‘take off’
    
        
            
                | Argument frame: | X
                     (take off) 
                    Y | 
        
        
            
                | Stimulus sentence: | P. 
                     took off 
                    his shirt
                    . | 
        
        
            
                | Predicate label Ru: | снимать | 
        
        
            
                | Argument frame Ru: | X
                     (снимать) 
                    Y
                     (рубашку) | 
        
        
            
                | Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. 
                     снял 
                    рубашку
                    . | 
        
     
    
        
            Abaza
            [ŝə-]χ
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            LOCsERG_ABS | 
                    
                        | X: LOCsERG | 
                    
                        | Y: ABS | 
                    
                        | Locus: X | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | rasúl | j-ás | jə-ŝ-jə-χ-ṭ | 
                    
                        | pn | 3
                            sg
                            .
                            m
                            .
                            io
                            -shirt | 3
                            sg
                            .
                            m
                            .
                            io
                            -
                            loc
                            -3
                            sg
                            .
                            m
                            .
                            erg
                            -take_off(
                            aor
                            )-
                            dcl | 
                    
                        | ‘Rasul took off his shirt.’ | 
                    
                        | Note: The X argument is indexed on the verb twice (in the ergative slot and in the slot associated with the locative preverb ŝ-). | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Adyghe (West Circassian)
            zə.šʼə-xə
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: ABS | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | λ̣ə-m | jə-ǯʼane | zə-šʼ-jə-xə-ʁ | 
                    
                        | man-
                            obl | 3
                            sg
                            .
                            pr
                            +
                            poss
                            -shirt | rfl
                            .
                            io
                            -
                            loc
                            -3
                            sg
                            .
                            erg
                            -remove-
                            pst | 
                    
                        | ‘The man took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Aghul
            latːaq.u-
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: ABS | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | aslan.a | berʜem | latːaq.u-ne | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            erg
                            ) | shirt | take_off.
                            pf
                            -
                            aor | 
                    
                        | ‘Aslan took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Akhvakh (Northern)
            beqquruƛa
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | pataħi-de | ƛ’onko | b-eqq-ari | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt | n
                            -extract-
                            aor | 
                    
                        | ‘Patahi took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Andi (Zilo)
            <r>-uχ.i
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | ali-di | ɡurdo | r-uχ.i | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt[
                            inan
                            2][
                            nom
                            ] | inan
                            2-take_off.
                            pst
                            (
                            aor
                            ) | 
                    
                        | ‘Ali took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi)
            šlḥ
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Abrahām | šlaḥ-a | lǝ-qmīṣ-u | 
                    
                        | pn | take_off.
                            pf
                            .3
                            ms
                            -
                            o
                            .3
                            fs | to-shirt-
                            poss
                            .3
                            ms | 
                    
                        | ‘Abraham took of his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Arabic (Northern Syrian)
            šələḥ
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Aḥmad | šələḥ | qamīs-u | 
                    
                        | pn | take_off.
                            pfv
                            .3
                            m | shirt-
                            poss
                            .3
                            m | 
                    
                        | ‘Ahmad took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth)
            š.l.ḥ
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Shadi | šileḥ | il-ʾamīṣ | 
                    
                        | pn | take.off.
                            pst
                            .3
                            m
                            .
                            sg | def
                            -shirt | 
                    
                        | ‘Shadi took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Arabic (standard)
            nazaʕa
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Badr-un | nazaʕa | l-qamīs-a | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            nom | take_off.
                            pf
                            .3
                            m | def
                            -shirt-
                            acc | 
                    
                        | ‘Badr took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Archi
            -aχːa a-as
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | paša-mu | χːˁošon | b-aχːa | a<b>u | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            obl
                            .
                            m
                            (
                            erg
                            ) | shirt | 3-away | <3>do.
                            pfv | 
                    
                        | ‘Pasha took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Armenian (Eastern)
            hanel
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: DAT~NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petros-ə | hanec’ | šapik-ə | 
                    
                        | pn
                            [
                            nom
                            ]-
                            def | take_off:
                            aor
                            :3
                            sg | shirt[
                            nom
                            ]-
                            def | 
                    
                        | ‘Petros took off the shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
            šaləx
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | brata | kam-šalx-a-la | +oym-o | 
                    
                        | girl(
                            f
                            ) | prf
                            -undress.
                            prs
                            -
                            ss
                            .3
                            f
                            -
                            ls
                            .3
                            f | dress(
                            f
                            )-
                            p
                            .3
                            f | 
                    
