BivalTyp

Sagada

Contributed by Zaira Khalilova.

Z.Kh.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2025. Magomed Latipov provided the translations in the capacity of a native speaker. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Khalilova, Zaira. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Sagada. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on June 25, 2025; last revised on June 25, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain boƛa

Valency pattern: GEN1_ABS
X: GEN1
Y: ABS
Locus: X
dada-s r-oƛ-xo q’im
father- gen 1 iv -hurt- prs head( iv )
‘The father has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) boƛa

Valency pattern: ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
uži r-oƛ-xo gripp-o-q
boy iv -be.sick- prs flu- obl - poss
‘The boy has a flu.’

3. be afraid buƛ’a

Valency pattern: ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
uži uƛ’-xo ʁwaj-qo
boy( i ) ( i )fear- prs dog- poss
‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw kura

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
užee kur-ii ʁul
boy. erg throw- pst . w stone
‘The boy threw a stone.’

5. have enough ʕeze boqa

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
muʕalim-er ʕeze b-oq-o micxir
teacher- dat be_enough iii -become- prs money( iii )
‘The teacher has enough money.’

6. resemble riƚinaw joƚ

Valency pattern: ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
uži riƚinaw joƚ eniw-qo
boy similar cop mother- poss
‘The boy resembles his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe božize boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
uži božize oq-o eniw-ƛ’o
boy( i ) believe ( i )become- prs mother- super
‘The boy believes his mother.’

8. take bisa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
paree j-iss-ii t’ek icaa-ƛ’-oj
pn . erg v-take- pst . w book( v ) shelf. obl - super - abl
‘Pari took a book from the shelf.’

9. see bukada

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pejzula-r r-uka-x ʁutku
pn - dat iv -see- prs house( iv )
‘Pejzula sees the house.’

10. influence boqa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ečreƚensi žek’u šuƛ’anak’u oq
get.old. cvb man( i ) forget. ptcp ( i )become. gnt
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter dander c’oxa

Valency pattern: ABS_ALL
X: ABS
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
pat’ina dander c’ox-ii maħamad-ʁor
pn towards meet- pst . w pn - all
‘Patina met Muhamad.’

12. enter biħa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUB.ALL
X: ABS
Y: SUB.ALL
Locus: Y
pejzula iħu-n reču-ƛ-ʁor
pn ( i ) ( i )go- pst . uw barn- sub - all
‘Peizula entered the barn.’

13. win beža

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ABL
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ABL
Locus: Y
pat’ak’u j-ež-ii maħama-ƛ’-oj
pn ( ii ) ii -win- pst . w pn - super - abl
‘Pataku won over Muhamad.’

14. go out boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUB.ABL
X: ABS
Y: SUB.ABL
Locus: Y
pejzula oq-ii reču-ƛ-ej maħor
pn ( i ) ( i )go- pst . w barn- sub - abl outside
‘Peizula went out of the barn.’

15. drive boc’a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Pat’ina b-oc’-ii maħor zija ciq-o-ʁor b-iša-lor
pn . erg iii -drive.away- pst . w outside cow(iii) wood.obl- all iii -eat- purp
‘Patima drove the cow outside to the woods to graze.’

16. bend užera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pajzul-e j-užer-ii ara ʁuno-s
pn - erg ii -bend- pst . w branch( ii ) tree. obl - gen 1
‘Pejzula bent the branch.’

17. tell eƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS.LAT
X: ERG
Y: POSS.LAT
Locus: Y
paree eƛ-ii maħama-qo-r horo mi di-ʁo-ʁor ƛirba-ƚun
pn . erg say- pst . w pn - poss - lat come 2 sg . abs 1 sg - apud - all guest- cmpr
‘Pari told Muhamad: You come and visit my place.’

18. hold biqira

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
paree j-iqir-en joƚ tek’ reƛ’i-q
pn . erg ii -hold- pst . uw cop book( ii ) hand. obl - poss
‘Pari is holding a book in her hand.’

19. catch up biqera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pejzula j-iqer-ii madina
pn . erg ii -catch.up- pst . w pn ( ii )
‘Peyzula caught up with Madina.’

20. milk t’et’a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
amina t’et’-ii zija
pn . erg milk- pst . w cow
‘Amina milked the cow.’

