Kaytag Dargwa

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile) and Uzlipat Gasanova (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo U.G.'s photo

The data were collected in 2023 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. The data have been provided by Uzlipat Gasanova.

How to cite

Authier, Gilles & Uzlipat Gasanova. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Kaytag Dargwa. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 16, 2024; last revised on July 14, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 42.05, 47.79.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Dargwic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain ic:ara

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-la	hana	bek’	ic:-ulca
pn - gen	now	head	hurt. ipf - prs
‘Petja now has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) viʕaˁra

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

petja	grip-la	v-iʕ-aˁvca
pn	flu- gen	m -be_ill- perf
‘Petja has the flu.’

3. be afraid uruχli vihara

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTEL

X: NOM

Y: ANTEL

Locus: Y

petja	χvaˁ-l-sar	uruχ-li-ca
pn	dog- obl - antel	fear- erg - cop
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw ixvara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

bahsar	petja-l	iš-ur	q:arq:a
at_first	pn - erg	throw. pf - aor	stone
‘Petja threw a stone first.’

5. have enough č:ihaqara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

na	petja-j	č:ihiq-ulca	arc
now	pn - datlat	be_enough. ipf - prs	money
‘Now Petja has enough money.’

6. resemble mešul vihara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

petja	mešu-l-ca	miχail-ži
pn	resembling- adv - cop	pn - super
‘Petja resembles Mikhail.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe viχcegara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja	v-iχceg-urca	miša-j
pn	m -believe. pf - perf	pn - datlat
‘Petja believes Misha.’

8. take has:ara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	kiniga	has:-iv	q’as:e-jt:ar
pn - erg	book	take. pf - aor	shelf. obl - superel
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’

9. see č:ibigara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	č:ibig-ulca	qali
pn - erg	n .see. ipf - prs	house
‘Petja sees a house.’

10. influence asar barara

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕaˁmru-l-li	asar	b-ir-ulca	qumurtanvirh-ulca
lifetime- obl - erg	effect	n -do. ipf - prs	m .forget. ipf - prs
‘Age influences memory,’ lit. ‘Age influences, one forgets.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter inkvaˁqaˁra

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	miša	inkvaˁq-iv
pn - datlat	pn	meet. pf - aor
‘Petja encountered Misha.’

12. enter vaknihaˁna

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

petja	v-aknihaˁʔ-un	uškul-c:i
pn	m -enter. pf - aor	school. obl - inter
‘Petja entered the school.’

13. win č:et:iikara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

petja	č:et:ivič:-iv	miša-j-t:ar
pn	m .win. pf - aor	pn - obl - superel
‘Petja beat Misha.’

14. go out t:uravegara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

petja	qil-t:ar	turaveg-ur
pn	house. obl - superel	m .go_out. pf - aor
‘Petja went out of the house.’

15. drive hejkabarara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	q’vaˁl	hejkabar-iv	q’ari
pn - erg	cow	n .drive. pf - aor	pasture. datlat
‘Petja is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend q:imkaʁara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	q’aˁli	q:imkaʁ-iv
pn - erg	branch	bend. pf - aor
‘Petja bent the branch.’

17. tell bera

Valency pattern: ERG_INTER

X: ERG

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

petja-l	miša-c:i	biv	kaˁ	du-sa	šet:ir
pn - erg	pn - inter	say. aor	come. pf	1 sg - ante	as_guest
‘Petja told Misha: "Come and visit me".’

18. hold bucara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	kiniga	b-uc-ivca	naˁq:-bal-c:i
pn - erg	book	n -catch. pf - perf	hand- pl . obl - inter
‘Petja is holding a book.’

19. catch up herkeʁara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja	herkeʁ-iv	maša-j
pn	catch_up. pf - aor	pn - datlat
‘Petja caught up with Masha.’

20. milk kabirc:ara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	q’vaˁl	kabirc:-ur
pn - erg	cow	n .milk. pf - aor
‘Petja milked the cow.’