                        | ‘The girl took off her dress.’ | 
                    
                        | Note: Non-Urmi speaker. | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Avar
            baqine
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | ʕali-ca | gorde | b-aq-ana | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt | n
                            -lift-
                            aor | 
                    
                        | ‘Ali took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Azerbaijani
            soyunmaq
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Aslan | köynǝyi-ni | soy-un-du | 
                    
                        | pn | shirt.
                            poss
                            3-
                            acc | peel-
                            refl
                            -
                            pst
                            (3) | 
                    
                        | ‘Aslan took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Bafut
            tsɔ́ʔɔ́tə̂
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | àmbɛ́ | à | kɨ̀ | tsɔ́ʔɔ́tə̂ | àtsə̀ʔə̀ | jì | 
                    
                        | pn | sm | p
                            2 | remove | dress | his | 
                    
                        | ‘Ambe took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Bambara
            bɔ́
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Sékù | ye | dùlɔki` | bɔ́ | 
                    
                        | pn | pfv
                            .
                            tr | gown\
                            art | go.out | 
                    
                        | ‘Seku took off the gown.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Bartangi
            
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Ahmed | xu | aktāyi | wīδ-d | 
                    
                        | pn | refl | shirt | take_off-
                            pst | 
                    
                        | ‘Ahmed took off his shirt.’. | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Belarusian
            zniać
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Alieś | znia-ŭ | kašul-ju | 
                    
                        | pn
                            [
                            nom
                            .
                            sg
                            ] | put_off(
                            pfv
                            )-
                            pst
                            .
                            sg
                            .
                            m | shirt-
                            acc
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Ales took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Budugh
            eçħi
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | aslan-ır | ug-a' | pirem | avħa-ci | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | refl
                            -
                            loc | shirt(
                            a
                            ) | a
                            .take_off.
                            pfv
                            -
                            prf | 
                    
                        | ‘Aslan took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Bulgarian
            svalya
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petăr | svali | riza-ta | si | 
                    
                        | pn | take_off(
                            pfv
                            ).
                            aor
                            .3
                            sg | shirt-
                            def
                            .
                            f
                            .
                            sg | pro
                            .
                            refl
                            .
                            dat | 
                    
                        | ‘Petar took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Catalan
            treure's
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | en | Pere | es | va | treu-re | la | camisa | 
                    
                        | def
                            .
                            sg
                            .
                            m | pn
                            (
                            m
                            ) | refl
                            .3
                            sg | go.3
                            sg
                            .
                            prs
                            .
                            ind | remove-
                            inf | def
                            .
                            sg
                            .
                            f | shirt(
                            f
                            ) | 
                    
                        | ‘Pere took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Chechen
            dwa-AGR-aqqa
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: ABS | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Islam-as | koch | dwa-j-aeqqi-na | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt.
                            abs | away-
                            j
                            -get-
                            prf | 
                    
                        | ‘Islam took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Chinese (Mandarin)
            tuōxià
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Zhāngsān | tuōxià | le | tā-de | chènshān | 
                    
                        | pn | take_off | pfv | he-
                            de | shirt | 
                    
                        | ‘Zhangsan took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Chirag
            čerišʷi
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: ABS | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | ʡa̰li-le | kːurtːe | če-r-ix-ub | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt(
                            abs
                            ) | super
                            -
                            elat
                            -throw:
                            pf
                            -
                            aor
                            .3 | 
                    
                        | ‘Ali took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Croatian
            skinuti
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Per-o | je | skinu-o | košulj-u | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            nom
                            .
                            sg | be.
                            prs
                            .3
                            sg | put_off(
                            pfv
                            )-
                            part
                            .
                            perf
                            .
                            m
                            .
                            sg | shirt-
                            acc
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Pero took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Czech
            sundat si
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petr | si | sunda-l | košil-i | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            m
                            )[
                            nom
                            .
                            sg
                            ] | refl
                            .
                            dat | put_off(
                            pfv
                            )-
                            pst
                            [
                            m
                            .
                            sg
                            ] | shirt(
                            f
                            )-
                            acc
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Petr took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Danish
            tage af
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Peter | tog | skjort-en | af | 
                    
                        | pn | take.
                            pst | shirt(
                            c
                            )-
                            def
                            .
                            sg | of | 
                    
