Sagada
Contributed by Zaira Khalilova .
The data were gathered in 2025. Magomed Latipov provided the translations in the capacity of a native speaker. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.
How to cite
Khalilova, Zaira. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Sagada.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on June 25, 2025; last revised on June 25, 2025.)
(Available online at https://bivaltyp.info , Accessed on )
Basic info
Coordinates: 42.38, 45.91 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Avar-Andic-Tsezic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
ABS_ALL
ABS_APUD
ABS_APUD.ABL
ABS_CONT
ABS_ERG
ABS_GEN1
ABS_IN
ABS_POSS
ABS_POSS.LAT
ABS_SUB
ABS_SUB.ABL
ABS_SUB.ALL
ABS_SUPER
ABS_SUPER.ABL
ABS_SUPER.LAT
DAT_ABS
ERG_ALL
ERG_CONT
ERG_DAT
ERG_GEN1
ERG_GEN2
ERG_POSS
ERG_POSS.LAT
ERG_SUPER
GEN1_ABS
GEN2_ABS
POSS.ABL_ABS
POSS.ABL_GEN1
POSS_ABS
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
GEN1_ABS
X: GEN1
Y: ABS
Locus: X
dada-s
r-oƛ-xo
q’im
father-
gen
1
iv
-hurt-
prs
head(
iv
)
‘The father has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.
Valency pattern:
ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
uži
r-oƛ-xo
gripp-o-q
boy
iv
-be.sick-
prs
flu-
obl
-
poss
‘The boy has a flu.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
uži
uƛ’-xo
ʁwaj-qo
boy(
i
)
(
i
)fear-
prs
dog-
poss
‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
užee
kur-ii
ʁul
boy.
erg
throw-
pst
.
w
stone
‘The boy threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
muʕalim-er
ʕeze
b-oq-o
micxir
teacher-
dat
be_enough
iii
-become-
prs
money(
iii
)
‘The teacher has enough money.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
uži
riƚinaw
joƚ
eniw-qo
boy
similar
cop
mother-
poss
‘The boy resembles his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
uži
božize
oq-o
eniw-ƛ’o
boy(
i
)
believe
(
i
)become-
prs
mother-
super
‘The boy believes his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
paree
j-iss-ii
t’ek
icaa-ƛ’-oj
pn
.
erg
v-take-
pst
.
w
book(
v
)
shelf.
obl
-
super
-
abl
‘Pari took a book from the shelf.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pejzula-r
r-uka-x
ʁutku
pn
-
dat
iv
-see-
prs
house(
iv
)
‘Pejzula sees the house.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ečreƚensi
žek’u
šuƛ’anak’u
oq
get.old.
cvb
man(
i
)
forget.
ptcp
(
i
)become.
gnt
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.
Valency pattern:
ABS_ALL
X: ABS
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
pat’ina
dander
c’ox-ii
maħamad-ʁor
pn
towards
meet-
pst
.
w
pn
-
all
‘Patina met Muhamad.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUB.ALL
X: ABS
Y: SUB.ALL
Locus: Y
pejzula
iħu-n
reču-ƛ-ʁor
pn
(
i
)
(
i
)go-
pst
.
uw
barn-
sub
-
all
‘Peizula entered the barn.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.ABL
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ABL
Locus: Y
pat’ak’u
j-ež-ii
maħama-ƛ’-oj
pn
(
ii
)
ii
-win-
pst
.
w
pn
-
super
-
abl
‘Pataku won over Muhamad.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUB.ABL
X: ABS
Y: SUB.ABL
Locus: Y
pejzula
oq-ii
reču-ƛ-ej
maħor
pn
(
i
)
(
i
)go-
pst
.
w
barn-
sub
-
abl
outside
‘Peizula went out of the barn.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Pat’ina
b-oc’-ii
maħor
zija
ciq-o-ʁor
b-iša-lor
pn
.
erg
iii
-drive.away-
pst
.
w
outside
cow(iii)
wood.obl-
all
iii
-eat-
purp
‘Patima drove the cow outside to the woods to graze.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pajzul-e
j-užer-ii
ara
ʁuno-s
pn
-
erg
ii
-bend-
pst
.
w
branch(
ii
)
tree.
obl
-
gen
1
‘Pejzula bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_POSS.LAT
X: ERG
Y: POSS.LAT
Locus: Y
paree
eƛ-ii
maħama-qo-r
horo
mi
di-ʁo-ʁor
ƛirba-ƚun
pn
.
