BivalTyp

Yukaghir (Northern)

Contributed by Samona Kurilova and Maria Pupynina (Academia.edu profile).

S.K.'s photo M.P.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2023. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Kurilova, Samona & Maria Pupynina. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Yukaghir (Northern). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 4, 2023; last revised on June 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

The basic word order of Northern Yukaghir is SOV; apart from the true verbal sentences, the subject-predicate order is also observed in sentences denoting quality or quantity. Simplifying somewhat, the basic alignment of Northern Yukaghir is nominative-accusative: the A and S arguments (subjects) are in the nominative case and trigger verb agreement, while O arguments (direct objects) can be marked for the accusative case and do not trigger verb agreement. However, the clausal syntax is further complicated by i) differential object marking, whereby direct object can lack the accusative suffix for a variety of reasons and, most notably, ii) a very complex focus-marking systems that affects both case marking on nouns and verbal morphology. Patterns with predicate focus (1), subject focus (2) and object focus (3) are exemplified below.


(1)  adu-ŋ   ködǝ  nimǝ-ɣаnǝ  mǝr  wiǝ-m
     VIS-AT  man   house-ACC  AFF  make-TR.3SG
     ‘This man built (focused) a house.’

(2)  mit       abučiǝ       joj-а̄-l
     1PL.POSS  grandmother  be_ill-INCH-SF
     ‘My grandmother (focused) got ill.’

(3)  adu-ŋ  ködǝ  nimǝ-lǝ-ŋ     wiǝ-mǝ-lǝ
     VS-AT  man   house-ACC-FC  make-TR-OF.3SG
     ‘This man built a house (focused).’

Case system

The case system encompasses 11 forms, exemplified below in Table 1 for the noun ilə ‘reindeer’. Note that there is a good deal of allomorphy, so that the actual case suffixes in the questionnaire sentences below might look different from the ones shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Case paradigm

Case Form
NOM ilə
ACC ilə-ɣanə
DAT ilə-ŋin'
INS ilə-lək
COM ilə-n'əŋ
LOC ilə-ɣa
ABL ilə-ɣat
PROL ilə-ɣan
GEN ilə-n
TRNSF ilə-ŋol
COMP ilə-ɣatəŋ

Verb lemmas

Verbs are shown in the form of pure stem without anz inflections. Note that due to various morphonological processes, the stem as used in the inflected forms can be different from the pure stems shown as citation forms.

Glossing abbreviations

ABL — ablative; ACC — accusative; ADV — adverb; AFF — affirmative; APPL — applicate; AT — attributive; AUG — augmentative; CAUS — causative; CNV — converb; COM — comitative; DAT — dative; DES — desiderative; DIM — diminutive; DIR — directive; EVID — evidential; FOC — focus; GEN — genitive; HAB — habitual; INCH — inchoative; INS — instrumental; INTR — intransitive; IPF — imperfective; LIM — limitative; LOC — locative; MULT — multiplicative; NEG — negation; NLZR — nominalizer; NR — nominalizer; OBL — oblique; OF — object focus; PF — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; POSS — possessive; PROP — proprietive; PRXM — proximal; PTCL — participle; RECP — reciprocal; REFL — reflexive; RES — resultative; SF — subject focus; SG — singular; STAT — stative; TR — transitive; TRNSF — transformative; VIS — visible; VR — verbalizer.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain jaw=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn juo-gi jаw-l
pn head- poss .3 ache- sf .3 sg
‘Semien has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) handˈǝr=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn mǝ hаndˈǝ-r-lˈǝ-nˈ
pn aff cold- prop - evid - intr .3 sg
‘Semien has the flu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

3. be afraid iŋiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn lа̄mǝ-lǝ iŋiǝ-m
pn dog- acc fear- tr .3 sg
‘Semien is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw sūsǝj=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn hаjlˈ-lǝ sūsǝ-j-m
pn stone- acc throw- pf - tr .3 sg
‘Semien threw a stone.’

