Slovak

Contributed by Martin Gális & Kirill Kozhanov (Academia.edu profile)

M.G.'s photo K.K.'s photo

The dataset was put together in 2023 by Martin Gális (native speaker of Slovak) and Kirill Kozhanov. The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Gális, Martin & Kirill Kozhanov. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Slovak. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on June 26, 2023; last revised on January 17, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 48.55, 18.78.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Basic clause structure

Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the nominative, and the P-argument in the accusative. In neuter nouns and inanimate masculine nouns the accusative form coincides with the nominative, however, these two forms are consistently interlinearized according to their grammatical feature value. Examples (1) and (2) thereby represent canonical transitive construction, even though the accusative form of dům ‘house’ in (1) is zero-marked and coincides with the nominative form of the same noun.

(1)  Peter          vidí               dom
     PN(M)[NOM.SG]  see(IPFV).PRS.3SG  house(M)[ACC.SG]
     ‘Peter sees the house.’

(2)  Peter          streto-l             Mark-a
     PN(M)[NOM.SG]  meet(PFV)-PST[M.SG]  PN(M)-ACC.SG
     ‘Peter encountered Marek.’

The predicate always agrees with the nominative subject in number and person/gender (the choice of agreement features is conditioned by tense). Non-subjects are never indexed on the predicate.

Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers and prepositions. A number of prepositions can combine with several different cases; valency class labels represent prepositions in combination with the specific case, e.g., NOM_naACC (where the preposition na combines with a noun phrase in the accusative case, cf. example 6 below) and NOM_naLOC (where the same preposition combines with a noun phrase in the locative case, cf. example 34 below) are considered two different valency patterns, etc.

Case system

There are 6 full-fledged cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, and locative.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their infinitive form specified for aspect (perfective or imperfective).

Glossing abbreviations

ACC — accusative; DAT — dative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INF — infinitive; INS — instrumental; IPFV — imperfective; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — nominative; NOM — nominative; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; PST — past; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain bolet

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-a	bolí	hlav-a
pn ( m )- acc . sg	ache( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	head( f )- nom . sg
‘Peter has a headache.’

2. have (illness) mať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	má	chrípk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	flu( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter has the flu.’

3. be afraid báť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	bojí	ps-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	be_afraid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	dog( m )- gen . sg
‘Peter is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw hodiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	hodi-l	kameň
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	throw( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	stone( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter threw a stone.’

5. have enough mať dosť

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Teraz	má	Peter	dosť	peňazí
now	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	enough	money( m )[ gen . pl ]
‘Now Peter has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble podobať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	podobá	na	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	resemble( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter resembles Marek.’

7. believe veriť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	verí	Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter believes Marek.’

8. take zobrať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	zobra-l	knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter took a book.’

9. see vidieť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	vidí	dom
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	see( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter sees a house.’

10. influence ovplyvňovať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Vek	ovplyvňuje	pamäť
age( m )[ nom . sg ]	influence( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	memory( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter stretnúť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	streto-l	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	meet( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter encountered Marek.’

12. enter vojsť

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

Peter	vošie-l	do	dom-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	enter( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	in	house( m )- gen . sg
‘Peter entered the house.’

13. win vyhrať

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS

X: NOM

Y: nadINS

Locus: Y

Peter	vyhra-l	nad	Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	above	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter beat Marek.’

14. go out vyjsť

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Peter	vyšie-l	z	dom-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	go_out( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from	house( m )- gen . sg
‘Peter went out of the house.’

15. drive hnať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	ženie	krav-u	na	pastvin-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	drive( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	cow( f )- acc . sg	on	pasture( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter is chasing the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend ohnúť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	oho-l	konár
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	bend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	branch( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter bent the branch.’

17. tell povedať

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	poveda-l	Mark-ovi:	"…"
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- dat . sg	"…"
‘Peter told Marek: "…".’

18. hold držať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	drží	knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter is holding a book.’

19. catch up dostihnúť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	dostiho-l	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	catch_up( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter caught up with Marek.’

20. milk podojiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	podoji-l	krav-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	milk( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	cow( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter milked the cow.’

21. reach dostať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	dosta-l	na	breh
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	reach( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	on	bank( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter reached the bank.’

22. touch dotknúť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	dotko-l	sten-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	touch( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	wall( f )- gen . sg
‘Peter touched the wall.’

23. fight biť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	bije	s	Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	fight( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter is fighting with Marek.’

24. be friends kamarátiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	kamaráti	s	Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	be_friends( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter is friends with Marek.’

25. think rozmýšľať

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Peter	rozmýšľa	o	Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	about	pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Peter is thinking about Marek.’

26. eat zjesť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	zjedo-l	jablk-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	eat( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	apple( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter ate an apple.’

