BivalTyp

‘kiss’

Argument frame: X (kiss) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. kissed M .
Predicate label Ru: целовать
Argument frame Ru: X (целовать) Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. поцеловал М .

Abaza ba hʷə

Valency pattern: ERG_IO
X: ERG
Y: IO
Locus: Y
fatíma l-aš’á ba j-a-l-hʷ-ṭ
pn 3 sg . f . io -brother kiss 3 sg . m . io - dat -3 sg . f . erg -say( aor )- dcl
‘Fatima kissed her brother.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) je-bewə

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pŝaŝe-r č̣ʼale-m je-bewə-ʁ
girl- abs guy- obl 3 sg . io + dat -kiss- pst
‘The girl kissed the guy.’

Aghul p’ac ik’.i-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a šünükː.i-s p’ac ik’.i-ne
pn ( erg ) child- dat kiss { in }poke. pf - aor
‘Aslan kissed the child.’

Akhvakh (Northern) c’c’oonuƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi-de madina-ge c’c’a-ani
pn - erg pn - loc kiss- aor
‘Patahi kissed Madina.’

Andi (Zilo) ts’omm.i

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
χadiʒati-di ts’omm.i marjam-ʔa
pn - erg kiss. pst ( aor ) pn - super
‘Khadizhat kissed Mariam.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) bws

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām bās-a l-Maryam
pn kiss. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs to- pn
‘Abraham kissed Maryam.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) bās

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Aḥmad bās Mḥammad
pn kiss. pfv .3 m pn
‘Ahmad kissed Muhammad.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) b.ū.s

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi bās Reem
pn kiss. pst .3 m . sg pn
‘Shadi kissed Reem.’

Arabic (standard) qabbala

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un qabbala Maryam-a
pn - nom kiss. pf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr kissed Maryam.’

Archi hijtbos

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša-mu marin hijtbo
pn - obl . m ( erg ) pn kiss. pfv
‘Pasha kissed Marina.’

Armenian (Eastern) hamburel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə hamburec’ Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def kiss: aor :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros kissed Mher.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic našək

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yala nšik-a-l brata
boy( m ) kiss- ss .3 f - ls .3 m girl( f )
‘The boy kissed the girl.’

Avar q’očize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam-i-da q’oč-ana
pn pn - obl - loc kiss- aor
‘Ali kissed Marjam.’

Azerbaijani öpmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan Leyla-nı öp-dü
pn pn - acc kiss- pst (3)
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

Bafut nɔ́ŋə̂ ǹtsù

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
àmbɛ́ à kɨ̀ nɔ́ŋə̂ ǹtsù bì
pn sm p 2 suck mouth pn
‘Ambe kissed Bih.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Bambara súmusumu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù ye Fántà dá` súmusumu
pn pfv . tr pn mouth\ art smell
‘Seku kissed Fanta.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Belarusian pacalavać

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Alieś pacalava-ŭ Alien-u
pn [ nom . sg ] kiss( pfv )- pst . sg . m pn - acc . sg
‘Ales kissed Alena.’

Budugh k’uf yuts’u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ır leyla'-z k'uf yıva-ci
pn - erg pn - dat kiss give. pfv - prf
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

Bulgarian tseluna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Petăr tseluna Maria
pn kiss( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar kissed Maria.’

Catalan besar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va bes-ar la Maria
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind kiss- inf def . sg . f pn ( f )
‘Pere kissed Maria.’

Chechen bart AGR-aqqa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Islam-as Madina-na bart b-aeqqi-na
pn - erg pn - dat mouth. abs b -take- prf
‘Islam kissed Madina.’

Chinese (Mandarin) qīnwěn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān qīnwěn le Lǐsì
pn kiss pfv pn
‘Zhangsan kissed Lisi.’

Chirag upːa b-arq’i

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
pat’imat-le gal-l-i upːa b-arq’-ib
pn - erg boy- obl - super kiss( abs ) n . sg -do: pf - aor .3
‘Patimat kissed her son.’

Croatian poljubiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o je poljubi-o Marij-u
pn - nom . sg be. prs .3 sg kiss( pfv )- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Pero kissed Marija.’

Czech políbit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr políbi-l Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] kiss( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr kissed Michal.’