                        | ‘Peter took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Dargwa (Itsari)
            či-r-ix-uj
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: ABS | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Islam-il | kːurtːi | či-r-ix-ub | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt(
                            abs
                            ) | on
                            -
                            el
                            -throw.
                            pfv
                            -
                            aor | 
                    
                        | ‘Islam took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Dargwa (Kadar)
            CL-až-es / CL-iž-es
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | meħamad-li | ħawa | b-až-ib | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt | n
                            -take_off.
                            pfv
                            -
                            pret | 
                    
                        | ‘Muhammad took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Dargwa (Kaytag)
            č:erhatara
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petja-l | penžek | č:erhat-ur | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | jacket | take_off.
                            pf
                            -
                            aor
                            (3) | 
                    
                        | ‘Petja took off his jacket.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Dargwa (Kubachi)
            
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | gal-di-l | awačan | či-haxʷ-aj | 
                    
                        | boy-
                            obl
                            -
                            erg | shirt | on
                            .
                            abl
                            -pull.
                            pfv
                            -3.
                            aor
                            .
                            tr | 
                    
                        | ‘The boy took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Dargwa (Tsudakhar)
            če-b-b-at-iz/če-b-b-alt-iz
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG/LOC(LAT) | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | uršːi-le | ħewa | če-b-b-at-ur | 
                    
                        | boy-
                            erg
                            /
                            loc
                            (
                            lat
                            ) | shirt | on
                            -
                            n
                            .
                            ess
                            -
                            n
                            -leave.
                            pfv
                            -
                            pret
                            (3) | 
                    
                        | ‘The boy took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Dargwa (Tsugni)
            če-rka-b-at-i / če-rka-b-alt-i
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | durħaˤ-li | awa | če-rka-b-at-ur | 
                    
                        | boy-
                            erg | shirt | on
                            .
                            abl
                            -
                            down
                            -
                            n
                            -leave.
                            pfv
                            -
                            pret
                            (3) | 
                    
                        | ‘The boy took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Dutch
            uittrekken
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Piet | heeft | zijn | hemd | uit-ge-trokk-en | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            c
                            ) | have.3
                            sg | poss
                            .
                            n
                            .3
                            sg | shirt(
                            n
                            ) | out-
                            ptcp
                            -pull-
                            ptcp | 
                    
                        | ‘Piet took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Enets (Forest)
            dʲika
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: OBL | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | modʲi | kasa-jʔ | lubaxa-da | dʲika | 
                    
                        | i | man-
                            nom
                            .
                            sg
                            .1
                            sg | cloth-
                            obl
                            .
                            sg
                            .3
                            sg | take_off(
                            pfv
                            ).3
                            sg
                            .
                            s | 
                    
                        | ‘My friend took off his shirt’. | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            English
            take off
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Peter | took | off | his | shirt. | 
                    
                        |  |  |  |  |  | 
                    
                        |  | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Estonian
            seljast võtma
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: GEN~PART~NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Peeter | võtt-is | särgi | selja-st | 
                    
                        | pn
                            .
                            sg
                            .
                            nom | take-
                            pst
                            .3
                            sg | shirt.
                            sg
                            .
                            gen | back-
                            ela | 
                    
                        | ‘Peeter took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Finnish
            riisua
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: GEN~PART~NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Pekka | riisu-i | paida-n | 
                    
                        | pn
                            .
                            nom | take.off-
                            pst
                            .3
                            sg | shirt-
                            gen | 
                    
                        | ‘Pekka took off the shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            French
            ôter
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Paul | a | ôté | sa | chemise | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            m
                            ) | have.
                            prs
                            .3
                            sg | take_off.
                            pst
                            .
                            ptcp
                            .
                            m | one’s.
                            sg
                            .
                            f | shirt(
                            f
                            ) | 
                    
                        | ‘Paul took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Gascon
            s'a tirat
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Pau | s’=a | tirat | la | camisa | 
                    
                        | pn | refl
                            =have.
                            prs
                            .3
                            sg | tear.
                            pst
                            .
                            ptcp | def
                            .
                            sg
                            .
                            f | shirt | 
                    
                        | ‘Pau took off the shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Gban
            bò
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Zá̰ | y | ä | í | dlȅké | bò | 
                    
                        | pn | 3
                            sg
                            \
                            pst | s/he/it | gen | shirt | remove[
                            pfv
                            .
                            hod
                            ] | 
                    