27. fry usmažiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	usmaži-l	ryb-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	fry( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	fish( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter fried the fish.’

28. wait čakať

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Peter	čaká	na	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	wait( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter is waiting for Marek.’

29. forget zabudnúť

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Peter	zabudo-l	na	druh-ú	cest-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	forget( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	on	other- f . acc . sg	road( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter forgot about that other road.’

30. depend závisieť

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN

X: NOM

Y: odGEN

Locus: Y

Pamäť	zavísí	od	vek-u
memory( f )[ nom . sg ]	depend( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	age( m )- gen . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call zavolať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	zavola-l	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	call( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter called Marek.’

32. get to know spoznať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	spozna-l	Mark-a	pred	rok-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	get_to_know( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg	before	year( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter got to know Marek a year ago.’

33. know poznať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	pozná	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	know( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter knows Marek.’

34. play (instrument) hrať

Valency pattern: NOM_naLOC

X: NOM

Y: naLOC

Locus: Y

Peter	hrá	na	gitar-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	play( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	guitar( f )- loc . sg
‘Peter is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid vyhýbať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	vyhýba	Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	avoid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter avoids Marek.’

36. make urobiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	urobi-l	pasť	na	myš-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	trap( f )[ acc . sg ]	on	mouse( f )- acc . pl
‘Peter made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun robiť si žarty

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Peter	si	z	Mark-a	teraz	robí	žart-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	from	pn ( m )- gen . sg	now	make( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	joke( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter is now making fun of Marek.’

38. have mať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	má	aut-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	car( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter has a car.’

39. look for hľadať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	hľadá	svoj-e	kľúč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	look_for( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	one's- acc . pl	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter is looking for his keys.’

40. paint natrieť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	natre-l	plot
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter painted the fence.’

41. bite uhryznúť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pes	uhryzo-l	Petr-a
dog( m )[ nom . sg ]	bite( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘A dog bit Peter.’

42. forfeit prísť

Valency pattern: NOM_oACC

X: NOM

Y: oACC

Locus: Y

Peter	prišie-l	o	svoj	dom
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	come( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	about	one's[ m . acc . sg ]	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter lost his house.’

43. try to catch snažiť sa chytiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	sa	snaží	chyti-ť	mačk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	try( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	catch( pfv )- inf	cat( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break zlomiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	zlomi-l	paličk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	break( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	stick( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter broke a stick.’

45. flatter lichotiť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	lichotí	Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	flatter( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Peter is flattering Maria.’

46. love (person) milovať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	miluje	Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	love( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter loves Maria.’

47. wave mávať

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Peter	máva	kapesník-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	wave( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	scarf( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter is waving a scarf.’

48. dream snívať

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Peter	sníva	o	nov-om	aut-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	about	new- n . loc . sg	car( n )- loc . sg
‘Peter is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash umýť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	umy-l	pohár
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	wash( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	mug( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter washed the mug.’

50. put on obliecť si

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	si	oblieko-l	nohavic-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	put_on( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	trousers- acc . pl
‘Peter put on his trousers.’

51. be called volať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

Tento	prístroj	sa	volá	kompas
this. m . nom . sg	gadget( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	call( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	compass( m )[ nom . sg ]
‘This gadget is called a compass.’

52. punish potrestať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	potresta-l	svoj-ho	syn-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	punish( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	one's- m . acc . sg	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter punished his son.’

53. attack napadnúť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Medveď	napado-l	rybár-a
bear( m )[ nom . sg ]	attack( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	fisherman( m )- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) naplnený + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Vedr-o	bo-l-o	naplnen-é	vod-ou
bucket( n )- nom . sg	be( ipfv )- pst - n . sg	filled- n . nom . sg	water( f )- ins . sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

55. find nájsť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	našie-l	jeho	kľúč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	find( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	his	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter found his keys.’

56. be short chýbať

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-ovi	chýba	jedn-o	eur-o
pn ( m )- dat . sg	lack( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	one- n . nom . sg	euro( n )- nom . sg
‘Peter is one euro short.’

57. hate nenávidieť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	nenávidí	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	hate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter hates Marek.’

58. like mať rád

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	má	rád	toto	tričk-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	glad	this. n . acc . sg	shirt( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter likes this shirt.’

59. need potrebovať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	potrebuje	peniaz-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	need( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	money( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter needs money.’

60. surround obkolesovať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Múr-y	obkolesujú	mest-o
wall( f )- nom . pl	surround( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	city( n )- acc . sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain ostať

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-ovi	ostáva	desať	eur
pn ( m )- dat . sg	remain( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	ten[ nom ]	euro( n )[ gen . pl ]
‘Peter has ten euros left.’

62. answer odpovedať

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	odpoveda-l	učiteľ-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	answer( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	teacher( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter answered the teacher.’