21. reach baq’a

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.LAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
pat’ina j-aq’-ii raƛ’-mo-ƛ’-or
pn ii -arrive- pst . w bank- obl - super - lat
‘Patina reached the river’s bank.’

22. touch bitera

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
Pat’ina reƛ’a r-ite-r-ii q’ido-q
pn . erg hand( iv ) iv -touch- caus - pst wall- poss
‘Patina touched the wall with the hand.’

23. fight biħanada

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL
X: ERG
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
pat’imat-e j-iħana-x madina-ʁor
pn - erg ii -fight- prs pn - all
‘Patina fights with Madina.’

24. be friends halmaʁƚi run

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL
X: ERG
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
zarema halmaʁƚi r-u-n maħamad-ʁor
pn . erg friendship( iv ) iv -do- pst . uw pn - all
‘Zarema is friends with Muhamad.’

25. think urʁize boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
pari urʁize j-oq-ii abuli-ƚ
pn ( ii ) think ii -become- pst . w pn - cont
‘Pari thinks about Abuli.’

26. eat bac’a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
paxru b-ac’-ii heneš
pn . erg iii -eat- pst . w apple( iii )
‘Paxru ate the apple.’

27. fry baħera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat-e b-aħer-i besuro
pn - erg iii -fry- pst . w fish( iii )
‘Patimat fired the fish.’

28. wait biča

Valency pattern: ABS_ALL
X: ABS
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
pari j-ič-en joƚ maħmud-ʁor
pn ( ii ) ii -sit- cvb cop pn - all
‘Pari waits for Mahmud.’

29. forget šuƛ’a

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pejzula-r šuƛ’-ii sideni huni
pn - dat forget- pst . w other road
‘Peyzula forgot about the other road.’

30. depend baraw joƚ

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʕaq’lu ʕumru-z zamana-ƛ’ baraw joƚ
mind life- gen 2 time- super dependent cop
‘Mind depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call goƛ’a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Ramazan-e goƛ’-en ʕabdula
pn - erg call- pst . uw pn
‘Ramazan called Abdulla.’

32. get to know beq’a

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pari-n maħmud-en b-eq’-ii ƛeba adax
pn - add pn - add hpl -know- pst . w year. obl before
‘Pari and Mahmud got acquainted a year ago.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.

33. know ʕeq’ˁa

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pari-r ʕeq’ˁ-ix pejzula
pn - dat know- prs pn
‘Pari knows Pejzula.’

34. play (instrument) begera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
paxru b-eger-xo joƚ gitara
pn . erg iii -play- prs cop guitar( iii )
‘Paxru is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid ox-en bik’a

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD.ABL
X: ABS
Y: APUD.ABL
Locus: Y
Pat’imat ox-en ik’-ix maħmud-ʁo-j
pn flee- cvb ( i )go- prs pn - apud - abl
‘Patimat avoids Mahmud.’

36. make ħadur buwa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pirič-u ħadur b-u-j ʕaq’-ƛ’o-r guduro
pn - erg get.ready iii -do- pst . w mouse. obl - super - lat trap( iii )
‘Pirich made the mousetrap.’

37. make fun masqaraƛ’ bisa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale masqara-ƛ’ j-is-xo Pari
pn . erg fun- super ii -keep- prs pn ( ii )
‘Ali makes fun of Pari.’

38. have joƚ

Valency pattern: GEN1_ABS
X: GEN1
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pejzula-s joƚ mašina
pn - gen 1 cop car
‘Pejzula has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for keda

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pataħ-e k’e-x rekar-bi
pn - erg look_for- prs key- pl . abs
‘Patax is looking for the key.’

40. paint biħa ... lak

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕale b-iħ-ii zabor-jo-q lak
pn . erg iii -smear- pst . w fence- obl - poss paint( iii )
‘Ali painted the wall.’

41. bite xana

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʁwaj-e xan-ii pat’imat
dog- erg bite- pst . w pn
‘The dog bit Patimat.’

42. forfeit jaƚč’i ƛexa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peyzula-s ʁutku jaƚč’i ƛex-uu
pn - gen 1 house be. cvb . neg remain- pst
‘Peyzula lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

43. try to catch biqera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pazilat-e b-iqer-xo k’et’u
pn - erg iii -catch- prs cat( iii )
‘Pazilat is catching the cat.’