                        | ‘Zan took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Georgian
            ga-Ø-i-xd-i-s (FUT)
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | p'et're-m | p'erang-i | ga-Ø-i-xad-a | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt-
                            nom | prv
                            :outward-
                            do
                            3-
                            ver
                            :
                            s
                            -(un)dress-
                            s
                            3
                            sg
                            .
                            pst | 
                    
                        | ‘Petre took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            German
            ausziehen
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Karl | zieh-t | sein | Hemd | aus | 
                    
                        | pn
                            [
                            nom
                            .
                            sg
                            ] | pull-
                            prs
                            .3
                            sg | his[
                            n
                            .
                            acc
                            .
                            sg
                            ] | shirt[
                            acc
                            .
                            sg
                            ] | out | 
                    
                        | ‘Karl takes off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Hebrew (modern)
            paʃat
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Pinχas | paʃat | et | ha | χultsa | ʃel-o | 
                    
                        | pn | take.off[
                            pst
                            .3
                            sg
                            .
                            m
                            ] | do | def | shirt | poss
                            -3
                            sg
                            .
                            m | 
                    
                        | ‘Pinchas took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Hindi
            utār denā
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Pratīk | ne | apn-ī | kamīz | utār | dī | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            m
                            ).
                            sg
                            .
                            obl | erg | own-
                            f | shirt(
                            f
                            ).
                            sg
                            .
                            dir | take_down | give.
                            pfv
                            .
                            f
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Prateek took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Indonesian (standard)
            me-lepas-kan
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Ali | me-lepas-kan | kemeja-nya | 
                    
                        | pn | act
                            -free-
                            trns | shirt-3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Ali took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Irish
            bain do
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Do=bhain | Pól | dó | a | léine. | 
                    
                        | pst
                            =take_off | pn | from.3
                            sg | poss
                            .3
                            sg | shirt | 
                    
                        | ‘Pól took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Italian
            togliersi
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Leo | si | è | tolto | la | camicia | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            m
                            ) | refl | aux
                            .3
                            sg
                            .
                            prs | remove.
                            pst
                            .
                            ptcp
                            -
                            sg
                            .
                            m | def
                            .
                            sg
                            .
                            f | shirt-
                            sg
                            .
                            f | 
                    
                        | ‘Leo took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Karata
            boqaɬa
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | ʕali-l | gordi | b-oq-e | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt | n
                            -take_out-
                            pf | 
                    
                        | ‘Ali took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Kazakh
            šeš
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petya | žeyde-sі-n | šeš-tі | 
                    
                        | pn | shirt-
                            poss
                            3-
                            acc | take_off-
                            pst
                            1.3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Petya took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Khanty (Kazym)
            ԑŋχti
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | pet’a-j-en | jεrnas-λ | ԑŋχ-ǝs | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            ep
                            -
                            poss
                            .2
                            sg | shirt-
                            poss
                            .3
                            sg | put_off-
                            pst
                            [3
                            sg
                            ] | 
                    
                        | ‘Petja took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Khoekhoe
            ǁhû
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: OBL | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petru-b | ge | ǁî-b | di | hem-s-a | ge | ǁhû | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -3
                            m
                            .
                            sg | decl | 3-3
                            m
                            .
                            sg | poss | shirt-3
                            f
                            .
                            sg
                            -
                            obl | decl | take_off | 
                    
                        | ‘Peter took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Khwarshi
            j/eʁʷa
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: ABS | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | de | l-eʁ-ʁa | q'emqosa | 
                    
                        | 1
                            sg
                            .
                            erg | iv
                            -take.off-
                            pst
                            .
                            w | shawl(
                            iv
                            ) | 
                    
                        | ‘I took off my shawl.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Komi-Permyak
            чöвтыны
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Петя | чöвт-i-с | йöрнöс | 
                    
                        | pn | снимать-
                            prt
                            -3 | рубашка | 
                    
                        | ‘Петя снял рубашку.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Komi-Zyrian
            pe̮rč́č́i̮ni̮
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Pet'a | pe̮rč́č́-i-s | de̮re̮m-se̮ | 
                    
                        | pn | take_off-
                            pret
                            -3 | shirt-
                            acc
                            .
                            p
                            .3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Petja took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Kpelle (Guinean)
            kǔlo
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Hèhee | àá | ŋwɔ̀ | hèɣe-i | kúlo | gwàna | 
                    
                        | pn | 3
                            sg
                            .
                            prf | 3
                            sg
                            .
                            poss | shirt-
                            art | go_out | 3
                            sg
                            \neck.
                            loc | 
                    