erg
say-
pst
.
w
pn
-
poss
-
lat
come
2
sg
.
abs
1
sg
-
apud
-
all
guest-
cmpr
‘Pari told Muhamad: You come and visit my place.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
paree
j-iqir-en
joƚ
tek’
reƛ’i-q
pn
.
erg
ii
-hold-
pst
.
uw
cop
book(
ii
)
hand.
obl
-
poss
‘Pari is holding a book in her hand.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pejzula
j-iqer-ii
madina
pn
.
erg
ii
-catch.up-
pst
.
w
pn
(
ii
)
‘Peyzula caught up with Madina.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
amina
t’et’-ii
zija
pn
.
erg
milk-
pst
.
w
cow
‘Amina milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.LAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
pat’ina
j-aq’-ii
raƛ’-mo-ƛ’-or
pn
ii
-arrive-
pst
.
w
bank-
obl
-
super
-
lat
‘Patina reached the river’s bank.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
Pat’ina
reƛ’a
r-ite-r-ii
q’ido-q
pn
.
erg
hand(
iv
)
iv
-touch-
caus
-
pst
wall-
poss
‘Patina touched the wall with the hand.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_ALL
X: ERG
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
pat’imat-e
j-iħana-x
madina-ʁor
pn
-
erg
ii
-fight-
prs
pn
-
all
‘Patina fights with Madina.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_ALL
X: ERG
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
zarema
halmaʁƚi
r-u-n
maħamad-ʁor
pn
.
erg
friendship(
iv
)
iv
-do-
pst
.
uw
pn
-
all
‘Zarema is friends with Muhamad.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
pari
urʁize
j-oq-ii
abuli-ƚ
pn
(
ii
)
think
ii
-become-
pst
.
w
pn
-
cont
‘Pari thinks about Abuli.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
paxru
b-ac’-ii
heneš
pn
.
erg
iii
-eat-
pst
.
w
apple(
iii
)
‘Paxru ate the apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat-e
b-aħer-i
besuro
pn
-
erg
iii
-fry-
pst
.
w
fish(
iii
)
‘Patimat fired the fish.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_ALL
X: ABS
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
pari
j-ič-en
joƚ
maħmud-ʁor
pn
(
ii
)
ii
-sit-
cvb
cop
pn
-
all
‘Pari waits for Mahmud.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pejzula-r
šuƛ’-ii
sideni
huni
pn
-
dat
forget-
pst
.
w
other
road
‘Peyzula forgot about the other road.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʕaq’lu
ʕumru-z
zamana-ƛ’
baraw
joƚ
mind
life-
gen
2
time-
super
dependent
cop
‘Mind depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Ramazan-e
goƛ’-en
ʕabdula
pn
-
erg
call-
pst
.
uw
pn
‘Ramazan called Abdulla.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pari-n
maħmud-en
b-eq’-ii
ƛeba
adax
pn
-
add
pn
-
add
hpl
-know-
pst
.
w
year.
obl
before
‘Pari and Mahmud got acquainted a year ago.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP.
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pari-r
ʕeq’ˁ-ix
pejzula
pn
-
dat
know-
prs
pn
‘Pari knows Pejzula.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
paxru
b-eger-xo
joƚ
gitara
pn
.
erg
iii
-play-
prs
cop
guitar(
iii
)
‘Paxru is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_APUD.ABL
X: ABS
Y: APUD.ABL
Locus: Y
Pat’imat
ox-en
ik’-ix
maħmud-ʁo-j
pn
flee-
cvb
(
i
)go-
prs
pn
-
apud
-
abl
‘Patimat avoids Mahmud.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pirič-u
ħadur
b-u-j
ʕaq’-ƛ’o-r
guduro
pn
-
erg
get.ready
iii
-do-
pst
.
w
mouse.
obl
-
super
-
lat
trap(
iii
)
‘Pirich made the mousetrap.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale
masqara-ƛ’
j-is-xo
Pari
pn
.
erg
fun-
super
ii
-keep-
prs
pn
(
ii
)
‘Ali makes fun of Pari.’