44. break becwera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
muħamad-e b-ecwer-ii hibo
pn - erg iii -break- pst . w stick( iii )
‘Muhamad broke the stick.’

45. flatter eƛa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
paxru-u eƛ-ix asma-qo-r mi joƚ bercinaj
pn - erg say- prs pn - poss - lat 2 sg . abs cop pretty
‘Paxru says to Asma: You are beautiful.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

46. love (person) beta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
paxru-r j-et-ix Asma
pn - dat ii -want- prs pn ( ii )
‘Paxru loves Asma.’

47. wave kwaʕize buwa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat-e meč’oqu kwaʕize r-u-x
pn - erg handkerchief( iv ) wave iv -do- prs
‘Patimat is waving the handkerchief.’

48. dream urʁizi boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
pejzula urʁizi oq-en joƚ ec’nu mašina-ƚ
pn ( i ) think ( i )become- cvb cop new car- cont
‘Peyzula dreams about a new car.’

49. wash ʕesada

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale ʕesa-j zok’i
pn . erg wash- pst . w glass
‘Ali washed the cup.’

50. put on šeƛ’a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale šeƛ’ʷ-uu ʁeƛu
pn . erg dress- pst . w trousers
‘Ali put on his trousers.’

51. be called joƚ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
edu šeben joƚ kompas
this thing cop compass
‘This thing is compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

52. punish žek’a

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕale žek’-ii uži
pn . erg beat- pst . w boy
‘Ali beat his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

53. attack c’oxa

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
zej c’ox-ii besuro b-iqer-xo-zo-ni žek’u-ƛ’
bear. erg attack- pst . w fish( iii ) iii -catch- impf - gen 2- def person- super
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) bic’a

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN1
X: ABS
Y: GEN1
Locus: Y
wedra r-ic’-ii ƚi-s
bucket( iv ) iv -fill- pst . w water- gen 1
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find besa

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʕali-r r-es-uu rekal-bi
pn - dat nhpl -find- pst . w key- pl . abs
‘Ali found the key.’

56. be short ʕeze boqa + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
dir ʕeze<j>oq-ał sis ʁuruš
1 sg . dat be.enough< iv >- neg . prs one ruble( iv )
‘I am one dollar short.’

57. hate ukad-a beta + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er ukad-a et-ix-aƚ maħama
pn - dat ( i )see- inf ( i )-want- neg . prs pn
‘Patimat hates Muhhamad.’

58. like beta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʕali-r j-et-ix jedu ged
pn - dat ii -want- prs this shirt( ii )
‘Ali likes the shirt.’

59. need beta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’ina-r b-et-en micxir
pn - dat iii -want- pst . uw money( iii )
‘Patina needs money.’

60. surround šet’ur butera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
qido-za šet’ur b-uter-en gorod
wall- pl . erg around iii -wrap- pst . uw city( iii )
‘The walls surround the city.’

61. remain ƛexa

Valency pattern: POSS_ABS
X: POSS
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʕali-qo ƛex-u oc’en dollar
pn - poss remain- pst . w ten dollar
‘Ali has ten dollars left.’

62. answer esa

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕale es-ii učitel-qo
pn . erg tell- pst . w teacher- poss
‘Ali replied the teacher.’

63. open baʁa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale b-aʁ-ii banka
pn . erg iii -open- pst . w can( iii )
‘Ali opened the can.’

64. be different bat’ijab joƚ

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ABL
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ABL
Locus: Y
dej ged bat’ijab joƚ dew-zo-ƛ’-oj
my shirt different cop 2 sg . obl - gen 2- super - abl
‘My shirt is different from your shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind xizor ƛexa

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD.ABL
X: ABS
Y: APUD.ABL
Locus: Y
Peyzula xizor ƛex-u ʕali-ʁ-oj
pn behind remain- pst . w pn - apud - abl
‘Peyzula fell behind Ali.’

66. plough biƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale moči b-iƛi-ix
pn . erg field( iii ) iii -plow- prs
‘Ali plows the field.’