63. open otvoriť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	otvori-l	konzerv-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	can( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter opened a can.’

64. be different iný + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_akoNOM

X: NOM

Y: akoNOM

Locus: Y

Moj-a	košeľ-a	je	in-á	ako	tvoj-a
my- f . nom . sg	shirt( f )- nom . sg	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	other- f . nom . sg	than	your- f . nom . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind zaostať

Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS

X: NOM

Y: zaINS

Locus: Y

Peter	zaosta-l	za	Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	fall_behind( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	behind	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter fell behind Marek.’

66. plough orať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	orie	pol-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	plough( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	field( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter is ploughing the field.’

67. smell smrdieť

Valency pattern: NOM_poLOC

X: NOM

Y: poLOC

Locus: Y

Moj-e	ruk-y	smrdia	po	benzín-e
my- nom . pl	hand( f )- nom . pl	smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	after	gasoline( m )- loc . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross prejsť

Valency pattern: NOM_cezACC

X: NOM

Y: cezACC

Locus: Y

Peter	prešie-l	cez	cest-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	cross( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	over	street( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter crossed the street.’

69. sing spievať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	spieva-l	krásn-u	pieseň
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	sing( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	beautiful- f . acc . sg	song( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

70. write písať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	písa-l	list
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	write( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	letter( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter wrote a letter.’

71. drink vypiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	vypi-l	mliek-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	drink( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	milk( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter drank the milk.’

72. melt roztaviť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	roztavi-l	kus	olov-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	melt( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	piece( m )[ acc . sg ]	lead( n )- gen . sg
‘Peter melted a piece of lead.’

73. match hodiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_kDAT

X: NOM

Y: kDAT

Locus: Y

Tento	opasok	sa	hodí	k	moj-im	šat-ám
this. m . nom . sg	belt( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	fit( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	to	my- dat . pl	dress( m )- dat . pl
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave opustiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	opusti-l	svoj-e	rodn-é	měst-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	leave( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	one’s- acc . sg . n	native- n . acc . sg	city( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter left his home town.’

75. cover pokrývať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Koberec	pokrýva	cel-ú	podlah-u
carpet( m )[ nom . sg ]	cover( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	whole- f . acc . sg	floor( f )- acc . sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember pamätať si

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	si	dobre	pamätá	tento	dom
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	well	remember( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	this. m . acc . sg	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter remembers this house well.’

77. help pomôcť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	pomoho-l	Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	help( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter helped Maria.’

78. understand (language) rozumieť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	rozumie	francúzštin-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	understand( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	f rench( f )- dat . sg
‘Peter understands French.’

79. hit (target) udrieť

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

Blesk	udre-l	do	dom-u
lightning( m )[ nom . sg ]	hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	in	house( m )- gen . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself porezať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	poreza-l	britv-ou
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	cut( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	razor( f )- ins . sg
‘Peter cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck prilepiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Pohár	sa	prilepi-l	na	stôl
glass( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	stick( pfv )- pst ( m . sg )	on	table( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) prehrať

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Peter	prehra-l	s	Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter lost to Marek.’

83. be glad mať radosť

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Peter	ma-l	z	dopis-u	radosť
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from	letter( m )- gen . sg	joy( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter rejoiced over the letter.’

84. speak hovoriť

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Peter	hovorí	s	Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter is speaking with Marek.’

85. give birth porodiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mári-a	porodi-l-a	syn-a
pn ( f )- nom . sg	give_birth( pfv )- pst - f . sg	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

86. drop pustiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	pusti-l	pohár
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	drop( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	glass( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter dropped the glass.’

87. govern vládnuť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	vládne	náš-mu	mest-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	govern( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	our- n . dat . sg	city( n )- dat . sg
‘Peter runs our village.’

88. miss chýbať

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Petr-ovi	chýba	Mári-a
pn ( m )- dat . sg	miss( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- nom . sg
‘Peter misses Maria.’

89. follow následovať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	následuje	Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	follow( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter follows Maria.’

90. dismount zosadnúť

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Peter	zosado-l	z	koň-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	jump_off( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from	horse( m )- gen . sg
‘Peter jumped off the horse.’

91. listen počúvať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	počúva	rádi-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	radio( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter is listening to radio.’

92. obey poslúchať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	vždy	poslúcha	svoj-u	matk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	always	listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	one’s- f . acc . sg	mother( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter always listens to his mother.’

93. hear počuť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	počuje	hudb-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	hear( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	music( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter hears the music.’

94. mix zmiešať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Med	sa	zmieša-l	s	mliek-om
honey( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	melt( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	with	milk( n )- ins . sg
‘The honey melted in the milk.’

95. look pozerať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	pozerá	na	mrak-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	look( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	cloud( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off vyzliecť si

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	si	vyzlieko-l	košeľ-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	put_off( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	shirt( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) snívať

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Peter	sníva	o	Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	about	pn ( f )- loc . sg
‘Peter dreams about Maria.’