                        | ‘Hehee took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Kryz (Alik)
            yauhayc
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | terlan-ir | pirem | yaha-du | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt(
                            f
                            ) | flay.
                            pfv
                            -
                            aor
                            .
                            f | 
                    
                        | ‘Terlan took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Kryz (Ismayilli)
            yevhac
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | aslan-ir | ugura | piram | yevʕa-du | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | m
                            .
                            refl
                            .
                            gen | shirt | f
                            .take_off-
                            aor
                            .
                            f | 
                    
                        | ‘Aslan took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Kryz (proper)
            yavhac
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | aslan-ir | ug | bihram | yavha-du | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | refl
                            .
                            m | shirt(
                            f
                            ) | f
                            .take_off.
                            pf
                            -
                            aor
                            .
                            f | 
                    
                        | ‘Aslan took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Kumyk
            čečmek
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | musa | göleg-in | čeč-d-i | 
                    
                        | pn | shirt-3
                            sg
                            .
                            acc | untie-
                            pst
                            -3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Musa took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Kurdish (Sorani)
            dakendin
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ.TR | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Hîwa | kiras-eke=î | da-kend-Ø | 
                    
                        | pn | shirt-
                            def
                            =3
                            sg
                            .
                            pc | prev
                            -pull.
                            pst
                            -3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Hiwa took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
            ji xwe kirin (tr)
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ.TR | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | zilam | kiras-ê | xwe | ji | xwe | kir | 
                    
                        | man | shirt-
                            ez
                            .
                            m | self | from | self | do.
                            pfv
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘The man took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Lak (Quba)
            
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: GEN | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Maħammad-lu-l | li<w>kː-und-i | huqa | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            obl
                            -
                            gen | <3>take.off-
                            aor
                            -3
                            p | shirt | 
                    
                        | ‘Mohammad took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Latin
            se devestio
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            NOM_ABL | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ABL | 
                    
                        | Locus: Y | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | (Pamphile) | omn-ibus | lacini-is | se | devesti-t | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            f
                            )
                            nom
                            .
                            sg | all-
                            abl
                            .
                            pl | garment(
                            f
                            )-
                            abl
                            .
                            pl | refl
                            .
                            acc | take_off[
                            prs
                            .
                            ind
                            ]-
                            act
                            .3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘(Pamphile) takes off all of her clothes.’ | 
                    
                        | Note: (Ap. Met. III, 21) | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Laz
            o-c'k'-u
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Käzim-i-k | po(r)ča-Ø | mo-Ø-i-c'k'-am-s | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            b
                            -
                            erg | shirt-
                            nom | prv
                            -
                            do
                            3-
                            ver
                            :
                            s
                            -put_on-
                            sm
                            -
                            s
                            3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Käzim is taking his shirt off.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Lezgian (Yargun)
            xttunin
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Sahib-a | pperem | xttun-na | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt | take_off-
                            aor | 
                    
                        | ‘Sahib took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Macedonian
            sleče
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petar | ja | sleče | košula-ta | 
                    
                        | pn | pro
                            .3
                            sg
                            .
                            f
                            .
                            acc | take_off(
                            pfv
                            ).
                            aor
                            .3
                            sg | shirt(
                            f
                            ).
                            sg
                            -
                            art
                            .
                            f
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Petar took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Maltese
            neħħa
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Ġwanni | neħħa | l-qmis | 
                    
                        | pn | remove.
                            pf
                            .
                            m
                            .3
                            sg | def
                            -shirt | 
                    
                        | ‘Ġwanni took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Maninka (Eastern)
            bɔ́
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Sékù | bára | à | lá | dìriki` | bɔ́. | 
                    
                        | pn | prf | 3
                            sg | poss | shirt\
                            art | exit | 
                    
                        | ‘Seku has taken off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Mano
            ɓō
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | ē | sɔ̄ | ɓō | 
                    
                        | 3
                            sg
                            .
                            pst | cloth | remove | 
                    
                        | ‘S/he took his shirt off.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Mansi (Northern)
            noxāŋxǝs
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | am | xot-āŋx-ǝs-l-um | i | nox-tājat-as-l-um | kūrtka-m | 
                    