5. have enough ködinˈgurčī=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn nˈа̄wǝ-j kirpīčǝ-gi ködi-nˈ-gurči-č
pn be.white- ptcl brick- poss .3 man- dat -become- intr .3 sg
‘Semien has enough white bricks.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

6. resemble ban=

Valency pattern: NOM_langudeng
X: NOM
Y: langudeng
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ lа-ŋudǝ bаn-i
pn pn side- dir be- intr .3 sg
‘Semien resembles Akulina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe ǝwiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝr ǝwiǝ-m
pn pn - acc aff believe- tr .3 sg
‘Semien believes Akulina.’

8. take mǝnˈ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn kinigǝ-lǝ mǝnˈ-mǝ-lǝ
pn book- acc take- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien took a book.’

9. see juo=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn nimǝ-lǝ juo-mǝ-lǝ
pn house- acc see- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien sees a house.’

10. influence para=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
lǝjrī-l sukunmolˈɣаl-ɣаt pаrа-nˈǝ-j
remember- nlzr year- abl root- prop - intr .3 sg
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter nˈinū=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ nˈi-nū-ŋi
pn pn - com recp -find- tr .3 pl
‘Semien encountered Akulina.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a single comitative NP .

12. enter sǝw=

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn nimǝ-ɣа sǝg-u-j
pn house- loc enter-0- intr .3 sg
‘Semien entered the house.’

13. win purǝbǝdˈī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝ purǝbǝdˈī-m
pn pn - acc aff win- tr .3 sg
‘Semien beat Akulina.’

14. go out pulgǝ=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn nimǝ-ɣаt pulgǝ-č
pn house- abl come_out- intr .3 sg
‘Semien went out of the house.’

15. drive tono=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn kǝrǝwǝ-lǝ tono-m-lǝ
pn cow- acc bring- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien brought the cow.’

16. bend hajsǝj=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn čilgǝ-lǝ hаj-sǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ
pn branch- acc be_curved- caus - pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien bent the branch.’

17. tell mon=

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ mon-i
pn pn - dat tell- intr .3 sg
‘Semien told Akulina.’

18. hold mо̄j=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn kinigǝ-lǝ mōj-mǝ-lǝ
pn book- acc hold- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien is holding a book.’

19. catch up pǝl=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝ pǝl-u-m
pn pn - acc aff catch_up-0- tr .3 sg
‘Semien caught up with Akulina.’

20. milk sirbа̄=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn tu-ŋ kǝrǝwǝ īsī-k sirbа̄-mǝ-lǝ
pn prxm - at cow milk- foc squeeze- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien milked this cow.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

21. reach kötkǝj=

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn ǝnmu-diǝ iǝmum-dǝ-ɣa kötkǝ-č
pn river- dim opposite_bank- poss .3- loc come_to- intr .3 sg
‘Semien reached the bank.’

22. touch aɣaj=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn stjenǝ-lǝ аɣа-j-mǝ-lǝ
pn wall- acc touch- pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien touched the wall.’

23. fight lajnu=

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ lаjnu-nu-j
pn pn - com fight- ipf - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is fighting with Akulina.’

24. be friends ŋorī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ wаlˈbǝ ŋo-r-ī-m
pn pn - acc friend be- caus - caus - tr .3 sg
‘Semien is friends with Akulina.’

25. think *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn čundǝ-dǝ-ɣа Əkulˈǝ lˈǝ-j
pn thought- poss .3- loc pn be- intr .3 sg
‘Semien is thinking about Akulina.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat lǝw=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn čū-n kojlǝ-k lǝw-mǝ-lǝ
pn meat- gen piece- foc eat- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien ate a piece of meat.’

27. fry hа̄lˈǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn аlˈɣа-lǝ hа̄lˈǝ-s-mǝ-lǝ
pn fish- acc burn- caus - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien fried the fish.’

28. wait mа̄=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn mǝ mа̄-m Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ
pn aff wait- tr .3 sg pn - acc
‘Semien is waiting for Akulina.’

29. forget janaspǝjrǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn wiǝ-n jаwul-ǝ mǝ jаnаspǝ-j-rǝ-m
pn other- gen road- acc aff forget- pf - caus - tr .3 sg
‘Semien forgot the other road.’