21. reach veʁara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja	erk’-la	baʔ-i	v-eʁ-iv
pn	river- gen	bank- datlat	m -reach. pf - aor
‘Petja reached the bank.’

22. touch k:ač:vikara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

petja	baˁʕaˁ-c:i	k:ač:vič:-iv
pn	fence- inter	m .touch. pf - aor
‘Petja touched the fence.’

23. fight č:ivihara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

petja	č:ivih-aˁvca	miša-c:i
pn	m .fight. pf - perf	pn - inter
‘Petja is fighting with Misha.’

24. be friends canherχ:vara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTEREL

X: NOM

Y: INTEREL

Locus: Y

petja	canherχχ-urca	miša-c:ir
pn	be_friend. pf - perf	pn - interel
‘Petja is friends with Misha.’

25. think pikri ik’vara

Valency pattern: NOM_GENcevtar

X: NOM

Y: GENcevtar

Locus: Y

petja	pikri	ik’-ulca	miša-la	č:evt:ar
pn	thought	say- prs	pn - gen	about
‘Petja is thinking about Misha.’

26. eat berkvana

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	b-erk-un	hinci
pn - erg	n -eat. pf - aor	apple
‘Petja ate an apple.’

27. fry berc’ara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	b-erc’-iv	baˁliq
pn - erg	n -fry. pf - aor	fish
‘Petja fried the fish.’

28. wait hereʁkigara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja	miša-j	hereʁkiž-ivca
pn	pn - datlat	wait. pf - perf
‘Petja is waiting for Misha.’

29. forget qumurtara

Valency pattern: NOM_GENcevtar

X: NOM

Y: GENcevtar

Locus: Y

petja-l	itlil	xune-la	č:evt:ar	qumert-ur
pn - erg	other	road. obl - gen	about	forget. pf - aor
‘Petja forgot about the other road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained

31. call dimaaqara

Valency pattern: ERG_INTER

X: ERG

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

petja-l	miša-c:i	dimaaq-iv
pn - erg	pn - inter	call. pf - aor
‘Petja called Misha.’

32. get to know varhara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	miša	v-arh-uldi	ca	dus	sar
pn - erg	pn	m -know. ipf - ipf - pst	one	year	before
‘Petja got to know Misha a year ago.’

33. know vahara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	miša	v-arh-u
pn - erg	pn	m -know. ipf - evt
‘Petja knows Misha.’

34. play (instrument) baˁqaˁra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	gitara	b-aˁq-ivca
pn - erg	guitar	n -strike. pf - perf
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid tekli vihara

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTEL

X: NOM

Y: ANTEL

Locus: Y

petja	miša-sar	tekli-ca
pn	pn - antel	separate- cop
‘Petja avoids Misha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

36. make darara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	gvaca-la	t:aˁm	d-ar-iv
pn - erg	mouse- gen	trap	npl -do. pf - aor
‘Petja made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun hina ik’vara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

na	petja	miša-j	hina	ik’-ulca
now	pn	pn - datlat	mock	say- prs
‘Petja is making fun of Misha.’

38. have bi

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-la	no	mašina	bi
pn - gen	already	car	n . cop
‘Petja already has a car.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for q:aˁjc’vaxara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

petja	umxnal-ži	q:aˁjc’vax-ulca
pn	keys. obl - super	m .look_for- prs
‘Petja is looking for his keys.’

40. paint bakara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	zabоr	b-ač:-iv
pn - erg	fence	n -smear. pf - aor
‘Petja painted the fence.’

41. bite q’ac’bikara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

χvaˁ	petja-j	q’ac’bič:-iv
dog	pn - datlat	n .bite. pf - aor
‘A dog bit Petja.’

42. forfeit uqana

Valency pattern: NOM_INTEREL

X: NOM

Y: INTEREL

Locus: Y

petja	qilbal-c:ir	uq-un
pn	house. pl . obl - interel	( m )go. pf - aor
‘Petja lost his house.’

