‘speak’
| Argument frame: |
X
(speak) with
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(I am looking for P. When I enter the room I see that)
P.
is speaking with
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
разговаривать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(разговаривать) с
Y
-ом
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Я искал П. Когда я вошел в комнату, я увидел, что)
П.
разговаривает с
М
.
|
Abaza
a(j).ĉaẑa
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| murád |
sará |
s-aχš’á |
d-l-á.ĉaẑ-əj-d |
|
pn
|
i
|
1
sg
.
io
-sister
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-talk-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad is speaking with my sister.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
de-gʷəšʼəʔe
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r |
bzəλfəʁe–gʷere-m |
d-e-gʷəšʼəʔe |
|
teacher-
abs
|
woman–some-
obl
|
com
-
dyn
-speak
|
| ‘The teacher is speaking with some woman.’ |
Aghul
raχ.a-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
meʜemed.i-qaj |
raχ.a-a |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
speak.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is speaking with Muhammad.’ |
Alik Kryz
vacnic
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| terlan |
rasul-zina |
acan-aʕaca |
|
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
talk.
ipfv
-
prog
.
m
|
| ‘Terlan is speaking with Rasul.’ |
Archi
baˁːbus
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| paša |
marin-ni-ɬːu |
baˁːbuˁ-r-ši |
w-i |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
talk-
ipfv
-
advz
|
1-be
|
| ‘Pasha is speaking with Marina.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
hamzəm
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| +avvo |
sava |
hamzum=əl |
mən |
brat-u |
|
dem
3.
m
|
old.
m
|
speak.
prog
=3
m
|
from
|
girl(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘This oldman is speaking with a girl.’ |
| Note: Some speakers use preposition am. |
Avar
gargadize
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_gun
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: gun |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali |
aħmad |
gun |
gargad-ile-w |
w-uk’-ana |
|
pn
|
pn
|
with
|
chat-
fut
.
ptcp
-
m
|
m
-be-
aor
|
| ‘Ali is speaking with Ahmad.’ |
Azerbaijani
danışmaq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ile
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ile |
| Locus: Y |
| Aslan |
Rǝsul-la |
danış-ır |
|
pn
|
pn
-with
|
talk-
ipfv
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’ |
| Note: The suffix "-la" is a contracted form of the postposition "ilǝ". |
Bafut
ɣàâ
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ni
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ni |
| Locus: Y |
| àmbɛ́ |
à |
ɣàâ-nᵼ̀ |
nᵼ̀ |
sùù |
|
pn
|
sm
|
speak-
ipfv
|
with1
|
pn
|
| ‘Ambe is speaking with Suh.’ |
Bambara
bàro
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_fe
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: fe |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bɛ́_kà |
bàro |
Fántà |
fɛ̀ |
|
pn
|
prog
|
talk
|
pn
|
by
|
| ‘Seku speaks with Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
conversar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
está |
convers-ando |
com |
Miguel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
talk-
prog
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is talking to Miguel.’ |
Budugh
ħaraq'ar
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zin
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zin |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
rosul-u-zin |
ħaraq'ar-a'vi |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-with
|
(
m
)talk.
ipf
-
prog
|
| ‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’ |
Catalan
parlar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_amb
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: amb |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
està |
parl-ant |
amb |
en |
Marc |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
talk-
ger
|
with
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere is speaking with Marc.’ |
Chechen
q’amial AGR-o
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_INS
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam-as |
Nadir-aca |
q’amial |
d-o |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
ins
|
talk.
abs
|
d
-make.
prs
|
| ‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’ |
Chirag
b-uši
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| ʡa̰le |
rasul-li-cːille |
ux-le |
|
pn
(
abs
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
(
m
.
sg
)talk-
dur
.
prs
.3
|
| ‘Ali is speaking with Rasul.’ |
Czech
mluvit
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
mluví |
s |
Michal-em |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is speaking with Michal.’ |
Danish
tale
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
stå-r |
og |
tale-r |
med |
Marie |
|
pn
|
stand-
prs
|
and
|
talk-
prs
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter stands and speaks with Marie.’ |
Dutch
praten
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: met |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
praa-t |
met |
Marie |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
speak-3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet is speaking with Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
bàdo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
yé |
Fántà |
bàdo` |
lá |
jìn` |
kɔ́nɔ. |
|
pn
|
be
|
pn
|
talk\
art
|
at
|
yard\
art
|
in
|
| ‘Seku is speaking with Fanta in the yard.’ |
English
speak
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_with
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: with |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
speaking |
with |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
rääkima
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
räägi-b |
Mareti-ga |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
com
|
| ‘Peeter is speaking with Maret.’ |
Finnish
puhua
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENkanssa
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENkanssa |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
puhu-u |
Mati-n |
kanssa |
|
pn
.
nom
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
|
with
|
| ‘Pekka is speaking with Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲɔrir
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-xane-da |
dʲɔriŋa |
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
loc
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
talk(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is speaking with Vasja’. |
French
parler
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: NDIR.OBJ |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
parle |
à |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
talk.
