BivalTyp

‘wash’

Argument frame: X (wash) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. washed the cup .
Predicate label Ru: мыть
Argument frame Ru: X (мыть) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. вымыл чашку .

Abaza ʒ̂ʒ̂a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
a-č’ḳʷən a-č̣’at j-ʒ̂ʒ̂a-d
def -boy def -cup 3 sg . m . erg -wash( aor )- dcl
‘The boy washed the cup.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) thač̣ʼə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
č̣ʼale-m čʼaške-r ə-thač̣ʼə-ʁ
guy- obl cup- abs 3 sg . erg -wash- pst
‘The guy washed the cup.’

Aghul ʡučː.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a qːab ʡučː.u-ne
pn ( erg ) tableware wash. pf - aor
‘Aslan washed the dishes.’

Alik Kryz zimac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir çeşka zima-du
pn - erg cup( f ) wash. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan washed the cup.’

Archi čučəbos

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša-mu gruška čučəbo
pn - obl . m ( erg ) cup[ r ] wash. pfv
‘Pasha washed the cup.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +xalləl

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
baxta +xulləl-la +stican
woman( f ) wash. pst - ls .3 f glass( m )
‘The woman washed the glass.’

Avar čurize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca čaška čur-ana
pn - erg cup wash- aor
‘Ali washed the cup.’

Azerbaijani yumaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan fincan-ı yu-du
pn cup- acc wash- pst (3)
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

Bafut ʃíʔí

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à kɨ̀ ʃíʔí ndɔ́ŋ já
pn sm p 2 wash cup def
‘Ambe washed the cup.’

Bambara kò

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Fántà ye kúnan` kò
pn pfv . tr dish\ art wash
‘Fanta washed a dish.’

Brazilian Portuguese lavar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro lav-ou a xícara
pn ( m ) wash-3 sg . pst def . f cup( f )
‘Pedro washed the cup.’

Budugh sonzu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır suk'ra sebzin-ci
pn - erg vessel( a ) a .wash. pf - aor
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

Catalan rentar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere rent-ava la copa
def . sg . m pn ( m ) wash-3 sg . ipfv . ind def . sg . f cup( f )
‘Pere washed the cup.’

Chechen bila-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-as kad bila-na
i - erg cup. abs wash- prf
‘Islam washed the cup.’

Chirag b-irci

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat-le matrat-e d-irc-ib
pn - erg plate- pl ( abs ) n . pl -wash: pf - aor .3
‘Patimat washed the plates.’

Czech umýt

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr umy-l hrnek
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] wash( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] mug( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr washed the mug.’

Danish vaske

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter vaske-de kopp-en
pn wash- pst cup( c )- def . sg
‘Peter washed the cup.’

Dutch schoonmaken

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft een kopje schoon-ge-maak-t
pn ( c ) have.3 sg art . indf cup( n ) clean- ptcp -make- ptcp
‘Piet washed a cup.’

Eastern Maninka dɔ́kò

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Fántà kà à lá fɛ́` dɔ́kò.
pn aor . tr 3 sg poss gourd\ art wash
‘Fanta washed her gourd.’

English wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter washed the cup.

Estonian pesema

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter pes-i tassi
pn . sg . nom wash- pst .3 sg cup. sg . gen
‘Peeter washed the cup.’

Finnish pestä

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka pes-i kupi-n
pn . nom wash- pst .3 sg cup- gen
‘Pekka washed the cup.’

Forest Enets kɔlta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi nɛ-jʔ dʲizi-da kɔlta-bi-za
i woman- nom . sg .1 sg cauldron- obl . sg .3 sg wash( pfv )- prf -3 sg . so sg
‘My wife washed the bucket’.

French laver

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a lavé sa tasse
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg wash. pst . ptcp . m one’s. sg . f cup( f )
‘Paul washed his cup.’

Georgian ga-Ø-recx-av-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m č'ika-Ø ga-Ø-recx-a
pn - erg glass- nom prv :outward- do 3-wash- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre washed the cup.’

German spülen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl spül-te die Tasse
pn [ nom . sg ] wash- pst .3 sg def . f . acc . sg cup[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl washed the cup.’

Guinean Kpelle wǎa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hɛ́ni àá ŋwɔ̀ hɛ̀ɲáŋaa-ì wǎa
pn 3 sg . prf 3 sg . poss plate- art wash
‘Heni washed her plate.’

Hindi dhonā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne pyālā dhoy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg cup( m ). sg . dir wash. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek washed the cup.’

Icari Dargwa b=irc-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il baʁdaʁ b=irc-ib
pn - erg cup. abs n =wash: pf - aor
‘Islam washed the cup.’