30. depend monnǝmu=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
lugu-mu-rǝ ködǝ-n čuŋdǝ mon-nǝ-mu-nun-i
be_old- trnsf - cnv man- gen mind be_short- stat - trnsf - hab - intr .3 sg
Lit. ‘When one is getting old, one’s mind shortens.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

31. call nˈiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ nˈiǝ-mǝ-lǝ
pn pn call- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien called Akulina.’

32. get to know nˈikurilˈī=

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ nˈi-kurulˈī-n-а̄-j-uo-l-pǝ-gi sukunmolˈɣаl ū-či-č
pn pn - com recp -know- ipf - inch - pf - stat - nlzr - pl - poss .3 year pass- lim - intr .3 sg
‘Semien got to know Akulina a year ago.’
Note: Lit. ‘One year has passed since X’s getting acquainted with Y.’

33. know kurilˈī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝ kurilˈī-m
pn pn - acc aff know- tr .3 sg
‘Semien knows Akulina.’

34. play (instrument) juora=

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn ǝrkǝjǝ-lǝk juorа̄-nu-j
pn tambourine- ins play- ipf - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is playing the tambourine.’

35. avoid halɣudu=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаt mǝ hаlɣu-du-j
pn pn - abl aff run_away- mult - intr .3 sg
‘Semien avoids Akulina.’

36. make wiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn bombа-lǝ wiǝ-mǝ-lǝ
pn bomb- acc make- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien made a bomb.’

37. make fun jugulwǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ jugulwǝ-s-nu-m
pn pn - acc suffer- caus - ipf - tr .3 sg
‘Semien is making fun of Akulina.’

38. have lˈǝ=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn mаšinа-gi mǝ lˈǝ-j
pn car- poss .3 aff be- intr .3 sg
‘Semien has a car.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for waŋči=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn mа̄čǝ-lǝ wаnči-nu-m-lǝ
pn lasso- acc look_for- ipf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien is looking for his lasso.’

40. paint surǝlˈǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Əkulˈǝ kuhljankǝ-lǝ surǝ-lˈǝ-s-u-m
pn kukhlyanka- acc color- prop - caus -0- tr .3 sg
‘Akulina dyed the kukhlyanka.’
Note: Kukhlyanka is a traditional fur upper garment.

41. bite nǝrǝj=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
lа̄mа Sǝmiǝn nǝrǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ
dog pn bite- pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘A dog bit Semien.’

42. forfeit kurčī=

Valency pattern: NOM_NEG
X: NOM
Y: NEG
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn аwjа̄ ǝl nimǝ kurči-č
pn yesterday neg house become- intr .3 sg
‘Yesterday, Semien lost his house.’

43. try to catch taŋudu=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn lа̄mǝ-d-uo-lǝ tаŋu-du-nu-m
pn dog- gen -baby- acc chase- mult - ipf - tr .3 sg
‘Semien is chasing a puppy.’

44. break salˈɣarǝj=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn tolī-lǝ sаlˈɣаrǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ
pn stick- acc break- pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien broke a stick.’

45. flatter amučǝ ŋol=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ аm-u-čǝ ŋol-а̄-l-ŋinˈ tа̄t mon-i
pn pn - dat good- stat - ptcl be- trnsf - nlzr - dat so say- intr .3 sg
‘To be (appear to be) good, Semien tells Akulina so.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

46. love (person) jǝwligi=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝ jǝwligi-m
pn pn - acc aff love- tr .3 sg
‘Semien loves Akulina.’

47. wave libaɣas=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn wаɣаdīliǝ-lǝ libаɣа-s-u-m
pn handkerchief- acc flutter- caus -0- tr .3 sg
‘Semien is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream Y-PROP-NLZR-bunˈ=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn mǝ mаšinа-nˈǝ-l-bunˈ-i
pn aff car- prop - nlzr - des - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is dreaming of a car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a root within a derived word.

49. wash loɣorǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn suskǝ-lǝ loɣo-rǝ-m
pn cup- acc get_washed- caus - tr .3 sg
‘Semien washed the cup.’

50. put on oŋu=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn tūrī-lǝ oŋu-m
pn trousers- acc put_on- tr .3 sg
‘Semien put on his trousers.’