                        | 1
                            sg | off-take_off-
                            pst
                            -
                            sg
                            .
                            o
                            -1
                            sg
                            .
                            s | and | up-hang-
                            pst
                            -
                            sg
                            .
                            o
                            -1
                            sg
                            .
                            s | jacket-
                            poss
                            .1
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘I took off and hung my jacket’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Mehweb
            -ates
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Islam-ini | ħawa | b-at-ur | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt | n
                            -take.off:
                            pfv
                            -
                            aor | 
                    
                        | ‘Islam took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Mingrelian
            mik'-Ø-i-nc'q'-un-s (FUT)
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | čelo-k | osare-Ø | ga-mk'-Ø-i-nc'q'-u | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt-
                            nom | pfv
                            -
                            prv
                            -
                            do
                            3-
                            ver
                            :
                            s
                            -take_off-
                            s
                            3
                            sg
                            .
                            pst | 
                    
                        | ‘Chelo took off (his) shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Nanai
            ačo-
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: OBL | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petia | tətuə-i | ačo-xa-ni | 
                    
                        | pn | garment-
                            p
                            .
                            refl
                            .
                            sg | take_off-
                            pst
                            -
                            p
                            .3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Petia took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Nivkh
            *
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            NA | 
                    
                        | X: * | 
                    
                        | Y: * | 
                    
                        | Locus: * | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | * | 
                    
                        | * | 
                    
                        | * | 
                    
                        | Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Norwegian Bokmål
            å ta av seg
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Per | tok | av | seg | skjort-a | 
                    
                        | pn | take.
                            pst | of | refl | shirt-
                            def
                            .
                            f
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Per took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Oromo (West Central)
            baasa
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ABS | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | obsaa-n | ʃamizii | isaa | of | irraa | baas-e | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            nom | shirt.
                            abs | 3
                            sg
                            .
                            m
                            .
                            poss | self | on.
                            abl | take_off-3
                            sg
                            .
                            m
                            .
                            pfv | 
                    
                        | ‘Obsa took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Persian
            dar āvardan
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | ahmad | lebās-aš-rā | dar-mī-āvar-ad | 
                    
                        | pn | clothes-
                            encl
                            .3
                            sg
                            -
                            acc | prev
                            -
                            cont
                            -bring.
                            prs
                            -3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Ahmad took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Polish
            zdjąć
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Ann-a | zdję-ł-a | koszul-ę | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            nom
                            .
                            sg | take_off:
                            pfv
                            -
                            pst
                            -
                            f
                            .3
                            sg | shirt-
                            acc
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Anna took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Portuguese (Brazilian)
            tirar
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Pedro | tir-ou | a | camisa | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            m
                            ) | remove-3
                            sg
                            .
                            pst | def
                            .
                            f | shirt(
                            f
                            ) | 
                    
                        | ‘Pedro took off the shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Romani (Kalderash)
            śudel pa peste
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | o | Murš-a | śuď-a | o | gad | pa | pes-te | 
                    
                        | art
                            .
                            m
                            .
                            dir
                            .
                            sg | pn
                            -
                            nom
                            .
                            sg | throw-
                            pst
                            .3
                            sg | art
                            .
                            m
                            .
                            dir
                            .
                            sg | shirt[
                            acc
                            .
                            sg
                            ] | from | oneself-
                            loc | 
                    
                        | ‘Murša took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Romanian
            a scoate
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petru | și-a | scos | cămaș-a | 
                    
                        | pn | refl
                            .
                            dat
                            -
                            aux
                            .3
                            sg | take_off.
                            pst
                            .
                            ptcp | shirt-
                            def
                            .
                            dir | 
                    
                        | ‘Petru took off the shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Russian
            snjatʹ
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Pet-ja | snja-l | rubašk-u | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            m
                            )-
                            nom
                            .
                            sg | put_off(
                            pfv
                            )-
                            pst
                            [
                            m
                            .
                            sg
                            ] | shirt(
                            f
                            )-
                            acc
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Petja took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Rutul (Kina)
            saɁ qiwir
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | rasul-a | saɁ | qi-wi-r | rubaška | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | down.
                            lat | re
                            -take.off.
                            pfv
                            -
                            cvb | shirt(
                            nom
                            ) | 
                    
                        | ‘Rasul took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Rutul (Mukhad)
            qhadžin
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | murad-a | rubaška | qhabdži-ri | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt(
                            a
                            ) | a
                            .take_off.
                            pf
                            -
                            aor | 
                    
                        | ‘Murad took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Rutul (Myukhrek)
            
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | duxvar-a | vıxın | saʔ | qhvapşı-r | 
                    
