‘wash’
| Argument frame: |
X
(wash)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
washed
the cup
.
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(мыть)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
вымыл
чашку
.
|
Abaza
ʒ̂ʒ̂a
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| a-č’ḳʷən |
a-č̣’at |
j-ʒ̂ʒ̂a-d |
|
def
-boy
|
def
-cup
|
3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-wash(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘The boy washed the cup.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
thač̣ʼə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| č̣ʼale-m |
čʼaške-r |
ə-thač̣ʼə-ʁ |
|
guy-
obl
|
cup-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-wash-
pst
|
| ‘The guy washed the cup.’ |
Aghul
ʡučː.u-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
qːab |
ʡučː.u-ne |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
tableware
|
wash.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan washed the dishes.’ |
Akhvakh (Northern)
čooruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| hwari-de |
ššet’o |
ča-ari |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup
|
wash-
aor
|
| ‘Patahi washed the cup.’ |
Andi (Zilo)
a<r>tʃ.o-j
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| pat’imati-di |
a<r>tʃ.o-j |
tʃinɡil |
|
pn
-
erg
|
wash<
inan
2>.
pst
-
pf
|
cup[
inan
2][
nom
]
|
| ‘Patimat washed the cup.’ |
Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi)
ġsl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Abrahām |
ġsal-u |
l-ǝl-glāṣ |
|
pn
|
washed.
pf
.3
ms
-
o
.3
ms
|
to-
art
-glass
|
| ‘Abraham washed the glass.’ |
Arabic (Northern Syrian)
ġassal
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Aḥmad |
ġassal |
əl-fənǧān |
|
pn
|
wash.
pfv
.3
m
|
def
-cup
|
| ‘Ahmad washed the cup.’ |
Arabic (standard)
ġasala
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Maryam-u |
ġasalat |
finǧān-a-n |
|
pn
-
nom
|
wash.
pf
.3
f
|
cup-
acc
-
indef
|
| ‘Maryam washed a cup.’ |
Archi
čučəbos
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| paša-mu |
gruška |
čučəbo |
|
pn
-
obl
.
m
(
erg
)
|
cup[
r
]
|
wash.
pfv
|
| ‘Pasha washed the cup.’ |
Armenian (Eastern)
lvanal
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Mher-ə |
lvac’ |
bažak-ə |
|
pn
[
nom
]-
def
|
wash:
aor
:3
sg
|
cup[
nom
]-
def
|
| ‘Petros washed the cup.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+xalləl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| baxta |
+xulləl-la |
+stican |
|
woman(
f
)
|
wash.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
glass(
m
)
|
| ‘The woman washed the glass.’ |
Avar
čurize
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-ca |
čaška |
čur-ana |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup
|
wash-
aor
|
| ‘Ali washed the cup.’ |
Azerbaijani
yumaq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
fincan-ı |
yu-du |
|
pn
|
cup-
acc
|
wash-
pst
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan washed the cup.’ |
Bafut
ʃíʔí
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| àmbɛ́ |
à |
kɨ̀ |
ʃíʔí |
ndɔ́ŋ |
já |
|
pn
|
sm
|
p
2
|
wash
|
cup
|
def
|
| ‘Ambe washed the cup.’ |
Bambara
kò
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Fántà |
ye |
kúnan` |
kò |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
dish\
art
|
wash
|
| ‘Fanta washed a dish.’ |
Bartangi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmed |
čīni |
zino-d |
|
pn
|
cup
|
wash-
pst
|
| ‘Ahmed washed the cup.’ |
Belarusian
pamyć
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Alieś |
pamy-ŭ |
kubak |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wash(
pfv
)-
pst
.
sg
.
m
|
cup[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Ales washed the cup.’ |
Budugh
sonzu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan-ır |
suk'ra |
sebzin-ci |
|
pn
-
erg
|
vessel(
a
)
|
a
.wash.
pfv
-
prf
|
| ‘Aslan washed the cup.’ |
Bulgarian
izmiya
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Petăr |
izmi |
chasha-ta |
|
pn
|
wash(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
|
cup-
def
.
f
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar washed the cup.’ |
Catalan
rentar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
rent-ava |
la |
copa |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
wash-3
sg
.
ipfv
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
cup(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere washed the cup.’ |
Chechen
AGR-ila
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-as |
kad |
b-ila-na |
|
i
-
erg
|
cup.