Danish kysse

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter kysse-de Marie
pn kiss- pst pn
‘Peter kissed Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) mesa B-iːkː-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER.LAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
Islam-il Madina-li-j mesa b-iːčː-ib
pn - erg pn - obl - super ( lat ) kiss( abs ) n -give. pfv - aor
‘Islam kissed Madina.’

Dargwa (Kadar) p'aj-CL-ik-es / p'aj-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad p'aj-0-ik-ib ʡaˤšura-ke
pn kiss- m -fall. pfv - pret pn - super
‘Muhammad kissed Ashura.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) ummaj bek:ara

Valency pattern: ERG_DATLAT
X: ERG
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Petja-l Maša-j ummaj b-eč:-iv
pn - erg pn - datlat kiss n -give. pf - aor (3)
‘Petja kissed Masha.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l aba-j umma či-d-ig-aj
boy- obl - erg mother- dat kiss on - npl -put. pfv - aor .3. tr
‘The boy kissed his mother.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) č'op b-ičː-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_SUPER(LAT)
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: SUPER(LAT)
Locus: Y
uršːi nešli-jaˤ č'op' ik-un
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) mother- super ( lat ) kiss ( m )say. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy kissed his mother.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) paj ag-i / ig-i

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
durħaˤ-li baba-j paj ag-ib
boy- erg mother- dat kiss say. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy kissed his mother.’

Dutch kussen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft Marie ge-kus-t
pn ( c ) have.3 sg pn ( c ) ptcp -kiss- ptcp
‘Piet kissed Marie.’

Enets (Forest) nʲujza

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ nɛ-da nʲujza
i man- nom . sg .1 sg woman- obl . sg .3 sg kiss( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend kissed his wife’.

English kiss

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter kissed Mary.

Estonian suudlema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter suudle-s Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom kiss- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter kissed Maret.’

Finnish suudella

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka suutel-i Matti-a
pn . nom kiss- pst .3 sg pn - part
‘Pekka kissed Matti.’

French embrasser

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a embrassé Marie
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg kiss. pst . ptcp . m pn ( f )
‘Paul kissed Marie.’

Gascon a abraçat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a abraçat a Maria
pn have. prs .3 sg kiss. pst . ptcp to pn
‘Pau kissed Maria.’

Gban le̋ wò … lű

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Zá̰ ɛ́ le̋ wò Mɔ̰̈bì lű
pn 3 sg \ pst mouth put[ pfv . hod ] pn mouth
‘Zan kissed Monbi.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Georgian Ø-a-k'oc-eb-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-m mašo-s loq'a-ze Ø-a-k'oc-a
pn - erg pn - dat cheek- pstp : superess / superlat io 3- ver : sup -kiss- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre kissed Masho on the cheek.’

German küssen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl küss-te Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] kiss- pst .3 sg pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl kissed Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) niʃek

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas niʃek et Menaχem
pn kiss[ pst .3 sg . m ] do pn
‘Pinchas kissed Menachem.’

Hindi cūmnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne Mīnakṣī ko cūm-ā
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg pn ( f ). sg . obl acc / dat kiss. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek kissed Meenakshi.’

Indonesian (standard) men-cium

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ahmad men-cium Siti
pn act -kiss pn
‘Ahmad kissed Siti.’

Irish póg

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=phóg Pól Máire.
pst =kiss pn pn
‘Pól kissed Máire.’

Italian baciare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha baciato Maria
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs kiss. pst . ptcp pn ( f )
‘Leo kissed Maria.’

Karata oba gahaɬa

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali-l marjam-i-č’o oba ge-e gehe
pn - erg pn - obl - cont kiss do- pf do. pf
‘Ali kissed Marjam.’

Kazakh süy

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï süy-dі
pn pn - acc kiss- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya kissed Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) mɔsǝλtǝti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en mɔsǝλtǝ-s-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg kiss- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja kissed Maša.’

Khoekhoe ǁoa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a go ǁoa
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl rpst kiss
‘Peter kissed Maria.’

Khwarshi uba buwa

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
šamil-i uba-č b-u-ja isu-lo-č kande-qo
pn - erg kiss( iii )- its iii -make- pst . w dem . an . o . i - gen 2- its daughter- cont
‘Shamil kissed his daughter.’

Komi-Permyak окыштны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя окышт-і-с Маша-сӧ
pn поцеловать- prt -3 pn - acc . p .3
‘Петя поцеловал Машу.’