43. try to catch bucara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	bizi	b-urc-ulca
pn - erg	cat	n -catch. ipf - prs
‘Petja is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break belq’vana

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	mirʁaˁ	b-elq’-un
pn - erg	stick	n -break. pf - aor
‘Petja broke a stick.’

45. flatter ʕaˁħzullahigara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja	maša-j	ʕaˁħzullahiž-ivca
pn	pn - datlat	flatter. pf - perf
‘Petja is flattering Masha.’

46. love (person) vič:aχara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	maša	r-ič:uχ-u
pn - datlat	pn	f -love. ipf - evt
‘Petja loves Masha.’

47. wave χvaˁrtik’vara

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

petja	k’anal-li	χvaˁrtik’-ulca
pn	handkerchief. obl - erg	move. ipf - prs
‘Petja is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

petja-j	jengi	mašina	as:-ara	b-ik:-ulca
pn - datlat	new	car	buy. pf - inf	n -want- prs
‘Petja wants to buy a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

49. wash bircara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	č:aˁška	b-irc-iv
pn - erg	cup	n -wash. pf - aor
‘Petja washed the cup.’

50. put on č:ejgara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	vač:ag	č:ejg-ur
pn - erg	trousers	put_on. pf - aor
‘Petja put on his trousers.’

51. be called bik’vara

Valency pattern: SUPER_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: SUPER

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

hež	cik’al-ži	kоmpas	b-ik’v-ar
prox	thing- super	compass	n -say. ipf - evt 3
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: Transimpersonal construction.

52. punish tanbihla varara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	urši	tanbih-la	v-ar-iv
pn - erg	son	punishment- gen	m -do. pf - aor
‘Petja punished his son.’

53. attack č:ibuqana

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

sika	baˁliqč:e-j	č:ibuq-un
bear	fisherman. obl - datlat	n .attack. pf - aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) bic’ara

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

bedra	šin-e-l	b-ic’-iv
pail	water- obl - erg	n -fill. pf - aor
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find bark:ara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	umxni	d-arč:-iv
pn - erg	key. pl . nom	npl -find. pf - aor
‘Petja found his keys.’

56. be short č:iʔahaqara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	č:iʔahiq-uldi	ca	dоllar
pn - datlat	neg .be_enough. ipf - imperf	one	dollar
‘Petja is one dollar short.’

57. hate avič:aχara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	miša	avič:uχ-u
pn - datlat	pn	neg . m .love. ipf - evt
‘Petja hates Misha.’

58. like ʕaˁħkabirc:ara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	hel	penžek	ʕaˁħkabirc:-ulca
pn - datlat	dem	jacket	n .please. ipf - prs
‘Petja likes this shirt.’

59. need dagara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

na	petja-j	arc	daž-ivca
now	pn - datlat	money	npl .be_needed. pf - perf
‘Now Petja needs money.’

60. surround alavcabarara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

šahar	alavcabar-ivca	baˁʕrumal-li
town	n .surround. pf - perf	wall. pl . obl - erg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain kalgana

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-la	na	vec’al	dоllar	kalg-un
pn - gen	now	ten	dollar	remain. pf - aor
‘Petja has ten dollars left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer žabav bek:ara

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

petja-l	uč:itelь-ži	žabav	b-eč:-iv
pn - erg	teacher- super	answer	n -give. pf - aor
‘Petja answered the teacher.’

63. open ʕaˁč:barara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	bank’a	ʕaˁč:bar-iv
pn - erg	jar	n .open. pf - aor
‘Petja opened a can.’

64. be different dik’arcabikara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTEREL

X: NOM

Y: INTEREL

Locus: Y

dila	penžek	dik’arcabič:-ivca	ilal-c:ir
my	jacket	n .differ. pf - perf	your. obl - interel
‘My jacket is different from yours.’

65. fall behind maˁʁlavikara

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTEL

X: NOM

Y: ANTEL

Locus: Y

petja	miša-sar	maˁʁlavič:-iv
pn	pn - antel	m .lag. pf - aor
‘Petja fell behind Misha.’