                        | son.
                            obl
                            -
                            erg | shirt(
                            a
                            ) | down | a
                            .take_off.
                            pf
                            -
                            aor | 
                    
                        | ‘Murad took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Rutul (Shin-Borch)
            eğlehin
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | murad-a | uxun | eğlevi-r | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | shirt(
                            a
                            ) | a
                            .lift.
                            pf
                            -
                            aor | 
                    
                        | ‘Murad took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Rutul (Shinaz)
            qhebdži-n
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | basir | qhebdži-r | vɨχɨn | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            erg
                            ) | a
                            .take_off.
                            pf
                            -
                            aor | shirt(
                            a
                            ) | 
                    
                        | ‘Basir took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Saami (Skolt)
            jäʹhssed
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Peâtt | jaauʹs-i | pääiʹd-es | 
                    
                        | pn
                            .
                            sg
                            .
                            nom | take.off-
                            pst
                            .3
                            sg | shirt.
                            sg
                            .
                            acc
                            -
                            poss
                            .3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Pete took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Sagada
            boʁa
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: ABS | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Ramazan-e | j-oʁ-ii | ged | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | ii
                            -take_off-
                            pst
                            .
                            w | shirt(
                            ii
                            ) | 
                    
                        | ‘Ramazan took off the shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Serbian
            skinuti
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petar | je | skinu-o | košulj-u | 
                    
                        | pn
                            .
                            nom
                            .
                            sg | be.
                            prs
                            .3
                            sg | put.off-
                            part
                            .
                            perf
                            .
                            m
                            .
                            sg | shirt-
                            acc
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Petar took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Shughni
            weδdow
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM.CL | 
                    
                        | Y: OBL | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Azim | xu | kurtā | weδ-d | 
                    
                        | pn | refl | shirt | put-
                            pst | 
                    
                        | ‘Azim took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Slovak
            vyzliecť si
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Peter | si | vyzlieko-l | košeľ-u | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            m
                            )[
                            nom
                            .
                            sg
                            ] | refl
                            .
                            dat | put_off(
                            pfv
                            )-
                            pst
                            [
                            m
                            .
                            sg
                            ] | shirt(
                            f
                            )-
                            acc
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Peter took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Slovenian
            sleči
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | An-a | je | slek-l-a | bluz-o | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            nom
                            .
                            sg | aux
                            .3
                            sg | take_off:
                            pfv
                            -
                            lpt
                            -
                            f
                            .
                            sg | shirt-
                            acc
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Ana took off her shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Spanish
            quitarse
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Pedro | se | ha | quita-do | la | camisa | 
                    
                        | pn
                            [
                            sg
                            .
                            m
                            ] | refl
                            .3
                            sg | aux
                            .3
                            sg | put_off-
                            ptcp
                            :
                            prf | art
                            .
                            def
                            .
                            sg
                            .
                            f | shirt[
                            sg
                            .
                            f
                            ] | 
                    
                        | ‘Pedro took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Svan
            Ø-i-k'ed (PRS)
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | maizer-d | pupäik'a-Ø | k-aː-Ø-t'k'id | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | jersey-
                            nom | prv
                            :
                            outward
                            -
                            prv
                            :
                            dist
                            -
                            do
                            3-undress | 
                    
                        | ‘Maizer took off (his) jersey.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Swedish
            att ta av sig
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Björn | tog | av | sig | sin | tröja | 
                    
                        | pn | take.
                            pst | of | refl | poss
                            .
                            refl
                            .
                            c
                            .
                            sg | shirt | 
                    
                        | ‘Björn took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Tabasaran (Kandyk)
            
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: ABS | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | maˁhaˁmad-ǯi | kurtka | qti<b>t-nu | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | jacket(
                            abs
                            ) | <
                            n
                            .
                            sg
                            >take.off-
                            pst | 
                    
                        | ‘Mahamad took off (his) jacket’. | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Tagalog
            hubarin
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ACT | 
                    
                        | Y: UND | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | h<in>ubad | ni | Pedro | ang | kaniya-ng | damit | 
                    
                        | <
                            pv
                            >
                            pfv
                            .take_off | pers
                            .
                            gen | pn | subj | 3.
                            sg
                            .
                            dat
                            -
                            lin | shirt | 
                    
                        | ‘Pedro took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Telugu
            viḍacēyu
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | pravīṇ | tana | cokka-ni | viḍacēsāḍu | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            m
                            ).
                            sg
                            .
                            nom | own | shirt(
                            n
                            ).
                            sg
                            .
                            obl
                            -
                            acc | undo.
                            pst
                            .3
                            sg
                            .
                            m | 
                    