Irish nigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=nigh Pól an cupa.
pst =wash pn def cup
‘Pól washed the cup.’

Ismayilli Kryz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir guruşxa zuma-c
pn - erg cup wash. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

Italian lavare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha lavato la tazz-a
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs wash. pst . ptcp def . sg . f cup- sg . f
‘Leo washed the cup.’

Kadar Dargwa ́CL-írc-es / ic-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li šaška b-irc-ib
pn - erg cup n -wash. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad washed the cup.’

Kalderash Romani xalavel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ə Marijk-a xala-ď-a ə kuć-i
art . f . dir . sg pn - nom . sg wash- pst -3 sg art . f . dir . sg cup- acc . sg
‘Marijka washed the cup.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji ʁab ʁi-ǯi<b>k’-nu
pn - erg plate( abs ) < n . sg >wash- pst
‘Fatima washed the plate.’

Karata bučanɬa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-l kurušk’a b-uč-an
pn - erg jug n -wash- pf
‘Ali washed the jug.’

Kaytag Dargwa bircara

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
petja-l č:aˁška b-irc-iv
pn - erg cup n -wash. pf - aor
‘Petja washed the cup.’

Kazakh žu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kese žuw-dï
pn cup wash- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya washed the cup.’

Kazym Khanty λˊǒχǝtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en an-ǝλ λˊǒχǝt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg cup- poss .3 sg wash- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja washed the cup.’

Khoekhoe ǁā

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǀowa-s-a go ǁā
pn -3 m . sg decl cup-3 f . sg - obl rpst wash
‘Peter washed the cup.’

Khwarshi esana

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
di-lo uža isu-lo-č žoho esajna k'ot'e
1 sg . o - gen 2 son\ erg dem . an . o . i - gen 2- its after wash\ pst . w plate( iii )
‘My son washed his plate after himself.’

Kina Rutul jidʁɨr

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
samira-ra ist’ek’an ji<d>ʁɨ-r
pn - erg glass( nom ) <4>wash. pfv - cvb
‘Samira washed the cup.’

Kryz Proper

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir sila suk'ra zim-du
pn - erg small pitcher( f ) wash. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

Kumyk žuwmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat čaška-nɨ žuw-d-u
pn cup- acc wash- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat washed the cup.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) şûştin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam qedeh şûşt-in
man cup wash. pfv - pl
‘The man washed the cups.’

Latin lavo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ancill-am quae latrin-am lava-t
servant( f )- acc . sg which. nom . sg . f loo( f )- acc . sg wash[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg
‘... a servant girl who washes the loo.’
Note: (Pl. Cur. 580)

Laz o-čx-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Fatma-k ang-ep-e do-Ø-čx-u
pn - erg glassware- pl - nom prv - do 3-wash- s 3 sg . pst
‘Fatma washed the plates and dishes.’

Mandarin Chinese qīngxǐ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān qīngxǐ le bēizi
pn wash pfv cup
‘Zhangsan washed the cup.’

Mano pɛ́lɛ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lāā pɛ́lɛ́-pɛ̀lɛ̀
3 sg . pst >3 sg wash- inf
‘S/he is washing him.’

Mehweb -azes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Pajzula-li-ni b-az-ib ʁadara
pn - obl - erg n -wash: pfv - pst dish
‘Islam washed the dish.’

Mingrelian go-Ø-rčx-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k č'irka-Ø go-Ø-rčx-u
pn - erg glass- nom prv - do 3-wash- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo washed the cup.’

Modern Hebrew ʃataf

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas ʃataf et ha kos
pn wash[ pst .3 sg . m ] do def cup
‘Pinchas washed the cup.’

Mukhad Rutul sidʁın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a čaška sidʁı-ri
pn - erg cup n .wash. pf - aor
‘Murad washed the cup.’

Nanai selko-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia kota-mba selko-xa-ni
pn cup- obl wash- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia washed the cup.’

Nivkh zud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik ŋirŋ + ɟu-d
pn cup + wash- ind
‘Kaskazik washed the cup.’

Northern Akhvakh čooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
hwari-de ššet’o ča-ari
pn - erg cup wash- aor
‘Patahi washed the cup.’

Northern Mansi lowtəs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel āni lowt-əs
pn cup wash- pst [3 sg ]
‘Pasha washed the cup.’

Northern Yukaghir loɣorǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn suskǝ-lǝ loɣo-rǝ-m
pn cup- acc get_washed- caus - tr .3 sg
‘Semien washed the cup.’

