BivalTyp

Japanese

Contributed by Yukari Konuma and Artemii Kuznetsov

A.K.'s photo

The Japanese data were initially provided and analyzed by Yukari Konuma in her capacity as a native speaker in 2011. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used at this stage. In 2026, the dataset was significantly reannotated based on Artemii Kuznetsov’s input, including corpus evidence, elicitation from native speakers, etc. The English version of the questionnaire was used at this stage.

How to cite

Konuma, Yukari & Artemii Kuznetsov. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Japanese. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on June 11, 2026; last revised on May 16, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain itai

Valency pattern: NOM(NO.EXALT)_NOM
X: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Y: NOM
Locus: X
watashi wa atama ga ita-i
i top head nom ache- npst
‘I have a headache.’

2. have (illness) kakaru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa infuruenza ni kakat-te-i-ru
pn top flu dat come.down.with- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo has the flu.’

3. be afraid kowai

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
watashi wa inu ga kowa-i
i top dog nom be_afraid- npst
‘I am afraid of the dog.’

4. throw nageru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō ga ishi o nage-ta
pn nom stone АСС throw- pst
‘Taroo threw a stone.’

5. have enough jūbun aru

Valency pattern: DAT(EXALT)_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: DAT(EXALT)
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: XY
Tarō ni wa o-kane ga jūbun ar-u
pn dat top hon -money nom enough be- npst
‘Taroo has enough money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

6. resemble niru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni ni-te-i-ru
pn top pn dat resemble- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo resembles Hanako.’

7. believe shinjiru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o shinji-te-i-ru
pn top pn acc believe- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo believes Hanako.’

8. take toru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa hon o tot-ta
pn top book acc take- pst
‘Taroo took a book.’

9. see mieru

Valency pattern: DAT(EXALT)_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: DAT(EXALT)
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: XY
Tarō ni wa ie ga mie-te-i-ru
pn dat top house nom be_visible- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo sees a house.’

10. influence eikyō suru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
nenrei wa kioku ni eikyō su-ru
age top memory dat influence vbz - npst
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter au

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni at-ta
pn top pn dat meet- pst
‘Taroo encountered Hanako.’

12. enter hairu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Tarō wa ie ni hait-ta
pn top house dat enter- pst
‘Taroo entered the house.’

13. win katsu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni kat-ta
pn top pn dat win- pst
‘Taroo beat Hanako.’

14. go out deru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa ie o de-ta
pn top house acc go_out- pst
‘Taroo went out of the house.’

15. drive ou

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa ushi o ot-te-i-ru
pn top cow acc drive- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is driving the cow.’

16. bend mageru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa eda o mage-ta
pn top branch acc bend- pst
‘Taroo bent the branch.’

17. tell iu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni it-ta
pn top pn dat say- pst
‘Taroo told Hanako.’

18. hold motsu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa hon o mot-te-i-ru
pn top book acc hold- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is holding a book.’

19. catch up oitsuku

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni oitsui-ta
pn top pn dat catch_up- pst
‘Taroo caught up with Hanako.’

20. milk chichi o shiboru

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Tarō wa ushi no chichi o shibot-ta
pn top cow gen milk acc squeeze- pst
‘Taroo milked the cow.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

21. reach tsuku

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa kishi ni tsui-ta
pn top shore dat reach- pst
‘Taroo reached the bank.’

22. touch fureru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa kabe ni fure-ta
pn top wall dat touch- pst
‘Taroo touched the wall.’

23. fight kenka suru

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Tarō ga Hanako to kenka shi-te-i-ru
pn nom pn com fight vbz - cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is fighting with Hanako.’

24. be friends shitashiku suru

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako to shitashi-ku shi-te-i-ru
pn top pn com friendly- adv vbz - cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is friends with Hanako.’

25. think kangaeru

Valency pattern: NOM_no.koto.o
X: NOM
Y: no.koto.o
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako no koto o kangae-te-i-ru
pn top pn gen matter acc think- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is thinking about Hanako.’

26. eat taberu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa ringo o tabe-ta
pn top apple acc eat- pst
‘Taroo ate an apple.’

27. fry yaku

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa sakana o yai-ta
pn top fish acc fry- pst
‘Taroo fried the fish.’

28. wait matsu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o mat-te-i-ru
pn top pn acc wait- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is waiting for Hanako.’

29. forget wasureru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa hoka no michi o wasure-ta
pn top other gen road acc forget- pst
‘Taroo forgot the other road.’