66. plough iq:vara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	qu	iq:-ulca
pn - erg	field	plough. ipf - prs
‘Petja is ploughing the field.’

67. smell k:vaˁʕdik’wara

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

dila	naˁq:-bi	k:vaˁʕdik’-ulca	binzin-ni
my	hand- pl . nom	npl .smell. ipf - prs	oil- erg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross bagbaˁqaˁra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	bagbaˁq-iv	xuni
pn - erg	n .cross. pf - aor	road
‘Petja crossed the road.’

69. sing belč:’ana

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	č:vak:va	dalaj	b-elč:’-un
pn - erg	nice	song	n -read. pf - aor
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

70. write luk’ana

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	b-elk’-un	kaʁar
pn - erg	n -write. pf - aor	letter
‘Petja wrote a letter.’

71. drink berč:ara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	d-erč:-iv	neg
pn - erg	npl -drink. pf - aor	milk
‘Petja drank the milk.’

72. melt bac’ara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	ʁurʁašin-na	but’a	b-ac’-iv
pn - erg	lead- gen	piece	n -melt. pf - aor
‘Petja melted a piece of lead.’

73. match davkbikara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

iž	ppaˁni	dila	k:urt:i-n-ži	davkbič:-ivca
this	belt	my	shirt- obl - super	n .suit. pf - perf
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave baxbatara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	caj	hač:’-ur	šahar	baxbat-ur
pn - erg	refl . m	be_born. pf - aor	town	n .leave. pf - aor
‘Petja left his native city.’

75. cover kap’kabarara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

χalč:a-n-ni	suk:i	č:’aˁbar	kap’kabar-iv
carpet- obl - erg	all	floor	n .cover. pf - aor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember hanbiχ:aˁra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	ši	ʕaˁħ-li	hanbiχχ-aˁv-di
pn - erg	village	good- adv	n .remember. pf - aor - pst
‘Petja remembers the house well.’

77. help kumek barara

Valency pattern: ERG_DATLAT

X: ERG

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja-l	kumek	b-ar-iv	maša-j
pn - erg	help	n -do. pf - aor	pn - datlat
‘Petja helped Misha.’

78. understand (language) irʁara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	irʁ-ulca	franciaˁl-la	ʁaj
pn - erg	understand. ipf - prs	f rench. pl . obl - gen	word( npl )
‘Petja understands French.’

79. hit (target) kaˁdaˁqaˁra

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

c’alip	kaˁdaˁq-iv	uškul-c:i
lightning( npl )	npl .strike. pf - aor	school. obl - inter
‘Lightning struck the school.’

80. cut oneself baˁqaˁra

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

petja	mut’rus-li	v-aˁq-iv
pn	razor- erg	m -strike. pf - aor
‘Petja cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck č:ikeberc’ara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

stakan	ustоl-ži	č:ikeberc’-iv
glass	table- super	n .stick. pf - aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) kalgana

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTEL

X: NOM

Y: ANTEL

Locus: Y

petja	miša-sar	kalg-un
pn	pn - antel	remain. pf - aor
‘Petja lost to Misha.’

83. be glad razi vihara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

petja	kaʁar-ži	razi	v-ih-aˁv
pn	letter- super	content	m -be. pf - aor
‘Petja was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak ʁajkik’vara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTEREL

X: NOM

Y: INTEREL

Locus: Y

petja	miša-c:ir	ʁajkik’-ul
pn	pn - interel	talk. ipf -evt
‘Petja is speaking with Misha.’

85. give birth varara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

maša-l	urši	v-ar-iv
pn - erg	son	m -do. pf - aor
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop kabič:iχiv

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	stakan	kabič:iχ-iv
pn - erg	glass	n .drop. pf - aor
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

87. govern buc:aχara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	ši	b-uc:uχ-ulca
pn - erg	village	n -work. caus . ipf - prs
‘Petja runs our village.’

88. miss hancikara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	maša	hancarič:-ivca
pn - datlat	pn	f .be_missed. pf - perf
‘Petja misses Misha.’