Norwegian Bokmål å vaske

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per vaske-t kopp-en
pn wash- pst cup- def . m . sg
‘Per washed the cup.’

Polish umyć

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Jacek umy-ł filiżank-ę
pn [ nom . sg ] wash: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] cup- acc . sg
‘Jacek washed the cup.’

Russian vymytʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja vymy-l čašk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg wash( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] cup( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja washed the cup.’

Serbian oprati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je opra-o šolj-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg wash- part . perf . m . sg cup- acc . sg
‘Petar washed the cup.’

Shinaz Rutul temiz hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir temiz hɨʔɨ-r čaška
pn ( erg ) clean n .do. pf - aor cup
‘Basir washed the cup.’

Shughni zinêdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Ahmed=i xu čīni zino-d
pn =3 sg refl cup wash- pst
‘Ahmed washed the cup.’

Skolt Saami põõssâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt põõzz-i koopp
pn . sg . nom wash- pst .3 sg cup. sg . acc
‘Pete washed the cup.’

Slovak umýť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter umy-l pohár
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] wash( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] mug( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter washed the mug.’

Slovenian umiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je umi-l skodelic-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg wash: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] cup- acc . sg
‘Peter washed the cup.’

Sorani Kurdish ʂirdin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa fincan-eke=î ʂird-Ø
pn cup- def =3 sg . pc wash. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa washed the cup.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Southern Rutul sidq'ın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a t'ılay sidq'ı-r
pn - erg tin_jug n .wash. pf - aor
‘Murad washed the tin jug.’

Spanish lavar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha lava-do una taza
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg wash- ptcp : prf art . ndef . sg . f cup[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro washed the cup.’

Standard Arabic ġasala

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maryam-u ġasalat finǧān-a-n
pn - nom wash. pf .3 f cup- acc - indef
‘Maryam washed a cup.’

Svan a-Ø-šq'wd-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d č'ika-Ø a-Ø-šq'wed
pn - erg cup- nom prv : dist - do 3-wash
‘Maizer washed the cup.’

Swedish att diska

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn diska-de kopp-en
pn wash- pst cup- def . c . sg
‘Björn washed the cup.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
h<in>ugas-an ni Pedro ang baso
< pfv >wash- pv pers . gen pn subj cup
‘Pedro washed the cup.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

Telugu kaḍugu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ kappu-ni kaḍigāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom cup( n ). sg . obl - acc wash. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen washed the cup.’

Tsakhur hodğuliy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee k’ula hodğul
pn - erg cup n .wash. pf
‘Murad washed the cup.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-irc-iz/ic-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rursːi-le kuruška b-irc-ib
girl- erg / loc ( lat ) cup n -wash. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl washed the cup.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-irc-i / ic-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rursːi-li k'uču b-irc-ib
girl- erg cup n -wash. pfv - pret (3)
‘The girl washed the cup.’

Turkish yıkamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet çay bardağ-ı-nı yıka-dı
pn tea glass- p .3- acc wash- pst
‘Mehmet washed his cup.’

Turoyo mfayəʕ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel mfayaʕ-le u koso
pn wash. pfv - ls .3 m art . m cup( m )
‘Gabriyel washed the cup.’

Twi hohoro

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi hohoro-o kuruwa no
pn wash- pst cup def
‘Kofi washed the cup.’

Udmurt миськыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя чашка-ез миськ-из
pn . nom cup- acc wash- pst .3 sg
‘Petja washed the cup.’

Ulcha silči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
əńə čāmi-wa silču-xə-ni
mother cup- acc wash- pst -3 sg
‘Mother washed the cup.’

Uzbek yuvib qoymoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya piola-ni yuv-ib qoy-di
pn cup- acc wash- cvb put- pst .3 sg
‘Petja washed the cup.’

West Central Oromo ɗik'a

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n waantʃ-ittʃa ɗik'-e
pn - nom cup- def . abs wash-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa washed the cup.’

Wolof fóot

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
dama-y fóot sama-y yére suba
f oc v .s i :1 sg - incpl wash poss :1 sg -cl y cloth( b ) tomorrow
‘I’ll wash my clothes tomorrow.’

Yargun Lezgian çüxün

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Sahib-a çașkka çüxve-na
pn - erg cup wash. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib washed the cup.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
hɛsɛn-i find͡ʒanə ʃut-ə
pn - m . obl cup wash. pst -3 sg . f
‘Hesen washed the cup.’

Zilo Andi a<r>tʃ.o-j

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pat’imati-di a<r>tʃ.o-j tʃinɡil
pn - erg wash< inan 2>. pst - pf cup[ inan 2][ nom ]
‘Patimat washed the cup.’