’

Svan a-Ø-twe-n-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

lile-d	č'q'int'-Ø	an-Ø-taw-e
pn - erg	boy- nom	prv : prox - do 3-beget- pst
‘Lile begot a boy.’

Swedish att föda

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Maja	föd-de	en	son
pn	give_birth- pst	indf . c . sg	son
‘Maja gave birth to a son.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-nganak	ng	anak	na	lalaki	si	Maria
av . pfv -give_birth	gen	child	lin	male	pers . subj	pn
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

Telugu puṭṭu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

madhuri-ki	koḍuku	puṭṭāḍu
pn ( f ). sg . obl - dat	son( m ). sg . nom	be_born. pst .3 sg . m
‘Madhuri gave birth to a son.’

Tsakhur uхoхiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

sonee	diх	uхu
pn . erg	son	( m )give_birth. pf
‘Sona gave birth to a son.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

unra-le	uršːi	w-arq'-ib
neighbor- erg / loc ( lat )	boy	m -do. pfv - pret (3)
‘The neighbor gave birth to a son.’

Tsugni Dargwa h-ak'-i / h-alk'-i

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

zumra-la	durħaˤ	h-ak'-ub
neighbor- gen	boy	up -be_born. pfv - pret (3)
‘The neighbor gave birth to a son.’
Note: NP in the genitive is arguably a clause-level dependent.

Turkish doğurmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Filiz	erkek	çocuğ-u	doğur-du
pn	male	child- p .3	give_birth- pst
‘Filiz gave birth to a baby boy.’

Turoyo howe

Valency pattern: OBJAGR_BARE

X: OBJAGR

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

Maryam	hawi-la	abro
pn	become. pfv .3 m - ls .3 f	son
‘Maryam gave birth to a son.’

Twi wo

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

maame	no	wo-o	babarima	bi
woman	def	give_birth- pst	son	indef
‘The woman gave birth to a son.’

Udmurt вайыны

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Маша	пи	вай-из
pn . nom	boy. nom	bring- pst .3 sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

Ulcha baqa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

əj	əktə	xusə	piktə-wə	baqa-xa-ni
this	female	male	child- acc	find- pst -3 sg
‘This woman gave birth to a son.’

Uzbek tuɣmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maša	o’ɣil	tuɣ-di
pn	son	give_birth- pst .3 sg
‘Maša gave birth to a son.’

West Central Oromo daʔa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

boontuu-n	ilma	deesse
pn - nom	son. abs	give_birth.3 sg . f . pfv
‘Bontu gave birth to a son.’

Wolof jur

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

Astu	jur	na	juróom-i	doom
pn	give	birth	prf .s i :3 sg	five- cstr . pl child( j )
‘Astu gave birth to five children.’

Yargun Lezgian jen

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Lale-di-z	sa	gada	xha-na
pn - obl - dat	one	son	become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Lale gave birth to a son.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

d͡zenɨkə	kut-ə=ra	lad͡zɛk-e	ard
woman	lay. pst -3 sg . f . abs =from	son- indef	bring. pst
‘She gave birth to a son.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a combination of two clauses.

Zilo Andi dʒid.i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

marjam-di	woʃo	dʒid.i
pn - erg	boy[ m ][ nom ]	make. pst ( aor )
‘Mariam gave birth to a boy.’