Komi-Zyrian oki̮štni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a oki̮št-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn kiss- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja kissed Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Kryz (Alik) k'uf ğaynic

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
terlan-ir leyla-ğar k'uf ğayn-ic
pn - erg pn - superel kiss take. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan kissed Leyla.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) k'uxhv vuyic

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir leyla-z k'uxhv vuy-ic
pn - erg pn - dat kiss give. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

Kryz (proper) k'uf vuyic

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir leyla-s k'uf vu-yic
pn - erg pn - dat kiss give. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

Kumyk upaj etmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat musa-nɨ upaj et-d-i
pn pn - acc kiss do- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat kissed Musa.’

Kurdish (Sorani) maç kirdin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa Perî=î maç kird-Ø
pn pn =3 sg . pc kiss do. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa kissed Pari.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) maç kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam jin maç kir
man woman kiss do. pfv . sg
‘The man kissed the woman.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPLAT
X: GEN
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad-lu-l pːaj u<w>k-und-i Aˁšura-j-n
pn - obl - gen kiss 1.say- aor -3 p pn - sup - lat
‘Mohammad kissed Ashura.’

Latin osculor

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
aliter homin-es amic-am, aliter liber-os oscula-ntur
differently man( m )- nom . pl girlfriend( f )- acc . sg differently child( m )- acc . pl kiss[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 pl
‘People kiss girlfriends and children in different ways.’
Note: (Sen. Ep. 75, 3)

Laz o-xel-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-s g-Ø-a-xel-u
pn - b - erg pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : r -kiss- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim kissed Fatma.’

Lezgian (Yargun) siv gun

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sahib-a Lale-di-z siv ga-na
pn - erg pn - obl - dat mouth give. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib kissed Lale.’

Macedonian bakne

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja bakna Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc kiss( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar kissed Maja.’

Maltese bies

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ġwanni bies lil Mary
pn kiss. pf . m .3 sg to pn
‘Ġwanni kissed Mary.’
Note: The preposition “lil” is not obligatory with this verb. This is an example of the DOM system.

Maninka (Eastern) súnbu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára Fántà súnbu.
pn prf pn kiss
‘Seku has kissed Fanta.’

Mano *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Mansi (Northern) an’apaste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
āji ɕān’-e an’ap-as-t-e
daughter mother- poss .3 sg kiss- pst - sg . o -3 sg . s
‘The daughter kissed her mother.’

Mehweb umma daqʼas

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER.LAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
Islam-ini umma d-aqʼ-ib Madina-če
pn - erg kiss npl -do: pfv - pst pn - super ( lat )
‘Islam kissed Madina.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-ǯun-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s k-Ø-a-ǯun-u
pn - erg pn - dat aff - io 3- ver : r -kiss- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo kissed Anuchia.’

Nanai oǯo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa oǯo-xa-ni
pn pn - obl kiss- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia kissed Masha.’

Nivkh mоct

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + mоc-t
pn pn + kiss- ind
‘Kaskazik kissed Ajsana.’

Norwegian Bokmål å kysse

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per kysse-t Kari
pn kiss- pst pn
‘Per kissed Kari.’

Oromo (West Central) ɗungata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n boontuu ɗungat-e
pn - nom pn . abs kiss-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa kissed Bontu.’

Persian būsīdan

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ahmad mariam-rā būsīd
pn pn - acc kiss. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad kissed Mariam.’

Polish pocałować

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Franek pocałowa-ł Mart-ę
pn [ nom . sg ] kiss: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] pn - acc . sg
‘Franek kissed Marta.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) beijar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro beij-ou Maria
pn ( m ) kiss-3 sg . pst pn ( f )
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’

Romani (Kalderash) ćumindel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a ćuminď-a la Marijk-a ande buk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg kiss- pst .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg in cheek- nom . sg
‘Murša kissed Marijka on the cheek.’

Romanian a săruta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a sărutat-o pe Maria
pn aux .3 sg kiss. pst . ptcp -she. acc . nant on pn
‘Petru kissed Maria.’

Russian pocelovatʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja pocelova-l Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg kiss( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja kissed Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) k’uxʲ kiwɨr

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
rasul-a k’uxʲ ki-w-ɨ-r madina-s
pn - erg beak( nom ) pv -3- lv . pfv - cvb pn - dat
‘Rasul kissed Madina.’