89. follow hereʔvaxara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja	maša-j	hereʁvax-ulca
pn	pn - datlat	m .follow. ipf - prs
‘Petja follows Misha.’

90. dismount kurč:’ara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

petja	aˁbu-jt:ar	kurč:’-iv
pn	horse- superel	dismount. pf - aor
‘Petja got down from the horse.’

91. listen nik’navic:ara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

petja	radiо-l-ži	nik’navic:-urca
pn	radio- obl - super	m .listen. pf - perf
‘Petja is listening to radio.’

92. obey nik’navic:ara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja	nik’navirc:-u	aba-j
pn	m .listen. ipf - evt	mother- datlat
‘Petja always listens to his mother.’

93. hear biq’ara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	muzika	d-iq’-ulca
pn - erg	music( npl )	npl -reach. ipf - prs
‘Petja hears the music.’

94. mix barχhabarara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER

X: NOM

Y: INTER

Locus: Y

gvaza	neg-c:i	barχhabih-aˁv
honey	milk- inter	n .get_mixed. pf - aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look č:ivhara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

petja	q:irbal-ži	č:ivh-ulca
pn	cloud. pl . obl - super	m .look. ipf - prs
‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off č:erhatara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	penžek	č:erhat-ur
pn - erg	jacket	take_off. pf - aor
‘Petja took off his jacket.’

97. dream (sleeping) mižerkic:ara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	maša	mižer-karic:-ur
pn - datlat	pn	dream- f .rise. pf - aor
‘Petja dreams about Masha.’

98. agree razi vikara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTEREL

X: NOM

Y: INTEREL

Locus: Y

petja	razi	v-ič:-iv	maša-c:ir
pn	content	m -fall. pf - aor	pn - interel
‘Petja agreed with Masha.’

99. have a quarrel ʁajhigara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTEREL

X: NOM

Y: INTEREL

Locus: Y

petja	maša-c:ir	ʁajhiž-iv
pn	pn - interel	quarrel. pf - aor
‘Petja had a quarrel with Misha.’

100. cost bik’ulca

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

hel	č:aˁška	ca	dоllar	b-ik’-ulca
dem	cup	one	dollar	n -say- prs
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at č:iʔixvara

Valency pattern: ERG_DATLAT

X: ERG

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja-l	č:akva-j	č:iʔiš-ur
pn - erg	bird- datlat	shoot. pf - aor
‘Petja shot at the bird.’

102. pour kaq’ara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	č:akar	kaq’-iv
pn - erg	sugar	pour. pf - aor
‘Petja poured the sugar.’

103. lose derq’aχara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	d-erq’iχ-iv	umxni
pn - erg	npl -lose. pf - aor	key. pl . nom
‘Petja lost his keys.’

104. sink gunuq:q:ara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

q:at	erk’-i	gunbuq:-iv
log	river- datlat	n .sink. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill kixvara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	miša	kiš-ur
pn - erg	pn	kill. pf - aor
‘Petja killed Misha.’

106. hit berhara

Valency pattern: ERG_DATLAT

X: ERG

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja-l	miša-j	b-erh-iv
pn - erg	pn - datlat	n -strike. pf - aor
‘Petja hit Misha.’

107. kiss ummaj bek:ara

Valency pattern: ERG_DATLAT

X: ERG

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja-l	maša-j	ummaj	b-eč:-iv
pn - erg	pn - datlat	kiss	n -give. pf - aor
‘Petja kissed Masha.’

108. read belč:’ana

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	tamaša	kiniga	b-elč:’-un
pn - erg	wonder	book	n -read. pf - aor
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) šiq’barara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	t’up	šiq’abar-iv
pn - erg	finger	n .move. pf - aor
‘Petja moved his finger.’

110. respect hurmat barara

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN

X: ERG

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

petja-l	miša-la	c’aq’-li	hurmat	b-ir-u
pn - erg	pn - gen	power- erg	respect	n -do. ipf - evt
‘Petja respects Misha.’