98. agree súhlasiť

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Peter	súhlasi-l	s	Mári-ou
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	agree( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	with	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Peter agrees with her.’

99. have a quarrel hádať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	háda-l	s	Mári-ou
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	have_a_quarrel( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	with	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter had a quarrel with Maria.’

100. cost stáť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Hrnček	stojí	jedn-o	eur-o
cup( m )[ nom . sg ]	cost( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	one- n . acc . sg	euro( n )- acc . sg
‘This glass costs one euro.’

101. shoot at strieliť

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Peter	streli-l	na	vták-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	shoot( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	on	bird( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter shot at the bird.’

102. pour nasypať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	nasypa-l	cukor	do	pohár-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	put( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	sugar( m )[ acc . sg ]	in	glass( m )- gen . sg
‘Peter poured the sugar in the glass.’

103. lose stratiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	strati-l	svoj-e	kľúč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	one's- acc . pl	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

104. sink potopiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

Polen-o	sa	potopi-l-o	do	vod-y
log( n )- nom . sg	refl . acc	sink( pfv )- pst - n . sg	in	water( f )- gen . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill zabiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	zabi-l	Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter killed Maria.’

106. hit udrieť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	udre-l	Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter hit Maria.’

107. kiss pobozkať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	pobozka-l	Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	kiss( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter kissed Maria.’

108. read prečítať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	prečíta-l	zaujímav-ú	knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	read( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	interesting- f . acc . sg	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) pohnúť

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Peter	poho-l	svoj-ím	prst-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	move( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	one's- m . ins . sg	finger( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter moved his finger.’

110. respect vážiť si

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Peter	si	váži	Mári-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	respect( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Peter respects Maria.’

111. be squeamish háklivý + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Peter	je	hákliv-ý	na	špinav-ý	riad
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	squeamish	on	dirty- m . acc . sg	dishes( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content spokojný + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Peter	je	so	svoj-ím	syn-om	spokojn-ý
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	one's- m . ins . sg	son( m )- ins . sg	satisfied- m . nom . sg
‘Peter is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love zamilovať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	zamilova-l	do	Mári-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	fall_in_love( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	in	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Peter fell in love with Maria.’

114. trust dôverovať

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	dôveruje	Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	trust( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Peter trusts Maria.’

115. sympathise súcitiť

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Peter	súcití	so	svoj-ou	matk-ou
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	sympathise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	one’s- f . ins . sg	mother( f )- ins . sg
‘Peter sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy závidieť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	závidí	Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter envies Marek.’

117. be angry hnevať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	hnevá	na	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	make_angry( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter is angry with Marek.’

118. be surprised prekvapený + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Peter	bo-l	z	darček-a	prekvapen-ý
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	be( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	from	gift( m )- gen . sg	surprised- m . nom . sg
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) mať rád

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	má	rád	čaj
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	glad	tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter loves tea.’

120. enjoy užívať si

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	si	užíva	tepl-ý	čaj
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	enjoy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	hot- m . acc . sg	tea( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter enjoys hot tea.’

121. want chcieť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	chce	nov-ý	mobiln-ý	telefón
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	want( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	new- m . acc . sg	mobile- m . acc . sg	phone( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge mať zášť

Valency pattern: NOM_vociDAT

X: NOM

Y: vociDAT

Locus: Y

Peter	má	voči	Mark-ovi	zášť
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	against	pn ( m )- dat . sg	grudge
‘Peter holds a grudge against Marek.’

123. take offence uraziť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	na	Mark-a	urazi-l
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	on	pn ( m )- acc . sg	offend( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]
‘Peter took offense at Marek.’

124. upset rozrušiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	veľmi	rozruši-l	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	very	make_sad( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter upset Marek.’

125. marvel obdivovať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	obdivova-l	toto	mest-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	admire( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	this. n . acc . sg	city( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter was marvelled at this city.’

126. despise opovrhovať

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Peter	opovrhuje	Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	despise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter despises Marek.’

127. get upset rozčúliť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	rozčúli-l	na	svoj-ho	syn-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	sadden( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	on	one's- m . acc . sg	son( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated podráždený + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Peter	začína	by-ť	na	svoj-u	dcér-u	podrážden-ý
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	start( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	be- inf	on	one's- f . acc . sg	daughter( f )- acc . sg	irritated- m . nom . sg
‘Peter gets irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond mať rád

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	má	rád	Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	glad	pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter is fond of Marek.’

130. be shy hanbiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_zaACC

X: NOM

Y: zaACC

Locus: Y

Peter	sa	hanbí	za	svoj-u	výšk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	be_shy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	for	one’s- f . acc . sg	height( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter is embarrassed about his small height.’