30. depend yoru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
kiokuryoku wa nenrei ni yor-u
memory top age dat depend- npst
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call yobu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o yon-da
pn top pn acc call- pst
‘Taroo called Hanako.’

32. get to know shiriau

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako to ichinen mae ni shiriat-ta
pn top pn com year earlier dat get_acquainted- pst
‘Taroo got to know Hanako a year ago.’

33. know shiru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o shit-te-i-ru
pn top pn acc get_to_know- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo knows Hanako.’

34. play (instrument) hiku

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa gitā o hii-te-i-ru
pn top guitar acc play- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid sakeru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o sake-te-i-ru
pn top pn acc avoid- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo avoids Hanako.’

36. make tsukuru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa bakudan o tsukut-ta
pn top bomb acc make- pst
‘Taroo made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun ijimeru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o ijime-te-i-ru
pn top pn acc make_fun- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is making fun of Hanako.’

38. have motsu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa kuruma o mot-te-i-ru
pn top car acc take- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo has a car.’

39. look for sagasu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa kagi o sagashi-te-i-ru
pn top key acc look_for- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is looking for the keys.’

40. paint nuru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa hei o nut-ta
pn top fence acc paint- pst
‘Taroo painted the fence.’

41. bite kamu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
inu ga Tarō o kan-da
dog nom pn acc bite- pst
‘A dog bit Taroo.’

42. forfeit ushinau

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa ie o ushinat-ta
pn top house acc forfeit- pst
‘Taroo lost his house.’

43. try to catch tsukamaeru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa neko o tsukamae-yō to shi-te-i-ru
pn top cat acc catch- hor quot vbz - cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break oru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa bō o ot-ta
pn top stick acc break- pst
‘Taroo broke a stick.’

45. flatter oseji o iu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni o-seji o it-te-i-ru
pn top pn dat hon -compliment acc tell- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is flattering Hanako.’

46. love (person) suki da

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ga suki da
pn top pn nom beloved cop . npst
‘Taroo loves Hanako.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

47. wave furu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō ga hankati o fut-te-i-ru
pn nom handkerchief acc wave- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream yumemiru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa shinsha o yumemi-te-i-ru
pn top new_car acc dream- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash arau

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa chawan o arat-ta
pn top cup acc wash- pst
‘Taroo washed the cup.’

50. put on haku

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa zubon o hai-ta
pn top trousers acc put_on- pst
‘Taroo put on his trousers.’

51. be called iu

Valency pattern: NOM_QUOT
X: NOM
Y: QUOT
Locus: Y
kono dōgu wa kompasu to i-u
pron . dem instrument top compass quot call- npst
‘This instrument is called a compass.’

52. punish bassuru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa jibun no musuko o basshi-ta
pn top pron . rfl gen son acc punish- pst
‘Taroo punished his son.’

53. attack osou

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kuma ga tsuribito o osot-ta
bear nom fisherman acc attack- pst
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) mitasareru

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
baketsu wa mizu de mitasa-re-ta
bucket top water ins fill- pass - pst
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

55. find mitsukeru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa kagi o mitsuke-ta
pn top key acc find- pst
‘Taroo found his keys.’

56. be short tariru + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT(EXALT)_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: DAT(EXALT)
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: XY
Tarō ni wa ichi-doru tari-nai
pn dat top one-dollar be_enough- neg
‘Taroo is one dollar short.’

57. hate kirai da

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ga kirai da
pn top pn nom disliked cop . npst
‘Taroo hates Hanako.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like ki ni iru

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
Tarō wa kono shatsu ga ki ni it-te-i-ru
pn top pron . dem shirt nom mood dat enter- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo likes this shirt.’

59. need iru

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
Tarō wa o-kane ga ir-u
pn top hon -money nom need- npst
‘Taroo needs money.’

60. surround kakomu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kabe ga machi o kakon-de-i-ru
wall nom city acc surround- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain nokoru

Valency pattern: DAT(EXALT)_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: DAT(EXALT)
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: XY
Tarō ni wa jū-doru nokot- te-i-ru
pn dat top ten-dollar remain- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo has ten dollars left.’

62. answer kotaeru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa sensei ni kotae-ta
pn top teacher dat answer- pst
‘Taroo answered the teacher.’

63. open akeru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa kan o ake-ta
pn top can acc open- pst
‘Taroo opened a can.’

64. be different chigau

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
boku no shatsu wa kimi no to wa chigat-te-i-ru
1. sg . m gen shirt top 2. sg sbstv com top be_different- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind okureru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni okure-ta
pn top pn dat fall_behind- pst
‘Taroo fell behind Hanako.’