abs
|
b
-wash-
prf
|
| ‘Islam washed the cup.’ |
Chinese (Mandarin)
qīngxǐ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
qīngxǐ |
le |
bēizi |
|
pn
|
wash
|
pfv
|
cup
|
| ‘Zhangsan washed the cup.’ |
Chirag
b-irci
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| pat’imat-le |
matrat-e |
d-irc-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
plate-
pl
(
abs
)
|
n
.
pl
-wash:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
| ‘Patimat washed the plates.’ |
Croatian
oprati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Per-o |
je |
opra-o |
šalic-u |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
wash(
pfv
)-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
cup-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Pero washed the cup.’ |
Czech
umýt
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
umy-l |
hrnek |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wash(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
mug(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petr washed the mug.’ |
Danish
vaske
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
vaske-de |
kopp-en |
|
pn
|
wash-
pst
|
cup(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter washed the cup.’ |
Dargwa (Itsari)
B-irc-uj
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-il |
baʁdaʁ |
b-irc-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup(
abs
)
|
n
-wash.
pfv
-
aor
|
| ‘Islam washed the cup.’ |
Dargwa (Kadar)
́CL-írc-es / ic-es
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| meħamad-li |
šaška |
b-irc-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup
|
n
-wash.
pfv
-
pret
|
| ‘Muhammad washed the cup.’ |
Dargwa (Kaytag)
bircara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Petja-l |
č:aˁška |
b-irc-iv |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup
|
n
-wash.
pf
-
aor
(3)
|
| ‘Petja washed the cup.’ |
Dargwa (Kubachi)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| jusːi-ldi-l |
b-ik'a |
waq |
b-ini |
b-is-aj |
|
girl-
obl
-
erg
|
n
-little
|
bowl
|
n
-inside(
lat
)
|
n
-wash.
pfv
-3.
aor
.
tr
|
| ‘The girl washed the cup.’ |
Dargwa (Tsudakhar)
b-irc-iz/ic-iz
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rursːi-le |
kuruška |
b-irc-ib |
|
girl-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
cup
|
n
-wash.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The girl washed the cup.’ |
Dargwa (Tsugni)
b-irc-i / ic-i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rursːi-li |
k'uču |
b-irc-ib |
|
girl-
erg
|
cup
|
n
-wash.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The girl washed the cup.’ |
Dutch
schoonmaken
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
een |
kopje |
schoon-ge-maak-t |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
cup(
n
)
|
clean-
ptcp
-make-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet washed a cup.’ |
Enets (Forest)
kɔlta
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
nɛ-jʔ |
dʲizi-da |
kɔlta-bi-za |
|
i
|
woman-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
cauldron-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
wash(
pfv
)-
prf
-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
| ‘My wife washed the bucket’. |
English
wash
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
pesema
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
pes-i |
tassi |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
wash-
pst
.3
sg
|
cup.
sg
.
gen
|
| ‘Peeter washed the cup.’ |
Finnish
pestä
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
pes-i |
kupi-n |
|
pn
.
nom
|
wash-
pst
.3
sg
|
cup-
gen
|
| ‘Pekka washed the cup.’ |
French
laver
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
lavé |
sa |
tasse |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
wash.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
one’s.
sg
.
f
|
cup(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul washed his cup.’ |
Gascon
a lavat
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pau |
a |
lavat |
la |
tassa |
|
pn
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
wash.
pst
.
ptcp
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
cup(
f
)
|
| ‘Pau washed the cup.’ |
Gban
ző
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zá̰ |
ɛ́ |
kpɔ̰̀ |
ző |
|
pn
|
3
sg
\
pst
|
hand
|
wash[
pfv
.
hod
]
|
| ‘Zan washed his hands.’ |
Georgian
ga-Ø-recx-av-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
č'ika-Ø |
ga-Ø-recx-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
glass-
nom
|
prv
:outward-
do
3-wash-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre washed the cup.’ |
German
spülen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
spül-te |
die |
Tasse |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wash-
pst
.3
sg
|
def
.