Rutul (Mukhad) temeni hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-a majram-ı-s temeni hıʔı-ri
pn - erg pn - obl - dat kiss n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad kissed Majram.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
duxvar-a xatun-ı-k k'uxh kixıˁ-ri
son. obl - erg pn - obl - cont kiss n .strike_at. pf - aor
‘The son kissed Khatun.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) hup'a hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-a ayten-ı-s hup'a hıʔı-r
pn - erg pn - obl - dat kiss n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad kissed Ayten.’

Rutul (Shinaz) k'üx kivɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir k'üx kivɨ-r peri-s
pn ( erg ) kiss give. pf - aor pn - dat
‘Basir kissed Peri.’

Saami (Skolt) cuʹmmsted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt cuʹmmst-i Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom kiss- pst .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete kissed Maria’

Sagada muši teƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pat’imat-e muši teƛ-ii musa-r
pn - erg kiss give- pst pn - dat
‘Patimat kissed Musa.’

Serbian poljubiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je poljubi-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg kiss- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar kissed Maria.’

Shughni bā čīdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM.CL
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Ahmed=i Saida bā ču
pn =3 sg pn kiss do. pst
‘Ahmed kissed Saida.’

Slovak pobozkať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter pobozka-l Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] kiss( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter kissed Maria.’

Slovenian poljubiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je poljubi-l An-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg kiss: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] pn - acc . sg
‘Peter kissed Ana.’

Spanish dar un beso

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pedro ha da-do un beso a María
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg give- ptcp : prf art . ndef . sg . m kiss[ sg . m ] ndir . obj pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’

Svan x-e-qx-äːn (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s xaq'ba-ži lä-x-qax-äːn
pn - nom pn - dat cheek- superess / superlat prv : slightly - io 3-kiss- pst
‘Maizer kissed Lile on the cheek.’

Swedish att kyssa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn kyss-te Maja
pn kiss- pst pn
‘Björn kissed Maja.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
rasul-i dada.ji-z mak ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg mother- dat kiss pf -do- pst
‘Rasul kissed (his) mother’.

Tagalog halikan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
h<in>alik-an ni Pedro si Maria
pfv .kiss- pv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’

Telugu muddu peṭṭu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ madhuri-ki muddu peṭṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( f ). sg . obl - dat kiss( n ). sg . nom put. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen kissed Madhuri.’

Tsakhur uba haʔiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee sona-ys uba haʔu
pn - erg pn - dat kiss n .do. pf
‘Murad kissed Sona.’

Tswana suna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kitso o-sun-il-e Lorato
prn (1) s i :cl1-kiss- prf - fv prn (1)
‘Kitso kissed Lorato.’

Turkish öpmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Filiz-i öp-tü
pn pn - acc kiss- pst
‘Mehmet kissed Filiz.’

Turoyo nošəq

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel nšəq-le Yuḥanən
pn kiss. pfv - ls .3 m pn
‘Gabriyel kissed Yuḥanən.’

Twi fe ano

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi fe-e nana ano
pn like- pst grandfather lip
‘Kofi kissed grandfather.’

Udi muçpes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
P'avel-en Ruslan-a muç=e=p-i
pn - erg pn - dat kiss=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Pavel kissed Ruslan.’

Udmurt č́upani̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a Maša-jez č́upa-z
pn . nom pn - acc kiss- pst .3 sg
‘Petja kissed Masha.’

Ukrainian pociluvaty

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o pociluva-v Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg kiss( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro kissed Mariya.’

Ulcha alawsi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xusə piktə əktə piktə-wə alawsa-xa-ni
male child female child- acc kiss- pst -3 sg
‘The boy kissed the girl.’

Uzbek o’pmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-ni o’p-ti
pn pn - acc kiss- pst .3 sg
‘Petja kissed Maša.’

Wolof fóon

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
k-i ma-y fóon moom la
cl k - rel s i :1 sg - incpl kiss 3 sg e q cop
‘The one I’ll kiss, it’s him.’

Yukaghir (Northern) ubа̄=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝr ubа̄-m
pn pn - acc aff kiss- tr .3 sg
‘Semien kissed Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ɛj a pʼat͡ʃ kɛrd-ə
3 sg . m . obl 3 sg . f . abs kiss make. pst -3 sg . f
‘He kissed her.’