67. smell maħ roqa

Valency pattern: POSS.ABL_GEN1
X: POSS.ABL
Y: GEN1
Locus: XY
de-z reƛ’a-za-q-oj benzin-o-s maħ r-oq-ii
my- gen 2 hand- pl . obl - poss - abl petrol- obl - gen 1 smell( iv ) iv -become- pst
‘My hands smell of petrol.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross reč’a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
muħamad-e tesoj-si huni r-eč’-ii
pn - erg there- attr road( iv ) iv -cut- pst
‘Muhamad went across the road.’

69. sing qaƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Pat’imat-e qaƛ-ii bercinab keč’
pn - erg sing- pst . w nice song
‘Patimat sang a beautiful song.’

70. write caxa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
užee cax-ii kaʁat
boy. erg write- pst . w paper
‘The boy wrote a latter.’

71. drink ħaƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
užee ħaƛ-uu ʁaj
boy. erg drink- pst . w milk
‘The boy drank the milk.’

72. melt becera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
rasul-e j-ecer-ii moč’o kebu-mo-s
pn - erg ii -melt- pst . w piece( ii ) lead- obl - gen 1
‘Rasul melted a piece of lead.’

73. match req’eze boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
edu ʕašun req’eze b-oq-o diz ged-mo-ƛ’
this belt( iii ) fit iii -become- prs 1 sg . gen 2 shirt- obl - super
‘This belt suits my shirt.’

74. leave xeca

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale xec-ii ne-si-s šahar
pn . erg leave- pst . w 3 sg . obl - gen 1 city
‘Ali left the city.’

75. cover cucek’a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
kawer-e cadaq cucek’-xo ju
rug- erg all cover- prs floor
‘The rug covers the floor.’

76. remember rok’ƛ’o joł

Valency pattern: GEN2_ABS
X: GEN2
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Pat’imat-zo rok’-ƛ’o joł Maħamad
pn - gen 2 heart- sup cop pn
‘Patimat remembers Magomed.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

77. help kumak buwa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
muħamad-e b-u-j kumak pejzula-r
pn - erg iii -do- pst . w help( iii ) pn - dat
‘Muhamad helped Peyzula.’

78. understand (language) bič’ize boqa

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er bič’ize b-oq-o francija-ƚ-za-s mec
pn - dat understand iii -become- prs f rance- cont - pl . obl - gen 1 tongue( iii )
‘Patimat understands French.’

79. hit (target) c’oxa

Valency pattern: ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
maq’ƛu c’ox-ii ʁutko-q
lightning hit- pst . w house. obl - poss
‘Lighting hit the house.’

80. cut oneself beč’a

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕale r-eč’-ii lezwa-q
pn . erg iv -cut- pst . w razor- poss
‘Ali cut himself with the razor.’

81. get stuck ƚeʁa

Valency pattern: ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
istakan ƚeʁ-ii istol-jo-q
glass stick- pst . w table- obl - poss
‘The glass stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) beʁera

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG
X: ABS
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
ʕali eʁ-er-i šaxmat-za-ƛ’ muħamad-e
pn lose- caus - pst . w chess- pl - super pn - erg
‘Ali lost to Muhamad at chess’, literallly ‘Muhamad made Ali lose at chess.’

83. be glad ʁaʁu biza

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʕali ʁaʁu iz-ii kaʁat-jo-ƛ’
pn ( i ) happy ( i )rise- pst . w letter- obl - super
‘Ali was happy with the letter.’

84. speak k’aƚaze boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_POSS.LAT
X: ABS
Y: POSS.LAT
Locus: Y
ʕali k’aƚaze oq-o muħamad-qo-r
pn talk ( i )become- prs pn - poss - lat
‘Ali talks with Muhamad.’

85. give birth buwa

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
madina-r uži u-n
pn - dat boy( i ) ( i )do- pst
‘A boy was born to Madina.’

86. drop boƛ’a

Valency pattern: POSS_ABS
X: POSS
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ħasan-e-q stakan j-oƛ’-uu
pn - obl - poss glass( ii ) ii -drop- pst . w
‘Hasan dropped the glass.’

87. govern selsowet joł

Valency pattern: ABS_IN
X: ABS
Y: IN
Locus: Y
muħamad elu-z ʕaƛ-a selsowet joł
pn 1 pl . obl - gen 2 village- in chief cop
‘Muhamad runs our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

88. miss hula

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
Ramazan hul-en madina-ƛ’
pn miss- pst . uw pn - super
‘Ramazan misses Madina.’