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
cup[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl washed the cup.’ |
Hebrew (modern)
ʃataf
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
ʃataf |
et |
ha |
kos |
|
pn
|
wash[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
cup
|
| ‘Pinchas washed the cup.’ |
Hindi
dhonā
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pratīk |
ne |
pyālā |
dhoy-ā |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
erg
|
cup(
m
).
sg
.
dir
|
wash.
pfv
-
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Prateek washed the cup.’ |
Indonesian (standard)
men-cuci
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Asep |
men-cuci |
cangkir |
|
pn
|
act
-wash
|
cup
|
| ‘Asep washed the cup.’ |
Irish
nigh
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| D’=nigh |
Pól |
an |
cupa. |
|
pst
=wash
|
pn
|
def
|
cup
|
| ‘Pól washed the cup.’ |
Italian
lavare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
lavato |
la |
tazz-a |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
wash.
pst
.
ptcp
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
cup-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo washed the cup.’ |
Karata
bučanɬa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-l |
kurušk’a |
b-uč-an |
|
pn
-
erg
|
jug
|
n
-wash-
pf
|
| ‘Ali washed the jug.’ |
Kazakh
žu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
kese |
žuw-dï |
|
pn
|
cup
|
wash-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya washed the cup.’ |
Khanty (Kazym)
λˊǒχǝtti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
an-ǝλ |
λˊǒχǝt-ǝs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
cup-
poss
.3
sg
|
wash-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja washed the cup.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǁā
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
ǀowa-s-a |
go |
ǁā |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
cup-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
rpst
|
wash
|
| ‘Peter washed the cup.’ |
Khwarshi
esana
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| di-lo |
uža |
isu-lo-č |
žoho |
esajna |
k'ot'e |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
son\
erg
|
dem
.
an
.
o
.
i
-
gen
2-
its
|
after
|
wash\
pst
.
w
|
plate(
iii
)
|
| ‘My son washed his plate after himself.’ |
Komi-Permyak
миськавны
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Петя |
миськав-и-с |
бекöр |
|
pn
|
мыть-
prt
-3
|
чашка
|
| ‘Петя вымыл чашку.’ |
Komi-Zyrian
mi̮śki̮ni̮
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet'a |
mi̮śk-i-s |
č́aška |
|
pn
|
wash-
pret
-3
|
cup
|
| ‘Petja washed the cup.’ |
Kpelle (Guinean)
wǎa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hɛ́ni |
àá |
ŋwɔ̀ |
hɛ̀ɲáŋaa-ì |
wǎa |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
3
sg
.
poss
|
plate-
art
|
wash
|
| ‘Heni washed her plate.’ |
Kryz (Alik)
zimac
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| terlan-ir |
çeşka |
zima-du |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup(
f
)
|
wash.
pfv
-
aor
.
f
|
| ‘Terlan washed the cup.’ |
Kryz (Ismayilli)
zumac
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan-ir |
guruşxa |
zuma-c |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup
|
wash.
pf
-
aor
.
n
|
| ‘Aslan washed the cup.’ |
Kryz (proper)
zimic
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan-ir |
sila |
suk'ra |
zim-du |
|
pn
-
erg
|
small
|
pitcher(
f
)
|
wash.
pf
-
aor
.
f
|
| ‘Aslan washed the cup.’ |
Kumyk
žuwmaq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| patimat |
čaška-nɨ |
žuw-d-u |
|
pn
|
cup-
acc
|
wash-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Patimat washed the cup.’ |
Kurdish (Sorani)
ʂirdin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
fincan-eke=î |
ʂird-Ø |
|
pn
|
cup-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
|
wash.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa washed the cup.’ |
| Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. |
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
şûştin (tr)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| zilam |
qedeh |
şûşt-in |
|
man
|
cup
|
wash.
pfv
-
pl
|
| ‘The man washed the cups.’ |
Lak (Quba)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Maħammad-lu-l |
šuˁ<w>š-und-i |
bušqːap. |
|
pn
-
obl
-
gen
|
<3>wash-
aor
-3
p
|
cup
|
| ‘Mohammad washed the cup.’ |
Latin
lavo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ancill-am |
quae |
latrin-am |
lava-t |
|
servant(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
which.