Valency pattern:
GEN1_ABS
X: GEN1
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pejzula-s
joƚ
mašina
pn
-
gen
1
cop
car
‘Pejzula has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pataħ-e
k’e-x
rekar-bi
pn
-
erg
look_for-
prs
key-
pl
.
abs
‘Patax is looking for the key.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕale
b-iħ-ii
zabor-jo-q
lak
pn
.
erg
iii
-smear-
pst
.
w
fence-
obl
-
poss
paint(
iii
)
‘Ali painted the wall.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʁwaj-e
xan-ii
pat’imat
dog-
erg
bite-
pst
.
w
pn
‘The dog bit Patimat.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peyzula-s
ʁutku
jaƚč’i
ƛex-uu
pn
-
gen
1
house
be.
cvb
.
neg
remain-
pst
‘Peyzula lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pazilat-e
b-iqer-xo
k’et’u
pn
-
erg
iii
-catch-
prs
cat(
iii
)
‘Pazilat is catching the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
muħamad-e
b-ecwer-ii
hibo
pn
-
erg
iii
-break-
pst
.
w
stick(
iii
)
‘Muhamad broke the stick.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
paxru-u
eƛ-ix
asma-qo-r
mi
joƚ
bercinaj
pn
-
erg
say-
prs
pn
-
poss
-
lat
2
sg
.
abs
cop
pretty
‘Paxru says to Asma: You are beautiful.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
paxru-r
j-et-ix
Asma
pn
-
dat
ii
-want-
prs
pn
(
ii
)
‘Paxru loves Asma.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat-e
meč’oqu
kwaʕize
r-u-x
pn
-
erg
handkerchief(
iv
)
wave
iv
-do-
prs
‘Patimat is waving the handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
pejzula
urʁizi
oq-en
joƚ
ec’nu
mašina-ƚ
pn
(
i
)
think
(
i
)become-
cvb
cop
new
car-
cont
‘Peyzula dreams about a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale
ʕesa-j
zok’i
pn
.
erg
wash-
pst
.
w
glass
‘Ali washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale
šeƛ’ʷ-uu
ʁeƛu
pn
.
erg
dress-
pst
.
w
trousers
‘Ali put on his trousers.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
edu
šeben
joƚ
kompas
this
thing
cop
compass
‘This thing is compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕale
žek’-ii
uži
pn
.
erg
beat-
pst
.
w
boy
‘Ali beat his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
zej
c’ox-ii
besuro
b-iqer-xo-zo-ni
žek’u-ƛ’
bear.
erg
attack-
pst
.
w
fish(
iii
)
iii
-catch-
impf
-
gen
2-
def
person-
super
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_GEN1
X: ABS
Y: GEN1
Locus: Y
wedra
r-ic’-ii
ƚi-s
bucket(
iv
)
iv
-fill-
pst
.
w
water-
gen
1
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʕali-r
r-es-uu
rekal-bi
pn
-
dat
nhpl
-find-
pst
.
w
key-
pl
.
abs
‘Ali found the key.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
dir
ʕeze<j>oq-ał
sis
ʁuruš
1
sg
.
dat
be.enough<
iv
>-
neg
.
prs
one
ruble(
iv
)
‘I am one dollar short.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er
ukad-a
et-ix-aƚ
maħama
pn
-
dat
(
i
)see-
inf
(
i
)-want-
neg
.
prs
pn
‘Patimat hates Muhhamad.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʕali-r
j-et-ix
jedu
ged
pn
-
dat
ii
-want-
prs
this
shirt(
ii
)
‘Ali likes the shirt.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’ina-r
b-et-en
micxir
pn
-
dat
iii
-want-
pst
.
uw
money(
iii
)
‘Patina needs money.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
qido-za
šet’ur
b-uter-en
gorod
wall-
pl
.
erg
around
iii
-wrap-
pst
.
uw
city(
iii
)
‘The walls surround the city.’
Valency pattern:
POSS_ABS
X: POSS
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʕali-qo
ƛex-u
oc’en
dollar
pn
-
poss
remain-
pst
.
w
ten
dollar
‘Ali has ten dollars left.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕale
es-ii
učitel-qo
pn
.
erg
tell-
pst
.
w
teacher-
poss
‘Ali replied the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale
b-aʁ-ii
banka
pn
.
erg
iii
-open-
pst
.
w
can(
iii
)
‘Ali opened the can.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.ABL
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ABL
Locus: Y
dej
ged
bat’ijab
joƚ
dew-zo-ƛ’-oj
my
shirt
different
cop
2
sg
.
obl
-
gen
2-
super
-
abl
‘My shirt is different from your shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
ABS_APUD.ABL
X: ABS
Y: APUD.ABL
Locus: Y
Peyzula
xizor
ƛex-u
ʕali-ʁ-oj
pn
behind
remain-
pst
.
w
pn
-
apud
-
abl
‘Peyzula fell behind Ali.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale
moči
b-iƛi-ix
pn
.
erg
field(
iii
)
iii
-plow-
prs
‘Ali plows the field.’