89. follow xizo bik’a

Valency pattern: ABS_SUB
X: ABS
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
ramazan ʕali-ƛ xizo ik’-ix
pn ( i ) pn - sub behind ( i )go- prs
‘Ramazan follows Ali.’

90. dismount boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ABL
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ABL
Locus: Y
ʕali gulu-ƛ’-oj oq-ii
pn horse- super - abl ( i )become- pst
‘Ali got down from the horse.’

91. listen teqera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maħam-a radio teqer-xo
pn - erg radio listen- prs
‘Muhamad listens to the music.’

92. obey eƛiru ruwa

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN1
X: ERG
Y: GEN1
Locus: Y
Ramazan-e eƛ-iru r-u-x eniw-s
pn - erg say- ptcp iv -do- prs mother- gen 1
‘Ramazan obeys his mother.’ (lit. ‘Ramazan does the things that his mother says to do.’)

93. hear teqa

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
q’urban-ir teq-o muzika
pn - dat listen- prs music
‘Kurban listens to the music.’

94. mix žubaze buwa

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
nuci žubaze r-u-j ʁaj-i-ƚ
honey( iv ) mix iv -do- pst . w milk- obl - cont
‘Honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look beza

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.LAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
ramazan ezu-x as-o-ƛ’-or
pn ( i ) ( i )look- prs sky- obl - super - lat
‘Ramazan looks at the clouds.’

96. take off boʁa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Ramazan-e j-oʁ-ii ged
pn - erg ii -take_off- pst . w shirt( ii )
‘Ramazan took off the shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) bukada moƛał

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Muħam-er j-uka-n pat’imat moƛa-ł
pn - dat ii -see- pst . uw pn ( ii ) dream- cont
‘Muhamad dreams about Patimat.’

98. agree razi boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
šamil razi oq-ii ʕali-ƛ’
pn ( i ) content ( i )pass- pst . w pn - super
‘Shamil agreed with Ali.’

99. have a quarrel daʕbadize boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
pat’imat daʕbadize j-oq-ii ʕali-ł
pn ( ii ) quarrel ii -become- pst . w pn - cont
‘Patimat had a quarrel with Ali.’

100. cost joƚ

Valency pattern: GEN1_ABS
X: GEN1
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ehew šit’u-s joƚ sis dollar
this cup- gen 1 cop one dollar
‘This cup is one dollar worth.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at poƛera

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ramazan-e poƛer-ii aʁi-q
pn - erg shoot- pst . w bird- poss
‘Ramazan shot the bird.’

102. pour biħwera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Pat’imat-e b-iħwer-ii čakar čaška-ʁor
pn - erg iii -pour- pst . w sugar( iii ) mug- all
‘Patimat put sugar in a cup.’

103. lose guga

Valency pattern: POSS.ABL_ABS
X: POSS.ABL
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ajšat-qo-j gug-ii reka-bi
pn - poss - abl lose- pst . w key- pl
‘Aishat lost the keys.’

104. sink teƚxor bik’a

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
qaca ƚi-ƚ teƚ-xor r-ik’-ii
log( iv ) water. obl - cont down- all iv -go- pst . w
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill bexwera

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale exw-er-ii muħamad
pn . erg ( i )die- caus - pst . w pn
‘Ali killed Muhamad.’

106. hit bok’a

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN2
X: ERG
Y: GEN2
Locus: Y
ʕale b-ok’-ii muħamad-zo
pn . erg iii -strike- pst . w pn - gen 2
‘Ali hit Muhamad.’

107. kiss muši teƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pat’imat-e muši teƛ-ii musa-r
pn - erg kiss give- pst pn - dat
‘Patimat kissed Musa.’

108. read t’et’ra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat-e t’et’r-ii j-igu t’ek
pn - erg read- pst . w ii -good book( ii )
‘Patimat read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) k’ek’ra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale k’ek’r-ii baši-bi
pn . erg move- pst . w finger- pl . abs
‘Ali moves his finger.’

