BivalTyp

‘read’

Argument frame: X (read) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. read an interesting book .
Predicate label Ru: читать
Argument frame Ru: X (читать) Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. прочитал интересную книгу .

Abaza pχ’a

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
a-phʷə́spa k’tap–ǯ’aš’áqʷa-ḳ d-á-pχ’a-ṭ
def -girl book–interesting- indf 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io -read( aor )- dcl
‘The girl read an interesting book.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) je-ǯʼe

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pŝaŝe-r txəλ–ʁeṣ̂eʁʷenə-m je-ǯʼa-ʁ
girl- abs book–interesting- obl 3 sg . io + dat -read- pst
‘The girl read an interesting book.’

Aghul ruχ.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a sa iǯe kitab ruχ.u-ne
pn ( erg ) one good book read. pf - aor
‘Aslan read a good book.’

Alik Kryz uxvayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir marağlu kitab uxva-c
pn - erg interesting book sing. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan read an interesting book.’

Archi o-ʟmus

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša-mu mu-tːu-t qʼonqʼ oʟəni
pn - obl . m ( erg ) be.good- attr -4 book 4.read. pfv
‘Pasha read a good book.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +karə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata +kri-la +spay ctava
girl( f ) read. pst - ls .3 f good book( m )
‘The girl read a good book.’

Avar c’alize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca tamašaja-b t’ex c’al-ana
pn - erg interesting- n book read- aor
‘Ali read an interesting book.’

Azerbaijani oxumaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan maraqlı bir kitab oxu-du
pn interesting one book read- pst (3)
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

Bafut tóŋtᵼ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à kɨ̀ tóŋtᵼ́ ŋwàʔànɨ̀ jìmɔ́ʔɔ̀ mə́ bɔ́ŋə̂
pn sm p 2 read book certain that nice
‘Ambe read a certain nice book.’

Bambara kàlan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù ye lɛ́tɛrɛ` kàlan
pn pfv . tr letter\ art read
‘Seku read a letter.’

Brazilian Portuguese ler

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro l-eu um livro interessante
pn ( m ) read-3 sg . pst indf book( m ) interesting
‘Pedro read an interesting book.’

Budugh suxots’u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır marağlu sab kita'b suxo-ci
pn - erg interesting one. a book( a ) a .read. pf - aor
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

Catalan llegir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va lleg-ir un llibre interessant
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind read- inf indf . sg . m book( m ) interesting( m )
‘Pere read an interesting book.’

Chechen AGR-esh-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-as xaza kinizhka j-esh-na
pn - erg beautiful book. abs j -read- prf
‘Islam read an interesting book.’

Chirag b-elgʷi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le žuz b-elg-un
pn - erg book( abs ) n . sg -read: pf - aor .3
‘Ali read the book.’

Czech přečíst

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr přečet-l zajímav-ou knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] read( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] interesting- f . acc . sg book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr read an interesting book.’

Danish læse

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter læs-te en interessant bog
pn read- pst indf . sg interesting. c . sg book( c )
‘Peter read an interesting book.’

Dutch lezen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft een interessant boek ge-lez-en
pn ( c ) have.3 sg art . indf interesting book( n ) ptcp -read- ptcp
‘Piet read an interesting book.’

Eastern Maninka kàran

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà kàfa nàfama` kàran.
pn aor . tr book useful\ art read
‘Seku read an interesting book.’

English read

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter read an interesting book.

Estonian lugema

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter luge-s huvitava raamatu
pn . sg . nom read- pst .3 sg interesting. sg . gen book. sg . gen
‘Peeter read an interesting book.’

Finnish lukea

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka luk-i mielenkiintoisen kirja-n
pn . nom read- pst .3 sg interesting. gen book- gen
‘Pekka read an interesting book.’

Forest Enets tota

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ pazu-da tota-za
i man- nom . sg .1 sg paper- obl . sg .3 sg count( pfv )-3 sg . so sg
‘My friend read the letter’.

French lire

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a lu un livre intéressant
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg read. pst . ptcp . m indf . sg . m book( m ) interesting. sg . m
‘Paul read an interesting book.’

Georgian c'a-Ø-i-k'itx-av-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m saint'ereso-Ø c'ign-i c'a-Ø-i-k'itx-a
pn - erg interesting- nom book- nom prv :away- s 3- ver : s -read- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre read an interesting book.’

German lesen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl las ein interessant-es Buch
pn [ nom . sg ] read. pst .3 sg indf [ n . acc . sg ] interesting- n . acc . sg book[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl read an interesting book.’

Guinean Kpelle ɓó

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe àa hɛ́ɓɛ̂ lɛ́lɛ-ɛ tà ɓó
pn 3 sg . prf book be_good- stat some implement
‘Pepee read a good book.’

Hindi paṛhnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne ek rōmāṁcak kitāb ko paṛh-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg one exciting. f . sg . obl book( f ). sg . obl acc / dat read. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek read an exciting book.’

Icari Dargwa b=elč'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il tamaša-la žuz b=elč'-un
pn - erg interest- gen book. abs n =read: pf - aor
‘Islam read an interesting book.’