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
loo(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
wash[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
| ‘... a servant girl who washes the loo.’ |
| Note: (Pl. Cur. 580) |
Laz
o-čx-u
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Fatma-k |
ang-ep-e |
do-Ø-čx-u |
|
pn
-
erg
|
glassware-
pl
-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-wash-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Fatma washed the plates and dishes.’ |
Lezgian (Yargun)
çüxün
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Sahib-a |
çașkka |
çüxve-na |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup
|
wash.
pfv
-
aor
|
| ‘Sahib washed the cup.’ |
Macedonian
izmie
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
ja |
izmi |
čaška-ta |
|
pn
|
pro
.3
sg
.
f
.
acc
|
wash(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
|
cup(
f
).
sg
-
art
.
f
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar washed the cup.’ |
Maltese
ħasel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Ġwanni |
ħasel |
it-tazza |
|
pn
|
wash.
pf
.
m
.3
sg
|
def
-cup
|
| ‘Ġwanni washed the cup.’ |
Maninka (Eastern)
dɔ́kò
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Fántà |
kà |
à |
lá |
fɛ́` |
dɔ́kò. |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
3
sg
|
poss
|
gourd\
art
|
wash
|
| ‘Fanta washed her gourd.’ |
Mano
pɛ́lɛ́
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| lāā |
pɛ́lɛ́-pɛ̀lɛ̀ |
|
3
sg
.
pst
>3
sg
|
wash-
inf
|
| ‘S/he is washing him.’ |
Mansi (Northern)
lowtəs
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pājel |
āni |
lowt-əs |
|
pn
|
cup
|
wash-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Pasha washed the cup.’ |
Mehweb
-azes
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pajzula-li-ni |
b-az-ib |
ʁadara |
|
pn
-
obl
-
erg
|
n
-wash:
pfv
-
pst
|
dish
|
| ‘Pajzula washed the dish.’ |
Mingrelian
go-Ø-rčx-un-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-k |
č'irka-Ø |
go-Ø-rčx-u |
|
pn
-
erg
|
glass-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-wash-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo washed the cup.’ |
Nanai
selko-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
kota-mba |
selko-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
cup-
obl
|
wash-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia washed the cup.’ |
Nivkh
zud
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
ŋirŋ |
+ |
ɟu-d |
|
pn
|
cup
|
+
|
wash-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik washed the cup.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å vaske
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
vaske-t |
kopp-en |
|
pn
|
wash-
pst
|
cup-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per washed the cup.’ |
Oromo (West Central)
ɗik'a
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
waantʃ-ittʃa |
ɗik'-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
cup-
def
.
abs
|
wash-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa washed the cup.’ |
Persian
šostan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ahmad |
fenjān-rā |
šost |
|
pn
|
cup-
acc
|
wash.
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Ahmad washed the cup.’ |
Polish
umyć
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Jacek |
umy-ł |
filiżank-ę |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wash:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
cup-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Jacek washed the cup.’ |
Portuguese (Brazilian)
lavar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
lav-ou |
a |
xícara |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
wash-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
f
|
cup(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro washed the cup.’ |
Romani (Kalderash)
xalavel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ə |
Marijk-a |
xala-ď-a |
ə |
kuć-i |
|
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
wash-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
cup-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Marijka washed the cup.’ |
Romanian
a spăla
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru |
și-a |
spălat |
can-a |
|
pn
|
refl
.
dat
-
aux
.3
sg
|
wash.
pst
.
ptcp
|
cup-
def
.
dir
|
| ‘Petru washed the cup.’ |
Russian
vymytʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
vymy-l |
čašk-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
wash(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
cup(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja washed the cup.’ |
Rutul (Kina)
jidʁɨr
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| samira-ra |
ist’ek’an |
ji<d>ʁɨ-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
glass(
nom
)
|
<4>wash.
pfv
-
cvb
|
| ‘Samira washed the cup.’ |
Rutul (Mukhad)
sidʁın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
čaška |
sidʁı-ri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup
|
n
.wash.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad washed the cup.’ |
Rutul (Myukhrek)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| duxvar-a |
çaşka |
yidğı-ri |
|
son.
obl
-
erg
|
cup
|
n
.wash.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘The son washed the cup.’ |
Rutul (Shin-Borch)
sidq'ın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
t'ılay |
sidq'ı-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
tin_jug
|
n
.wash.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad washed the tin jug.’ |
Rutul (Shinaz)
temiz hɨʔɨ-n
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
temiz |
hɨʔɨ-r |
čaška |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
clean
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
cup
|
| ‘Basir washed the cup.’ |
Saami (Skolt)
põõssâd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
põõzz-i |
koopp |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
wash-
pst
.3
sg
|
cup.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete washed the cup.’ |
Sagada
ʕesada
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕale |
ʕesa-j |
zok’i |
|
pn
.
erg
|
wash-
pst
.