Valency pattern:
POSS.ABL_GEN1
X: POSS.ABL
Y: GEN1
Locus: XY
de-z
reƛ’a-za-q-oj
benzin-o-s
maħ
r-oq-ii
my-
gen
2
hand-
pl
.
obl
-
poss
-
abl
petrol-
obl
-
gen
1
smell(
iv
)
iv
-become-
pst
‘My hands smell of petrol.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
muħamad-e
tesoj-si
huni
r-eč’-ii
pn
-
erg
there-
attr
road(
iv
)
iv
-cut-
pst
‘Muhamad went across the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Pat’imat-e
qaƛ-ii
bercinab
keč’
pn
-
erg
sing-
pst
.
w
nice
song
‘Patimat sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
užee
cax-ii
kaʁat
boy.
erg
write-
pst
.
w
paper
‘The boy wrote a latter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
užee
ħaƛ-uu
ʁaj
boy.
erg
drink-
pst
.
w
milk
‘The boy drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
rasul-e
j-ecer-ii
moč’o
kebu-mo-s
pn
-
erg
ii
-melt-
pst
.
w
piece(
ii
)
lead-
obl
-
gen
1
‘Rasul melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
edu
ʕašun
req’eze
b-oq-o
diz
ged-mo-ƛ’
this
belt(
iii
)
fit
iii
-become-
prs
1
sg
.
gen
2
shirt-
obl
-
super
‘This belt suits my shirt.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale
xec-ii
ne-si-s
šahar
pn
.
erg
leave-
pst
.
w
3
sg
.
obl
-
gen
1
city
‘Ali left the city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
kawer-e
cadaq
cucek’-xo
ju
rug-
erg
all
cover-
prs
floor
‘The rug covers the floor.’
Valency pattern:
GEN2_ABS
X: GEN2
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Pat’imat-zo
rok’-ƛ’o
joł
Maħamad
pn
-
gen
2
heart-
sup
cop
pn
‘Patimat remembers Magomed.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
muħamad-e
b-u-j
kumak
pejzula-r
pn
-
erg
iii
-do-
pst
.
w
help(
iii
)
pn
-
dat
‘Muhamad helped Peyzula.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er
bič’ize
b-oq-o
francija-ƚ-za-s
mec
pn
-
dat
understand
iii
-become-
prs
f
rance-
cont
-
pl
.
obl
-
gen
1
tongue(
iii
)
‘Patimat understands French.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
maq’ƛu
c’ox-ii
ʁutko-q
lightning
hit-
pst
.
w
house.
obl
-
poss
‘Lighting hit the house.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕale
r-eč’-ii
lezwa-q
pn
.
erg
iv
-cut-
pst
.
w
razor-
poss
‘Ali cut himself with the razor.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
istakan
ƚeʁ-ii
istol-jo-q
glass
stick-
pst
.
w
table-
obl
-
poss
‘The glass stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_ERG
X: ABS
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
ʕali
eʁ-er-i
šaxmat-za-ƛ’
muħamad-e
pn
lose-
caus
-
pst
.
w
chess-
pl
-
super
pn
-
erg
‘Ali lost to Muhamad at chess’, literallly ‘Muhamad made Ali lose at chess.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʕali
ʁaʁu
iz-ii
kaʁat-jo-ƛ’
pn
(
i
)
happy
(
i
)rise-
pst
.
w
letter-
obl
-
super
‘Ali was happy with the letter.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_POSS.LAT
X: ABS
Y: POSS.LAT
Locus: Y
ʕali
k’aƚaze
oq-o
muħamad-qo-r
pn
talk
(
i
)become-
prs
pn
-
poss
-
lat
‘Ali talks with Muhamad.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
madina-r
uži
u-n
pn
-
dat
boy(
i
)
(
i
)do-
pst
‘A boy was born to Madina.’