51. be called mon=

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
tiǝ-ŋ instrumjen-ɣаnǝ mon-nun-ŋi kompаs
vis - at instrument- acc say- hab - intr .3 sg compass
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: This is a transimpersonal construction.

52. punish čǝlˈwǝrǝj=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn tudǝ uo-ɣаnǝ mǝ čǝlˈwǝ-rǝ-j-m
pn poss .3 child- acc aff get_bitter_experience- caus - pf - tr .3 sg
‘Semien punished his son.’

53. attack köčǝgǝjrǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
hаjčiǝ-tǝgǝ sа̄bаndˈǝ ǝjū-nu-j-rukun-ǝ-k köčǝgǝ-j-rǝ-m-lǝ
grandpa- aug net get_caught_in_net- ipf - ptcl -thing-0- foc pounce- pf - caus - tr - of .3 sg
‘A bear pounced on whatever was caught in the net.’

54. fill (intr) potaɣaj=

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
vjedro lаwjǝ-lǝk potаɣа-č
bucket water- ins fill- intr .3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find nū=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn ključ-pǝ-lǝ nū-mǝ-lǝ
pn key- pl - acc find- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien found his keys.’

56. be short NEG pǝliǝ=

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Sǝmiǝn-ŋinˈ mа̄rhа-n solkuobаj ǝl pǝliǝ
pn - dat one- gen rouble neg suffice. neg .3
‘Semien is one rouble short.’

57. hate suŋulič=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝ suŋulǝč-lˈǝ-m
pn pn - acc aff hate- caus - tr .3 sg
‘Semien hates Akulina.’

58. like amudˈī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn tu-ŋ urbа̄hа-lǝ аmudˈī-m
pn prxm - at shirt- acc like- tr .3 sg
‘Semien likes this shirt.’

59. need Y-CAUS-NLZR-bunˈ=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn mǝ poɣodǝ-rǝ-l-bunˈ-i
pn aff money- caus - nlzr - des - intr .3 sg
‘Semien needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a root within a derived word.

60. surround lˈǝ=

Valency pattern: NOM_pomniir
X: NOM
Y: pomniir
Locus: Y
gorod pömnīr stjenǝ-lǝŋ (lˈǝ-l)
town around wall- foc be- sf
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain ponˈа̄=

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Sǝmiǝn-ɣа kunilˈ dollаrа-k ponˈа̄-l
pn - loc ten dollar- foc remain- sf .3 sg
‘Semien has ten dollars left.’

62. answer īmǝrǝj=

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn urа-ri-dˈа̄-jǝ-ŋinˈ mǝr īmǝrǝ-j-lˈǝl-u-m
pn study- caus - mult - nlzr - dat aff answer- pf - evid -0- tr .3 sg
‘Semien answered the teacher.’

63. open joŋotǝj=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn bа̄nkǝ-lǝ joŋotǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ
pn can- acc open- pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien opened a can.’

64. be different wiǝdǝ ban=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
mǝt urbа̄hа tǝt-lˈǝ-ɣаt wiǝ-dǝ bаn-i
1 sg . poss shirt 2 sg - poss - abl other- adv be- intr .3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind ponˈuol=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаt ponˈ-uol-dǝŋ ū-j
pn pn - abl leave- res - cnv go- intr .3 sg
‘Semien fell behind Akulina.’

66. plough tǝldič=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn lukul purа-ɣa-k tǝl-di-č-nu-m-lǝ
pn ground surface- loc - foc turn_inside_out- caus - mult - ipf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien is ploughing the ground.’
Note: Despite the presence of LOC, the second argument is syntactically a direct object (‘The surface of the ground’), here used in the object focus construction.

67. smell pödˈǝlnˈǝ=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mǝt čаldˈǝ-pul bjenzin pödˈǝl-nˈǝ-ŋi
1 sg . poss hand- pl gasoline smell- prop - intr .3 pl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross čaɣа̄=

Valency pattern: NOM_ACCsajde
X: NOM
Y: ACCsajde
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn jаwul-ǝ sаjdǝ čаɣа̄-j
pn road- acc across cross- intr .3 sg
‘Semien crossed the road.’