Irish léigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=léigh Pól leabhar an-shuimiúil.
pst =read pn book int -interesting
‘Pól read an interesting book.’

Ismayilli Kryz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir marağli sad kitab ux-ac
pn - erg interesting one. n book read. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

Italian leggere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha letto un libr-o interessant-e
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs read. pst . ptcp indf . sg . m book- sg . m interesting- sg . m
‘Leo read an interesting book.’

Kadar Dargwa CL-elč'-es / CL-uč'-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʡaˤħal-il kitap b-elč'-un
pn - erg good- atr book n -read. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad read an interesting book.’

Kalderash Romani dinel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a din-ď-a knišk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg read- pst -3 sg book- acc . sg
‘Murša read a book.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji mu ktab ʁ-u<r>χ-nu
pn - erg 3. p book( abs ) pf -read- pst
‘Fatima read this book.’

Karata c’c’alaaɬa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-l xoho-b qoča c’c’alee
pn - erg good- n book read. pf
‘Ali read a good book.’

Kaytag Dargwa belč:’ana

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
petja-l tamaša kiniga b-elč:’-un
pn - erg wonder book n -read. pf - aor
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

Kazakh oq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya qïzïqtï kіtap oq-ïdï
pn interesting book read- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya read an interesting book.’

Kazym Khanty λǔŋǝtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en kinška-j-ǝλ λǔŋt-ǝs-λe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg book- ep - poss .3 sg read- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

Khoekhoe khomai

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge gaxu ǂkhani-s-a ge khomai
pn -3 m . sg decl long book-3 f . sg - obl pst read
‘Peter read a long book.’

Khwarshi c'alida

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
šamil-i c'alid-da tamašaja-b hĩše
pn - erg read- pst . w surprising- iii book( iii )
‘Shamil read an interesting book.’

Kina Rutul q’ɨle hɨɁɨr

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rasul-a q’ɨle hɨɁɨ-r ɢalin-dɨ kitab
pn - erg read 4.do. pfv - cvb thick- attr book( nom )
‘Rasul read a thick book.’

Kryz Proper

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir sad marağlaʕa kitab uxa-c
pn - erg one. n interesting book read. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

Kumyk oχumaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir qužurlu kitap oχu-d-u
pn interesting book read- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat read an interesting book.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) xwendin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam pirtûk-ek-e balkêş xwend
man book( f )- indef - ez . f interesting read. pfv . sg
‘The man read an interesting book.’

Latin lego

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
puer leg-it epistul-am inscript-am patr-i su-o
boy( m ). nom . sg read[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg letter( f )- acc . sg write. prf . ptcp . pass - acc . sg . f father( m )- dat . sg one’s_own- dat . sg . m
‘The boy read a letter written to his father.’
Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. VI, 3, 8)

Laz o-k'itx-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k msk'va kitab-i d-Ø-i-k'itx-u
pn - b - erg beautiful book- nom prv - do 3- ver : s -read- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim read a beautiful book.’

Mandarin Chinese dú

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān dú le yī-běn yǒuqù-de shū
pn read pfv one- clf interesting- de book
‘Zhangsan read an interesting book.’

Mano gèē

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lɛ́ɛ̀ sɛ́ɓɛ̀ gèē
3 sg . ipfv book say: ipfv
‘S/he reads a book.’

Mehweb -elč’es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Islam-ini b-elč'-un ʡaˤχ-il kung
pn - erg n -read: pfv - aor good- attr book
‘Islam read an interesting book.’

Mingrelian Ø-k'itx-ul-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k saint'ereso c'ing-i c'-Ø-e-k'itx-(u)
pn - erg interesting book- nom prv - do 3- ver : s -read- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo read an interesting book.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Modern Hebrew kara

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas kara sefer meanjen
pn read[ pst .3 sg . m ] book interesting
‘Pinchas read an interesting book.’

Mukhad Rutul q’ıle hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
q’urban-a jıχ-dı kitab q’ıle hı-ʔı-ri
pn - erg good- attr book reading n -do. pf - aor
‘Murad read a good book.’

Nanai xola-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ərdəŋgə daŋgsa-wa xola-xa-ni
pn womderful book- obl read- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia read an interesting book.’

Nivkh jurud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ j-uru-d
pn book 3 sg -read- ind
‘Kaskazik read a book.’

Northern Akhvakh žooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de kepe-ƛƛi ʁoča ža-ari
pn - erg pleasure- gen book read- aor
‘Patahi read an interesting book.’

Northern Mansi lowin’tas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am jomas nēpak lowin’t-as-um
1 sg good book read- pst -1 sg
‘I read a good book.’

Northern Yukaghir čuŋ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn kinigǝ-lǝ аmudˈī-rǝŋ čuŋ-u-m
pn book- acc like- cnv read-0- tr .3 sg
‘Semien read the book with interest.’

Norwegian Bokmål å lese

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per les-te en interessant bok
pn read- pst indf . m . sg interesting book
‘Per read an interesting book.’