w
|
glass
|
| ‘Ali washed the cup.’ |
Serbian
oprati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
opra-o |
šolj-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
wash-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
cup-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar washed the cup.’ |
Shughni
zinêdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM.CL |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmed=i |
xu |
čīni |
zino-d |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
refl
|
cup
|
wash-
pst
|
| ‘Ahmed washed the cup.’ |
Slovak
umýť
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
umy-l |
pohár |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
wash(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
mug(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Peter washed the mug.’ |
Slovenian
umiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
je |
umi-l |
skodelic-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
wash:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
cup-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter washed the cup.’ |
Spanish
lavar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ha |
lava-do |
una |
taza |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
wash-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
f
|
cup[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro washed the cup.’ |
Svan
a-Ø-šq'wd-i (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| maizer-d |
č'ika-Ø |
a-Ø-šq'wed |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup-
nom
|
prv
:
dist
-
do
3-wash
|
| ‘Maizer washed the cup.’ |
Swedish
att diska
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
diska-de |
kopp-en |
|
pn
|
wash-
pst
|
cup-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn washed the cup.’ |
Tabasaran (Kandyk)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| fatima-ji |
ʁab |
ʁi-ǯi<b>k’-nu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
plate(
abs
)
|
<
n
.
sg
>wash-
pst
|
| ‘Fatima washed the plate.’ |
Tagalog
hugasan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| h<in>ugas-an |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
baso |
|
<
pfv
>wash-
pv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
cup
|
| ‘Pedro washed the cup.’ |
| Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND. |
Telugu
kaḍugu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
kappu-ni |
kaḍigāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
cup(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
wash.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen washed the cup.’ |
Tsakhur
hodğuliy
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-ee |
k’ula |
hodğul |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup
|
n
.wash.
pf
|
| ‘Murad washed the cup.’ |
Tswana
tlhatswa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| ke-tlaa-tlhatsw-a |
di-aparo |
tsa-me |
kamoso |
|
s
i
:1
sg
-
fut
-wash-
fv
|
pl
-cloth(8/10)
|
cl8/10-1
sg
.
pro
|
tomorrow
|
| ‘I’ll wash my clothes tomorrow.’ |
Turkish
yıkamak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
çay |
bardağ-ı-nı |
yıka-dı |
|
pn
|
tea
|
glass-
p
.3-
acc
|
wash-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet washed his cup.’ |
Turoyo
mfayəʕ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Gabriyel |
mfayaʕ-le |
u |
koso |
|
pn
|
wash.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
|
art
.
m
|
cup(
m
)
|
| ‘Gabriyel washed the cup.’ |
Twi
hohoro
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kofi |
hohoro-o |
kuruwa |
no |
|
pn
|
wash-
pst
|
cup
|
def
|
| ‘Kofi washed the cup.’ |
Udi
os'k'es
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS/DAT |
| Locus: TR |
| Lena-n |
çaşk'-in-a |
os'=e=k'-i |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup-
obl
-
dat
|
wash=3
sg
=
st
-
aor
|
| ‘Lena washed the cup.’ |
Udmurt
miśki̮ni̮
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet'a |
č́aška-jez |
miśk-iz |
|
pn
.
nom
|
cup-
acc
|
wash-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja washed the cup.’ |
Ukrainian
vymyty
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr-o |
vymy-v |
čašk-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
wash(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
cup(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petro washed the cup.’ |
Ulcha
silči-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| əńə |
čāmi-wa |
silču-xə-ni |
|
mother
|
cup-
acc
|
wash-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Mother washed the cup.’ |
Uzbek
yuvib qoymoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
piola-ni |
yuv-ib |
qoy-di |
|
pn
|
cup-
acc
|
wash-
cvb
|
put-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja washed the cup.’ |
Wolof
fóot
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBJ |
| Locus: TR |
| dama-y |
fóot |
sama-y |
yére |
suba |
|
f
oc
v
.s
i
:1
sg
-
incpl
|
wash
|
poss
:1
sg
-cl
y
|
cloth(
b
)
|
tomorrow
|
| ‘I’ll wash my clothes tomorrow.’ |
Yukaghir (Northern)
loɣorǝ=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
suskǝ-lǝ |
loɣo-rǝ-m |
|
pn
|
cup-
acc
|
get_washed-
caus
-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien washed the cup.’ |
Zazaki
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| hɛsɛn-i |
find͡ʒanə |
ʃut-ə |
|
pn
-
m
.
obl
|
cup
|
wash.
pst
-3
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Hesen washed the cup.’ |