69. sing jahtǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn аm-u-čǝ jаhtǝ-k jаhtǝ-m-lǝ
pn good- stat - ptcl song- foc sing- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien sang a beautiful song.’

70. write nimǝlǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn nimǝlǝ nimǝlǝ-s-mǝ-lǝ
pn pattern pattern- vr - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien wrote a letter.’

71. drink law=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn īsī-lǝ lаw-mǝ-lǝ
pn milk- acc drink- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien drank the milk.’

72. melt alˈа̄s=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn svinjeс köjlǝ-k аlˈа̄-s-mǝ-lǝ
pn lead piece- foc melt- caus - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien melted a piece of lead.’

73. match amuo=

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
tu-ŋ nˈiŋiǝ-d-igijǝ mǝt plаtˈje-ŋinˈ аm-u-č
prxm - at belly- gen -belt 1 sg . poss dress- dat good- stat - intr .3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave pondǝj=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn mǝdˈuol-uo-l posjelok-hаt mǝ pondǝ-č
pn be_born- res - nlzr village- abl aff separate- intr .3 sg
‘Semien left his native village.’

75. cover umusǝj=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kovjer indulǝ-lǝ jаwn-uo umusǝ-j-m
carpet floor- acc all- obl close- pf - tr .3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember lǝjrī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn nimǝ-lǝ аm-u-tnǝ lǝjrī-m
pn house- acc good- stat - adv remember- tr .3 sg
‘Semien remembers the house well.’

77. help čambī=

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ mǝ čаmbī-m
pn pn - dat aff help- tr .3 sg
‘Semien helped Akulina.’

78. understand (language) möri=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn čupčǝ-d-аrū-lǝ mǝ möri-m
pn c hukchi- gen -language- acc aff understand- tr .3 sg
‘Semien understands Chukchi.’

79. hit (target) ǝjū=

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
möŋǝr lаčil nimǝ-ɣa ǝji-č
thunder fire house- loc get- intr .3 sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself turjuodˈǝs=

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn čoɣojǝ-lǝk tur-juodˈǝ-s-u-m
pn knife- ins refl -wound- caus . vr -0- tr .3 sg
‘Semien cut himself with a knife.’

81. get stuck sugurǝ=

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
suskǝ sаmhаrа̄l-ɣа sugurǝ-j
cup table- loc stick- intr .3 sg
‘The cup got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) albǝdˈī=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаt аlbǝdˈi-č
pn pn - abl lose- intr .3 sg
‘Semien lost to Akulina.’

83. be glad puŋuol=

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn nimǝlǝ-ŋinˈ puŋ-uo-nˈ
pn pattern- dat glad- stat - intr .3 sg
‘Semien was glad about the letter.’

84. speak nˈiǝdˈi=

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ nˈiǝdˈi-nu-j
pn pn - com speak- ipf - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is speaking with Akulina.’

85. give birth mǝdˈuorī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Əkulˈǝ kuodˈǝ-d-uo-k mǝdˈuo-rī-mǝ-lǝ
pn male- gen -child- foc be_born- appl - tr - of .3 sg
‘Akulina gave birth to a son.’

86. drop kǝriǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn suskǝ-lǝ kǝriǝ-s-mǝ-lǝ
pn cup- acc fall- caus - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien dropped the glass.’

87. govern lǝmlˈǝ-gi (ŋol=)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn mit posjelok lǝmlˈǝ-gi
pn 1 pl . poss village boss- poss .3
‘Semien runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

88. miss īligi=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ īligi-m-lǝ
pn pn yearn- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien misses Akulina.’

89. follow ū=

Valency pattern: NOM_lajaat
X: NOM
Y: lajaat
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ lаjа̄-t ū-j
pn pn behind- abl go- intr .3 sg
‘Semien follows Akulina.’

90. dismount kǝriǝ=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn johodilǝ-ɣаt kǝriǝ-j
pn horse- abl descend- intr .3 sg
‘Semien got down from the horse.’