Valency pattern:
POSS_ABS
X: POSS
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ħasan-e-q
stakan
j-oƛ’-uu
pn
-
obl
-
poss
glass(
ii
)
ii
-drop-
pst
.
w
‘Hasan dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_IN
X: ABS
Y: IN
Locus: Y
muħamad
elu-z
ʕaƛ-a
selsowet
joł
pn
1
pl
.
obl
-
gen
2
village-
in
chief
cop
‘Muhamad runs our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
Ramazan
hul-en
madina-ƛ’
pn
miss-
pst
.
uw
pn
-
super
‘Ramazan misses Madina.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUB
X: ABS
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
ramazan
ʕali-ƛ
xizo
ik’-ix
pn
(
i
)
pn
-
sub
behind
(
i
)go-
prs
‘Ramazan follows Ali.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.ABL
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ABL
Locus: Y
ʕali
gulu-ƛ’-oj
oq-ii
pn
horse-
super
-
abl
(
i
)become-
pst
‘Ali got down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maħam-a
radio
teqer-xo
pn
-
erg
radio
listen-
prs
‘Muhamad listens to the music.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_GEN1
X: ERG
Y: GEN1
Locus: Y
Ramazan-e
eƛ-iru
r-u-x
eniw-s
pn
-
erg
say-
ptcp
iv
-do-
prs
mother-
gen
1
‘Ramazan obeys his mother.’ (lit. ‘Ramazan does the things that his mother says to do.’)
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
q’urban-ir
teq-o
muzika
pn
-
dat
listen-
prs
music
‘Kurban listens to the music.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
nuci
žubaze
r-u-j
ʁaj-i-ƚ
honey(
iv
)
mix
iv
-do-
pst
.
w
milk-
obl
-
cont
‘Honey got mixed with the milk.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.LAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
ramazan
ezu-x
as-o-ƛ’-or
pn
(
i
)
(
i
)look-
prs
sky-
obl
-
super
-
lat
‘Ramazan looks at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Ramazan-e
j-oʁ-ii
ged
pn
-
erg
ii
-take_off-
pst
.
w
shirt(
ii
)
‘Ramazan took off the shirt.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Muħam-er
j-uka-n
pat’imat
moƛa-ł
pn
-
dat
ii
-see-
pst
.
uw
pn
(
ii
)
dream-
cont
‘Muhamad dreams about Patimat.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
šamil
razi
oq-ii
ʕali-ƛ’
pn
(
i
)
content
(
i
)pass-
pst
.
w
pn
-
super
‘Shamil agreed with Ali.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
pat’imat
daʕbadize
j-oq-ii
ʕali-ł
pn
(
ii
)
quarrel
ii
-become-
pst
.
w
pn
-
cont
‘Patimat had a quarrel with Ali.’
Valency pattern:
GEN1_ABS
X: GEN1
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ehew
šit’u-s
joƚ
sis
dollar
this
cup-
gen
1
cop
one
dollar
‘This cup is one dollar worth.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ramazan-e
poƛer-ii
aʁi-q
pn
-
erg
shoot-
pst
.
w
bird-
poss
‘Ramazan shot the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Pat’imat-e
b-iħwer-ii
čakar
čaška-ʁor
pn
-
erg
iii
-pour-
pst
.
w
sugar(
iii
)
mug-
all
‘Patimat put sugar in a cup.’
Valency pattern:
POSS.ABL_ABS
X: POSS.ABL
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ajšat-qo-j
gug-ii
reka-bi
pn
-
poss
-
abl
lose-
pst
.
w
key-
pl
‘Aishat lost the keys.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
qaca
ƚi-ƚ
teƚ-xor
r-ik’-ii
log(
iv
)
water.
obl
-
cont
down-
all
iv
-go-
pst
.
w
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale
exw-er-ii
muħamad
pn
.
erg
(
i
)die-
caus
-
pst
.
w
pn
‘Ali killed Muhamad.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_GEN2
X: ERG
Y: GEN2
Locus: Y
ʕale
b-ok’-ii
muħamad-zo
pn
.
erg
iii
-strike-
pst
.
w
pn
-
gen
2
‘Ali hit Muhamad.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pat’imat-e
muši
teƛ-ii
musa-r
pn
-
erg
kiss
give-
pst
pn
-
dat
‘Patimat kissed Musa.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat-e
t’et’r-ii
j-igu
t’ek
pn
-
erg
read-
pst
.
w
ii
-good
book(
ii
)
‘Patimat read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale
k’ek’r-ii
baši-bi
pn
.
erg
move-
pst
.
w
finger-
pl
.