110. respect quluq bowa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pat’imat-e quluq b-ig b-o-x maħmud-er
pn - erg respect( iii ) iii -well iii -do- prs pn - dat
‘Patimat respects Mahmud very much.’

111. be squeamish bac’azi buwa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat-e bac’azi r-u-x qubaw šit’ur-bi
pn - erg loath nhpl -do- prs dirty pot- pl . abs
‘Patimat disguises dirty dishes.’

112. be content razi joƚ

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʕali razi joƚ žo-ƛ’
pn content cop son. obl - super
‘Ali is proud with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love beta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er et-ii muħamad
pn - dat ( i )love- pst . w pn ( i )
‘Patimat loves Muhamad.’

114. trust božiłi buwa

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
Pat’imat-e božiłi b-u-xosi Maħamad-ƛ’o
pn - erg belief( iii ) iii -do- prs . ptcp pn - super
‘Patimat trusts Magomed.’

115. sympathise gurħizi boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
Pat’imat gurħizi j-oq-ii ne-ƚa-s eniw-qo
pn ( ii ) pity ii -become- pst . w 3 sg . obl - gen 1 mother- poss
‘Patimat sympathizes her mother.’

116. envy k’ek’eƚa

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD
X: ABS
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕale k’ek’eƚ-xo muħamad-ʁo
pn envy- prs pn - apud
‘Ali envies Muhamad.’

117. be angry bixize boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
Pat’imat bixize j-oq-o maħmut’-ƛ’-or
pn ( ii ) be_angry ii -pass- prs pn - super - lat
‘Patimat is angry with Mahmud.’

118. be surprised ʕažaib boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
muħamad ʕažaib oq-ii neƚa podarok-ƛ’o
pn ( i ) surprised ( i )become- pst . w 3 sg . obl gift- super
‘Muhamad was surprised by this present.’

119. love (tea) beta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Pat’imat-e b-et-ix čaj
pn - dat iii -want- prs tea( iii )
‘Patimat likes tea.’

120. enjoy kep jisa

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
pat’imat-e buħarab ƚi-ƚ kep j-is-xo
pn - erg hot water. obl - cont pleasure( ii ) ii -take- prs
‘Patimat enjoys the hot water.’

121. want beta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er r-et-en ec’nu telepon
pn - dat iv -want- pst . uw new mobile( iv )
‘Patimat wants a new phone.’

122. have a grudge bixizi boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD
X: ABS
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
patimat bixizi j-oq-o maħmud-ʁo
pn ( ii ) be_angry ii -become- prs pn - apud
‘Patimat is angry with Mahmud.’

123. take offence bixizi boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
pat’imat bixizi j-oq-ii abakar-ƛ’o
pn ( ii ) be_angry ii -become- pst . w pn - super
‘Patimat is offended at Abakar.’

124. upset q’warid buwa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat q’warid j-u-n ʕale
pn unhappy ii -do- pst . uw pn . erg
‘Ali made Patimat sad.’

125. marvel ʕadal boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
pejzula ʕadal oq-en neƚa šahar-ƛ’o
pn ( i ) wonder ( i )become- pst . uw 3 sg . obl city- super
‘Peyzula was amazed by this city.’

126. despise beta + NEG

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
abuli-r eti-xonu ʕali
pn - dat ( i )like- neg . prs pn ( i )
‘Abuli does not like Ali.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset q’warid boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUB.ABL
X: ABS
Y: SUB.ABL
Locus: Y
pat’imat q’warid j-oq-en uži-ƛ-ej
pn ( ii ) unhappy ii -pass- pst . uw boy- sub - abl
‘Patimat was upset because of her son.’

128. get irritated bixizi boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
pat’imat bixizi j-oq-en neƚa-z kidbe-q
pn ( ii ) be_angry ii -become- pst . uw 3 sg . obl - gen 2 girl. obl - poss
‘Patimat is annoyed with her daughter.’

129. be fond beta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er et-ii maħmud
pn - dat ( i )love- pst . w pn ( i )
‘Patimat likes Maxmud.’

130. be shy ničizi boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD
X: ABS
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
pat’imat ničizi j-oq-o neƚa-z osiłi-mo-ʁ
pn ( ii ) ashamed ii -pass- prs 3 sg . obl - gen 2 height- obl - apud
‘Patimat is embarred about her height.’