91. listen möndˈiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn rаdio-lǝ möndˈiǝ-nu-j
pn radio- acc listen- ipf - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is listening to radio.’

92. obey arū-GEN ban=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn tudǝ ǝnˈiǝ аrū-gi-n bаn-i
pn 3 sg . poss mother word- poss .3- gen be- intr .3. sg
‘Semien obeys his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

93. hear möndˈiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn muzуkа-lǝ möndˈiǝ-mǝ-lǝ
pn music- acc listen- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien is listening the music.’

94. mix nˈidūl kurčī=

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
lаwjǝ īsī-nˈǝŋ nˈi-dūl kurči-č
water milk- com recp -contents become- intr .3 sg
‘The water got mixed with milk.’

95. look ičuo=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn sukun-dаwа-pǝ-lǝ ičuo-m
pn sky-skin- pl - acc see- tr .3 sg
‘Semien looked at the clouds.’

96. take off kǝriǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn urbа̄hа-lǝ kǝriǝ-s-u-m
pn shirt- acc fall- caus -0- tr .3 sg
‘Semien took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) nuŋnīnˈ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ nuŋnī-nˈ-mǝ-lǝ
pn pn dream- prop - tr - of .3. sg
‘Semien dreams about Akulina.’

98. agree īmǝrǝj=

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ mǝr īmǝrǝ-j-lˈǝl-u-m
pn pn - dat aff answer- pf - evid -0- tr .3 sg
‘Semien agreed with Akulina.’

99. have a quarrel nˈiŋilˈitǝ=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ mǝ nˈiŋ-ilˈitǝ-ŋi
pn pn - com aff recp -scold- tr .3 pl
‘Semien had a quarrel with Akulina.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a single comitative NP.

100. cost ŋol=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tu-ŋ suskǝ wаlˈǝ-gi mа̄rhа-n solkuobаj
prxm - at cup price- poss .3 one- gen rouble
‘This cup costs one rouble.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at aji=

Valency pattern: NOM_langudeng
X: NOM
Y: langudeng
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn ujǝ-nˈǝ-j-rukun lа-ŋudǝŋ аji-m
pn wing- prop - ptcl -thing side- dir shoot- tr .3 sg
‘Semien shot at the bird.’

102. pour par=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn sаhаr-lǝ pаr-mǝ-lǝ
pn sugar- acc immerse- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien poured the sugar.’

103. lose saɣusǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn mа̄čǝ-lǝ sаɣusǝ-m-lǝ
pn lasso- acc lose- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien lost the lasso.’

104. sink čirǝj=

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
sisаɣа-s-uo-dˈǝ sа̄l lаwjǝ-ɣa mǝ čirǝ-č
get_chopped- caus - res - ptcl log water- loc aff sink- intr .3 sg
‘The chopped log sank in the water.’

105. kill punˈ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Čiǝri-ɣаnǝ mǝ punˈi-m
pn pn - acc aff kill- tr .3 sg
‘Semien killed Cheri.’

106. hit pа̄j=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Čiǝri pāj-mǝ-lǝ
pn pn hit- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien hit Cheri.’

107. kiss ubа̄=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝr ubа̄-m
pn pn - acc aff kiss- tr .3 sg
‘Semien kissed Akulina.’

108. read čuŋ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn kinigǝ-lǝ аmudˈī-rǝŋ čuŋ-u-m
pn book- acc like- cnv read-0- tr .3 sg
‘Semien read the book with interest.’

109. move (bodypart) čaɣadˈǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn tudǝ sisha čаɣаdˈǝ-s-mǝ-lǝ
pn 3 sg . poss finger move- caus - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien moved his finger.’

110. respect čamarī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝ čаmаrī-m
pn pn - acc aff respect- tr .3 sg
‘Semien respects Akulina.’

111. be squeamish ǝriǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn mǝr ǝriǝ-m ǝl loɣor-uo-dˈǝ suskǝ-ɣаnǝ sаwɣа-ɣаnǝ
pn aff be_squeamish- tr .3 sg neg wash- res - ptcl cup- acc plate- acc
‘Semien is squeamish about unwashed dishes.’