111. be squeamish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

112. be content razil vihara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

petja	cinna	urši-l-ži	razil	v-irh-ar
pn	refl . sg . gen	son- obl - super	content. adv	m -be. ipf - evt 3
‘Petja is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love dik:adixara

Valency pattern: GEN_INTER

X: GEN

Y: INTER

Locus: XY

petja-la	maša-c:i	dik:a-d-išš-ivca
pn - gen	pn - inter	love( npl )- npl -put. pf - perf
‘Petja fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust inaldi vihara

Valency pattern: GEN_DATLAT

X: GEN

Y: DATLAT

Locus: XY

petja-la	maša-j	inaldi	bi
pn - gen	pn - datlat	trusting	n . cop
‘Petja trusts Misha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

115. sympathise ihaˁrli vihara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	cinna	aba	ihaˁrli-ca
pn - datlat	refl . sg . gen	mother	pitiable. adv - cop
‘Petja sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

117. be angry ʕaˁs:i vihara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja	maša-j	ʕaˁs:il-ca
pn	pn - datlat	angry. adv - cop
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised tamaša vihara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja	tamaša	v-ih-aˁv	hel	paˁdaˁrk:a-j
pn	wonder	m -be. pf - aor	dem	gift- datlat
‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) dič:aχvara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	č:aˁj	d-ič:uχ-u
pn - datlat	tea( npl )	npl -love. ipf - evt
‘Petja loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

121. want bik:ara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	b-ik:-ulca	jengi	mоbil’nik
pn - datlat	n -want- prs	new	mobile_phone
‘Petja wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ʕaˁsidex vihara

Valency pattern: GEN_DATLAT

X: GEN

Y: DATLAT

Locus: XY

petja-la	maša-j	ʕaˁsidex	b-i
pn - gen	pn - datlat	grudge	n - cop
‘Petja holds a grudge against Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence q’uc’veʁara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTEREL

X: NOM

Y: INTEREL

Locus: Y

petja	q’uc’veʁ-iv	miša-c:ir
pn	m .be_offended. pf - aor	pn - interel
‘Petja took offence at Misha.’

124. upset abik:ulaqaχara

Valency pattern: ERG_DATLAT

X: ERG

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja-l	c’aq’-li	miša-j	a-b-ik:-ul-aq-iχ-iv
pn - erg	power- erg	pn - datlat	neg - n -want- ipf - caus -be- aor
‘Petja greatly upset Misha.’

125. marvel urk’vert:ara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

petja	hel	šahar-ži	urk’vert:-iv
pn	dem	town- super	m .admire. pf - aor
‘Petja was impressed by this town.’

126. despise avič:aχara

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

petja-j	miša	avič:uχ-u
pn - datlat	pn	neg . m .love. ipf - evt
‘Petja despises Misha.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset abik:ulaqara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_bahnal

X: DATLAT

Y: bahnal

Locus: XY

petja-j	a-b-ik:-ul-aq-iv	cinna	urši	bahna-l
pn - datlat	neg - n -want- ipf : cv - caus . pf - aor	refl . sg . gen	son	reason. obl - erg
‘Petja got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated ʕaˁs:i vihara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

Petja	ʕaˁs:i	v-irh-ara	kiž-iv	cin-na	rirsi-l-ži
pn	irritated	m -be. ipf - inf	begin. pf - aor	refl . obl - gen	girl- obl - super
‘Petja is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond ʕaˁhkabic:ara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM

X: DATLAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

petja-j	ʕaˁhkaric:-ur	maša
pn - datlat	f .be_appealing. pf - aor	pn
‘Petja is fond of Masha.’

130. be shy urucik’vara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_ANTEL

X: DATLAT

Y: ANTEL

Locus: XY

petja-j	cin-na	uqaˁndex-sar	uruc-ik’-ulca
pn - datlat	refl . obl - gen	height- antel	be_ashamed- prs 3
‘Petja is embarrased about his height.’