66. plough tagayasu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa hatake o tagayashi-te-i-ru
pn top field acc plough- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is ploughing the field.’

67. smell nioi ga suru

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
watashi no te wa gasorin no nioi ga su-ru
i gen hand top gasoline gen smell nom vbz - npst
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross wataru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa michi o watat-ta
pn top road acc cross- pst
‘Taroo crossed the road.’

69. sing utau

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa utsukushii uta o utat-ta
pn top beautiful song acc sing- pst
‘Taroo sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kaku

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa tegami o kai-ta
pn top letter acc write- pst
‘Taroo wrote a letter.’

71. drink nomu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa gyūnyū o non-da
pn top milk acc drink- pst
‘Taroo drank the milk.’

72. melt tokasu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa namari no katamari o tokashi-ta
pn top lead gen piece acc melt- pst
‘Taroo melted a piece of lead.’

73. match au

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
kono beruto wa watashi no wanpīsu ni a-u
pron . dem belt top i gen dress dat match- npst
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave saru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa kokyō no machi o sat-ta
pn top homeland gen city acc leave- pst
‘Taroo left his native city.’

75. cover ōu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
jūtan wa yuka zentai o ōt-te-i-ru
carpet top floor all acc cover- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember oboeru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa ie o yoku oboe-te-i-ru
pn top house acc well remember- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo remembers the house well.’

77. help tetsudau

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o tetsudat-ta
pn top pn acc help- pst
‘Taroo helped Hanako.’

78. understand (language) wakaru

Valency pattern: DAT(EXALT)_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: DAT(EXALT)
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: XY
Tarō ni wa furansu-go ga wakar-u
pn dat top f rance-language nom understand- npst
‘Taroo understands French.’

79. hit (target) ochiru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
kaminari ga ie ni ochi-ta
lightning nom house dat get- pst
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself kega suru

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Tarō wa kamisori de kega shi-ta
pn top razor ins wound vbz - pst
‘Taroo cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck kuttsuku

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
koppu ga tе̄buru ni kuttsui-ta
glass nom table dat stick- pst
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) makeru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni make-ta
pn top pn dat lose- pst
‘Taroo lost to Hanako.’

83. be glad yorokobu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa tegami ni yorokon-da
pn top letter dat rejoice- pst
‘Taroo was glad about the letter.’

84. speak hanasu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Tarō ga Hanako to hanashi-te-i-ru
pn nom pn com talk- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is speaking with Hanako.’

85. give birth umu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Hanako wa otoko-no ko o un-da
pn top man- gen child acc give_birth- pst
‘Hanako gave birth to a son.’

86. drop otosu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa koppu o otoshi-ta
pn top glass acc drop- pst
‘Taroo dropped the glass.’

87. govern kanri suru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa ware~ware no machi o kanri shi-te-i-ru
pn top 1. sg ~ pl gen village acc management vbz - cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo runs our village.’

88. miss koishii

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
watashi wa Hanako ga koishi-i
i top pn nom miss- npst
‘I miss Hanako.’

89. follow tsuiteiku

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni tsuiteik-u
pn top pn dat follow- npst
‘Taroo follows Hanako.’

90. dismount oriru

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Tarō wa uma kara ori-ta
pn top horse abl go_down- pst
‘Taroo got down from the horse.’

91. listen kiku

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa rajio o kii-te-i-ru
pn top radio acc listen- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is listening to radio.’

92. obey iu koto o kiku

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Tarō wa hahaoya no i-u koto o kik-u
pn top mother gen say- npst subst acc listen- npst
‘Taroo always listens to what his mother is saying.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

93. hear kikoeru

Valency pattern: DAT(EXALT)_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: DAT(EXALT)
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: XY
Tarō ni wa ongaku ga kikoe-te-i-ru
pn dat top music nom be_audible- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo hears the music.’

94. mix mazaru

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
hachimitsu wa gyūnyū to mazat-ta
honey top milk com mix- pst
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look miru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa amagumo o mi-te-i-ru
pn top cloud acc look- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off nugu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa shatsu o nui-da
pn top shirt acc take_off- pst
‘Taroo took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) yume ni arawareru

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Tarō no yume ni Hanako ga araware-ru
pn gen dream dat pn nom emerge- npst
‘Taroo dreams about Hanako.’

98. agree sansei suru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni sansei shi-ta
pn top pn dat agreement vbz - pst
‘Taroo agreed with Hanako.’