112. be content puŋuol=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn tudǝ uo-ɣаt mǝ puŋ-uo-nˈ
pn 3 sg . poss child- abl aff glad- stat - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is satisfied with his son.’

113. fall in love jǝwligi=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ jǝwligiǝ-n-а̄-mǝ-lǝ
pn pn love- ipf - inch - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien fell in love with Akulina.’

114. trust ǝwiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝr ǝwiǝ-m
pn pn - acc aff believe- tr .3 sg
‘Semien trusts Akulina.’

115. sympathise juolwijuori=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn tudǝ ǝnˈiǝ-ɣаnǝ juolwij-uo-ri-m
pn 3 sg . poss mother- acc sympathize- res - caus - tr .3 sg
‘Semien sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy hollijuori=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Čiǝri-ɣаnǝ mǝ hollij-uo-ri-m
pn pn - acc aff envy- stat - appl - tr .3 sg
‘Semien envies Cheri.’

117. be angry joŋoči=

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ joŋo-či-j
pn pn - dat be_angry- mult - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is angry with Akulina.’

118. be surprised mа̄lijuori=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn tu-ŋ nǝlǝčǝ-lǝ mǝ mа̄li-j-uo-ri-m
pn prxm - at gift- acc aff get_surprised- pf - res - appl - tr .3 sg
‘Semien was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) amudˈī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ilǝ sаmnаldаŋnˈǝ-lǝ mǝr аmudˈī-m
deer mushroom- acc aff like- tr .3 sg
‘The deer likes mushrooms.’

120. enjoy nˈanbǝličnǝ law=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn pug-uo-dˈǝ čаj-lǝ nˈаnbǝl-i-čnǝ lаw-nu-m
pn hot- stat - ptcl tea- acc be_tasty- stat - adv drink- ipf - tr .3 sg
Lit. ‘Semien drinks the hot tea with pleasure.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

121. want Y-PROP-NLZR-bunˈ=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn nˈidˈǝrpǝ-j mobilˈnik-nˈǝ-l-bunˈ-i
pn be_new- ptcl mobile_phone- prop - nlzr - des - intr .3 sg
‘Semien wants a new alarm clock.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a root within a derived word.

122. have a grudge joŋoči=

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ mǝ joŋo-či-j
pn pn - dat aff be_angry- mult - intr .3 sg
‘Semien holds a grudge against Akulina.’

123. take offence habuguriǝ=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаt mǝ hаbuguriǝ-j
pn pn - abl aff take_offence- intr .3 sg
‘Semien took offence at Akulina.’

124. upset habuguriǝsǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝ hаbuguriǝ-sǝ-m
pn pn - acc aff take_offence- caus - tr .3 sg
‘Semien greatly upset Akulina.’

125. marvel mа̄lijuori=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn tu-ŋ gorod-lǝ mǝ mа̄li-j-uo-ri-m
pn prxm - at town- acc aff be_surprised- pf - res - appl - tr .3 sg
‘Semien was impressed by this town.’

126. despise ǝl ködǝ ŋorī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Čiǝri-ɣаnǝ ǝl ködǝ ŋo-rī
pn pn - acc neg man be- appl . neg .3
‘Semien despises Cheri.’

127. get upset *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tudǝ uo-ɣаt Sǝmiǝn čundǝ-gi kǝriǝ-j
3 sg . poss child- abl pn thought- poss .3 fall- intr .3 sg
‘Semien got upset with his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

128. get irritated hа̄ličǝ ŋol=

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn tudǝ mаrhilˈ-ŋinˈ hа̄li-čǝ ŋol-а̄-n-а̄-j
pn 3 sg . poss daughter- dat be_scary- ptcl be- trnsf - ipf - inch - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond amuolbunˈ=

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ аm-uo-l-bunˈ-i
pn pn - dat good- stat - nlzr - des - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is fond of Akulina.’

130. be shy amalǝɣi=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn аmun-gi lˈuk-uo-l-dа-ɣаnǝ mǝr аmаlǝ-ɣi-m
pn bone- poss .3 small- stat - nlzr - poss - acc aff be_shy- caus - tr .3 sg
‘Semien is embarrased about his height.’