Polish przeczytać

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ann-a przeczyta-ł-a ciekaw-ą książk-ę
pn - nom . sg read: pfv - pst - f .3 sg interesting- f . acc . sg book- acc . sg
‘Anna read an interesting book.’

Russian pročitatʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja pročita-l interesn-uju knig-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg read( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] interesting- f . acc . sg book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

Serbian pročitati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je pročita-o interesantn-u knjig-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg read- part . perf . m . sg interesting- acc . sg . f book- acc . sg
‘Petar read an interesting book.’

Shinaz Rutul q'ɨle hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir q'ɨle hɨʔɨ-r hɨχ-dɨ kitab
pn ( erg ) read. cov n .do. pf - aor good- attr book
‘Basir read an interesting book.’

Shughni x̌êydow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Karamšo=yi aǰoyīb kitob x̌êyd
pn =3 sg interesting book read. pst
‘Karamsha read an interesting book.’

Skolt Saami lookkâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt looǥǥ-i miõllǩiõʹssi ǩeeʹrj
pn . sg . nom read- pst .3 sg interesting book. sg . acc
‘Pete read an interesting book.’

Slovak prečítať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter prečíta-l zaujímav-ú knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] read( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] interesting- f . acc . sg book( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter read an interesting book.’

Slovenian prebrati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
An-a je prebra-l-a zanimiv-o knjig-o
pn - nom . sg aux .3 sg read: pfv - lpt - f . sg interesting- acc . sg . f book- acc . sg
‘Ana read an interesting book.’

Sorani Kurdish xiwêndinewe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa kitêb-êk-î sirinc r̂akêʂ=î xiwênd-Ø-ewe
pn book- def - izf attention puller=3 sg . pc read. pst -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa read an interesting book.’

Southern Rutul q'aliy hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a maraxlı-d kitab q'aliy hıʔı-r
pn - erg interesting- n book read n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad read an interesting book.’

Spanish leer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha leí-do un libro interesante
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg read- ptcp : prf art . ndef . sg . m book[ sg . m ] interesting[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro read an interesting book.’

Standard Arabic qaraɁa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un qaraɁa kitāb-a-n mumtiʕ-a-n
pn - nom read. pf .3 m book- acc - indef interesting- acc - indef
‘Badr read an interesting book.’

Svan Ø-i-č'wdaːn-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d saint'ereso lǝir-Ø ad-Ø-č'odaːn-e
pn - erg interesting book- nom prv : dist - do 3-read- pst
‘Maizer read an interesting book.’

Swedish att läsa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn läs-te en intressant bok
pn read- pst indf . c . sg interesting. indf . sg book
‘Björn read an interesting book.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
naka-basa si Pedro ng isa-ng nakakatuwa-ng libro
pot . av . pfv -read pers . subj pn gen one- lin interesting- lin book
‘Pedro read an interesting book.’

Telugu caduvu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ oka maṁci pustakānni cadivāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom one good book( n ). sg . acc read. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen read a good book.’

Tsakhur qhaˁtqhiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee kitab qhaˁtqhıˁ
pn - erg book n .read. pf
‘Murad read a book.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-elž-iz/luž-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
uršːi-le knižka b-elg-un
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) book n -read. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy read the book.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-elč'-i / b-uč'-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
durħaˤ-li žuz b-elč'-un
boy- erg book n -read. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy read the book.’

Turkish okumak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet ilginç bir kitap oku-du
pn interesting one book read- pst
‘Mehmet read an interesting book.’

Turoyo qore

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel qre-le kṯowo sagi basimo
pn read. pfv - ls .3 m book( m ) very nice( m )
‘Gabriyel read a very good book.’

Twi kan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi kan-n nwoma anikanika bi
pn read- pst book interesting indef
‘Kofi read an interesting book.’

Udmurt лыдӟыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя интересной книга-ез лыдӟ-из
pn . nom interesting book- acc read- pst .3 sg
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

Ulcha taun-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xusə piktə səbǯińul daŋsa-wa taun-či-ni
male child interesting book- acc read- pst -3 sg
‘The boy read an interesting book.’

Uzbek o’qimoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya qiziq kitob o’qi-di
pn interesting book read- pst .3 sg
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

West Central Oromo dubbisa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n kitaaba bajeessa dubbis-e
pn - nom book. abs good read-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa read a good book.’

Wolof jàng

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
dama-y jàng téere b-i
f oc v .s i :1 sg - incpl read book( b ) cl b - def
‘I am reading the book.’

Yargun Lezgian k’elin

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Sahib-a sa maraǧlı kittab kˈel-na
pn - erg one interesting book read- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib read an interesting book.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ɛj kɨtab-ed-o balkeʃ wɛnd
3 sg . m . obl book- indf - ez . m interesting read. pst
‘He read an interesting book.’

Zilo Andi baʔ.i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pat’imati-di baʔ.i interesni χutʃa
pn - erg read. pst ( aor ) interesting book[ inan 2][ nom ]
‘Patimat has read an interesting book.’