                        | ‘Praveen took off/unbuttoned his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Tsakhur
            q:akkahiy
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: NOM | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | murad-ee | gurt | q:akkahi-yn | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            erg | jacket | (
                            n
                            )take_off.
                            pf
                            -
                            n | 
                    
                        | ‘Murad took off his jacket.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Tswana
            apola
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | ngw-ana | o-apots-e | bo-rokgwe | 
                    
                        | sg
                            -child(1) | s
                            i
                            :cl1-take.off.
                            prf
                            -
                            fv | sg
                            -pants(14) | 
                    
                        | ‘The child took off his pants.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Turkish
            çıkarmak
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Mehmet | gömleğ-i-ni | çıkar-dı | 
                    
                        | pn | shirt-
                            p
                            .3-
                            acc | extract-
                            pst | 
                    
                        | ‘Mehmet took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Turoyo
            šoləḥ
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Gabriyel | šləḥ-le | i | gomlak-ayḏe | 
                    
                        | pn | take_off.
                            pfv
                            -
                            ls
                            .3
                            m | art
                            .
                            f | shirt(
                            f
                            )-
                            p
                            .3
                            m | 
                    
                        | ‘Gabriyel took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Twi
            woro
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Kofi | woro-o | n’=atadeε | 
                    
                        | pn | take_off-
                            pst | 3
                            sg
                            .
                            poss
                            =shirt | 
                    
                        | ‘Kofi took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Udi
            c'eq'es
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: ERG | 
                    
                        | Y: ABS/DAT | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Anat'ol-in-en | urbaşk'-in-a | c'e=ne=q'-i | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            obl
                            -
                            erg | shirt-
                            obl
                            -
                            dat | take_off=3
                            sg
                            =
                            st
                            =
                            aor | 
                    
                        | ‘Anatolij took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Udmurt
            ki̮l'i̮ni̮
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Pet'a | derem-ze | ki̮l-iz | 
                    
                        | pn
                            .
                            nom | shirt-
                            poss
                            .3
                            sg
                            .
                            acc | take_off-
                            pst
                            .3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Petja took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Ukrainian
            znjaty
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petr-o | znja-v | soročk-u | 
                    
                        | pn
                            (
                            m
                            )-
                            nom
                            .
                            sg | put_off(
                            pfv
                            )-
                            pst
                            [
                            m
                            .
                            sg
                            ] | shirt(
                            f
                            )-
                            acc
                            .
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Petro took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Ulcha
            ačo-
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | ama | tətu-j | ačo-xa-ni | 
                    
                        | father | garment-
                            refl
                            .
                            sg | take_off-
                            pst
                            -3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Father took off his shirt (garment).’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Uzbek
            ečmoq
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Petya | ko’ylag-i-ni | eč-ti | 
                    
                        | pn | dress-
                            poss
                            .3
                            sg
                            -
                            acc | take_off-
                            pst
                            .3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Petja took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Wolof
            simmi
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ | 
                    
                        | Y: OBJ | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | xale | b-i | simmi | na | tubay-am | 
                    
                        | child(
                            b
                            ) | cl
                            b
                            -
                            def | take.off | prf
                            .s
                            i
                            :3
                            sg | pants(
                            b
                            )-
                            poss
                            :3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘The child took off his pants.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Yukaghir (Northern)
            kǝriǝs=
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: NOM | 
                    
                        | Y: ACC | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | Sǝmiǝn | urbа̄hа-lǝ | kǝriǝ-s-u-m | 
                    
                        | pn | shirt-
                            acc | fall-
                            caus
                            -0-
                            tr
                            .3
                            sg | 
                    
                        | ‘Semien took off his shirt.’ | 
                
             
         
     
    
        
            Zazaki
            
        
        
            
                
                    
                        | Valency pattern:
                            TR | 
                    
                        | X: SBJ.TR | 
                    
                        | Y: DO | 
                    
                        | Locus: TR | 
                
             
            
                
                    
                        | oxɨr-i | iʃlɨɡ-a | xo | vɛt-ə | 
                    
                        | pn
                            -
                            m
                            .
                            obl | shirt-
                            ez
                            .
                            f | refl | take.off-3
                            sg
                            .
                            f | 
                    
                        | ‘Oxir took his shirt off.’ |