abs
‘Ali moves his finger.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pat’imat-e
quluq
b-ig
b-o-x
maħmud-er
pn
-
erg
respect(
iii
)
iii
-well
iii
-do-
prs
pn
-
dat
‘Patimat respects Mahmud very much.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat-e
bac’azi
r-u-x
qubaw
šit’ur-bi
pn
-
erg
loath
nhpl
-do-
prs
dirty
pot-
pl
.
abs
‘Patimat disguises dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʕali
razi
joƚ
žo-ƛ’
pn
content
cop
son.
obl
-
super
‘Ali is proud with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er
et-ii
muħamad
pn
-
dat
(
i
)love-
pst
.
w
pn
(
i
)
‘Patimat loves Muhamad.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
Pat’imat-e
božiłi
b-u-xosi
Maħamad-ƛ’o
pn
-
erg
belief(
iii
)
iii
-do-
prs
.
ptcp
pn
-
super
‘Patimat trusts Magomed.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
Pat’imat
gurħizi
j-oq-ii
ne-ƚa-s
eniw-qo
pn
(
ii
)
pity
ii
-become-
pst
.
w
3
sg
.
obl
-
gen
1
mother-
poss
‘Patimat sympathizes her mother.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_APUD
X: ABS
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕale
k’ek’eƚ-xo
muħamad-ʁo
pn
envy-
prs
pn
-
apud
‘Ali envies Muhamad.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
Pat’imat
bixize
j-oq-o
maħmut’-ƛ’-or
pn
(
ii
)
be_angry
ii
-pass-
prs
pn
-
super
-
lat
‘Patimat is angry with Mahmud.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
muħamad
ʕažaib
oq-ii
neƚa
podarok-ƛ’o
pn
(
i
)
surprised
(
i
)become-
pst
.
w
3
sg
.
obl
gift-
super
‘Muhamad was surprised by this present.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Pat’imat-e
b-et-ix
čaj
pn
-
dat
iii
-want-
prs
tea(
iii
)
‘Patimat likes tea.’
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
pat’imat-e
buħarab
ƚi-ƚ
kep
j-is-xo
pn
-
erg
hot
water.
obl
-
cont
pleasure(
ii
)
ii
-take-
prs
‘Patimat enjoys the hot water.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er
r-et-en
ec’nu
telepon
pn
-
dat
iv
-want-
pst
.
uw
new
mobile(
iv
)
‘Patimat wants a new phone.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_APUD
X: ABS
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
patimat
bixizi
j-oq-o
maħmud-ʁo
pn
(
ii
)
be_angry
ii
-become-
prs
pn
-
apud
‘Patimat is angry with Mahmud.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
pat’imat
bixizi
j-oq-ii
abakar-ƛ’o
pn
(
ii
)
be_angry
ii
-become-
pst
.
w
pn
-
super
‘Patimat is offended at Abakar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat
q’warid
j-u-n
ʕale
pn
unhappy
ii
-do-
pst
.
uw
pn
.
erg
‘Ali made Patimat sad.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
pejzula
ʕadal
oq-en
neƚa
šahar-ƛ’o
pn
(
i
)
wonder
(
i
)become-
pst
.
uw
3
sg
.
obl
city-
super
‘Peyzula was amazed by this city.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
abuli-r
eti-xonu
ʕali
pn
-
dat
(
i
)like-
neg
.
prs
pn
(
i
)
‘Abuli does not like Ali.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUB.ABL
X: ABS
Y: SUB.ABL
Locus: Y
pat’imat
q’warid
j-oq-en
uži-ƛ-ej
pn
(
ii
)
unhappy
ii
-pass-
pst
.
uw
boy-
sub
-
abl
‘Patimat was upset because of her son.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_POSS
X: ABS
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
pat’imat
bixizi
j-oq-en
neƚa-z
kidbe-q
pn
(
ii
)
be_angry
ii
-become-
pst
.
uw
3
sg
.
obl
-
gen
2
girl.
obl
-
poss
‘Patimat is annoyed with her daughter.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er
et-ii
maħmud
pn
-
dat
(
i
)love-
pst
.
w
pn
(
i
)
‘Patimat likes Maxmud.’
Valency pattern:
ABS_APUD
X: ABS
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
pat’imat
ničizi
j-oq-o
neƚa-z
osiłi-mo-ʁ
pn
(
ii
)
ashamed
ii
-pass-
prs
3
sg
.
obl
-
gen
2
height-
obl
-
apud
‘Patimat is embarred about her height.’