99. have a quarrel kōron suru

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako to kōron shi-ta
pn top pn com quarrel vbz - pst
‘Taroo had a quarrel with Hanako.’

100. cost kakaru

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
kono kuruma wa taikin ga kakar-u
prn . dem car top fortune nom cost- npst
‘This car costs a fortune.’

101. shoot at utsu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa tori o ut-ta
pn top bird acc shoot- pst
‘Taroo shot at the bird.’

102. pour ireru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa satō o ire-ta
pn top sugar acc put_in- pst
‘Taroo poured the sugar.’

103. lose nakusu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa kagi o nakushi-ta
pn top key acc lose- pst
‘Taroo lost the keys.’

104. sink shizumu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
takigi wa mizu ni shizun-da
log top water dat sink- pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill korosu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o koroshi-ta
pn top pn acc kill- pst
‘Taroo killed Hanako.’

106. hit naguru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o nagut-ta
pn top pn acc hit- pst
‘Taroo hit Hanako.’

107. kiss kuchizuke suru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni kuchizuke shi-ta
pn top pn dat kiss vbz - pst
‘Taroo kissed Hanako.’

108. read yomu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa omoshiroi hon o yon-da
pn top interesting book acc read- pst
‘Taroo read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ugokasu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa yubi o ugokashi-ta
pn top finger acc move- pst
‘Taroo moved his finger.’

110. respect sonkei suru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o sonkei shi-te-i-ru
pn top pn acc respect vbz - cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo respects Hanako.’

111. be squeamish iya da

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
watashi wa kitanai shokki ga iya da
i top dirty dishes nom squeamish cop . npst
‘I am squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content manzoku da

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa jibun no musuko ni manzoku da
pn top pron . rfl gen son dat content cop . npst
‘Taroo is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love koi suru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni koi shi-ta
pn top pn dat love vbz - pst
‘Taroo fell in love with Hanako.’

114. trust shinyō suru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o shinyō shi-te-i-ru
pn top pn acc trust vbz - cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo trusts Hanako.’

115. sympathise kawaisō da

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
Tarō wa jibun no haha ga kawaisō da
pn top pron . rfl gen mother nom pitiful cop . npst
‘Taroo sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy urayamashii

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
watashi wa Hanako ga urayamashi-i
i top pn nom envy- npst
‘I envy Hanako.’

117. be angry okoru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni okot-te-i-ru
pn top pn dat be_angry- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is angry with Hanako.’

118. be surprised odoroku

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa sono purezento ni odoroi-ta
pn top pron . dem present dat be_surprised- pst
‘Taroo was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) suki da

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
Tarō wa o-cha ga suki da
pn top hon -tea nom beloved cop . npst
‘Taroo loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy tanoshimu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa atsu-i o-cha o tanoshin-de-i-ru
pn top hot- npst hon -tea acc enjoy- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo enjoys hot tea.’

121. want hoshii

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.EXALT)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.EXALT)
Locus: Y
watashi wa atarashi-i keitaidenwa ga hoshi-i
i top new- npst mobile_phone nom want- npst
‘I want a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge okoru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni okot-te-i-ru
pn top pn dat be_angry- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo holds a grudge against Hanako.’

123. take offence okoru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni okot-ta
pn top pn dat be_angry - pst
‘Taroo took offence at Hanako.’

124. upset rakutan saseru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o totemo rakutan sa-se-ta
pn top pn acc very disappointment vbz - caus - pst
‘Taroo greatly upset Hanako.’
Note: This is a causative construction.

125. marvel odoroku

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa sono machi ni odoroi-ta
pn top pron . dem city dat be_surprised- pst
‘Taroo was impressed by this town.’

126. despise sagesumu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o sagesun-de-i-ru
pn top pn acc despise- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo despises Hanako.’

127. get upset gakkari suru

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa jibun no musuko ni gakkari shi-ta
pn top pron . rfl gen son dat disappointment vbz - pst
‘Taroo got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated iradatsu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa jibun no musume ni iradat-te-i-ru
pn top pron . rfl gen daughter dat be_irritated- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond kōkan o motsu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Tarō wa Hanako ni kōkan o mot-te-i-ru
pn top pn dat fondness acc have- cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is fond of Hanako.’

130. be shy ki ni suru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa jibun no shinchō o ki ni shi-te-i-ru
pn top pron . rfl gen height acc feeling dat vbz - cvb - aux . impfv - npst
‘Taroo is embarrassed about his height.’