prs
.3
sg
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul is speaking to Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s |
Ø-e-lap'arak'-eb-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-talk-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Petre is speaking with Masho.’ |
German
sprechen
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_mitDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: mitDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
sprich-t |
mit |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is speaking with Marie.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
lóno kɛ́
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Pépèe |
dà |
Hɛ́ni |
dì |
káa |
lóno |
kɛ́-ì |
|
pn
|
3.and
|
pn
|
3
pl
|
cop
|
speech
|
make-
inf
|
| ‘Pepee is speaking with Heni.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Hindi
bāt karnā
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_ABL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Pratīk |
Mohan |
se |
bāt |
kar |
rah-ā |
hɛ. |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
dir
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
abl
|
matter(
f
).
sg
.
dir
|
do
|
dur
-
m
.
sg
|
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Prateek is talking to Mohan.’ |
Icari Dargwa
ʁaj-ik'ʷ-araj
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_ILL.COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: ILL.COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam |
Nadir-ri-cːi-lli |
ʁaj-ik'ʷ-il-ca=w |
|
pn
.
abs
|
pn
-
obl
-
ill
-
com
|
conversation-(
m
)
lv
:
ipf
-
conv
-
cop
=
m
|
| ‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’ |
Irish
caintigh
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Tá |
Pól |
ag |
caint |
le |
Máire. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
speak.
nmlz
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól is speaking with Máire.’ |
Ismayilli Kryz
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
rasul-a |
q'ina |
acan-e |
|
pn
|
pn
-
iness
|
ins
|
talk.
ipf
-
prs
.
m
|
| ‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’ |
Italian
parlare
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
parl-a |
con |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
talk-3
sg
.
prs
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo talks to Maria.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
ʁaj-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_AD
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: AD |
| Locus: Y |
| meħamad |
ʁaj-0-uk'-u-le |
w-0-ar |
ʡaˤšura-li-ču |
|
pn
|
speech-
m
-say.
ipfv
-
prs
-
cvb
|
m
-be.
ipfv
-
th
|
pn
-
obl
-
ad
|
| ‘Muhammad is speaking with Ashura.’ |
Kalderash Romani
divinil
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
divini-l |
la |
Marijk-asa |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša is speaking with Marijka.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_POST.DIR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: POST.DIR |
| Locus: Y |
| dadi-ji |
fatima.jj-q-ǯi |
gaf-ar |
ap’-ura |
|
mother-
erg
|
pn
-
post
-
dir
|
word-
pl
|
do-
prs
|
| ‘The mother is speaking with Fatima’. |
Karata
ʁwaaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali |
aħmat’-i-k’el |
ʁoda |
idja |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
talk.
ipf
|
cop
|
| ‘Ali is speaking with Ahmat.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
ʁajkik’vara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTEREL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INTEREL |
| Locus: Y |
| petja |
miša-c:ir |
ʁajkik’-ul |
|
pn
|
pn
-
interel
|
talk.
ipf
-evt
|
| ‘Petja is speaking with Misha.’ |
Kazakh
söyles
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša-men |
söyle-s-іp |
žatïr |
|
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
talk-
rec
-
cvb
|
lie.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is speaking with Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
pǒtǝrtti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpila
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMpila |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-en |
piλa |
pǒtǝrt-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
with
|
speak-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǃhoa
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_kha
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: kha |
| Locus: Y |
| Petru-b |
ge |
Maria-s |
ǀkha |
ra |
ǃhoa |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
|
with
|
ipfv
|
speak
|
| ‘Peter is speaking with Maria’ |
Khwarshi
una
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| habsaʕаt |
šamil |
maduʁale:=ge |
una-ha |
gołe |
|
now
|
pn
|
neighbor=
com
|
speak-
prs
|
aux
.
prs
|
| ‘Now Shamil is speaking with a neighbor.’ |
Kina Rutul
halgara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
nadir-ɨ-kan |
halga-r=a |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
1.talk.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul is speaking with Nadir.’ |
Kryz Proper
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENqan
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENqan |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
rasul-q'an |
uxa-ra |
ʕaci |
|
pn
|
pn
-with
|
sing.
ipf
-
simul
|
be_in.
m
|
| ‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’ |
Kumyk
söjlemek
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMbulan
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMbulan |
| Locus: Y |
| patimat |
musa |
bulan |
söj-le-j |
|
pn
|
pn
|
with
|
(talk)-
vblz
-3
sg
|
| ‘Patimat is speaking with Musa.’ |
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
axaftin (tr/intr)
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.INTR_biOBLre
|
| X: SBJ.INTR |
| Y: biOBLre |
| Locus: Y |
| duh |
zilam |
bi |
jinik-ê |
re |
axivî |
|
yesterday
|
man
|
with
|
woman-
obl
.
f
|
to
|
speak.
pfv
.3
sg
|
| ‘Yesterday the man talked to the woman.’ |
Latin
colloquor
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_cumABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: cumABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Socrates |
in |
eo |
libr-o |
colloqui-tur |
cum |
Critobul-o |
|
pn
(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
in
|
this.
abl
.
sg
.
m
|
book(
m
)-
abl
.
sg
|
converse[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
abl
.
sg
|
| ‘Socrates talks (about it) with Critobulus in this book.’ |
| Note: (Cic. Cato Maior de Senectute. 59, 6) |
Laz
o-sinap-u
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SOC
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Käzim-i-k |
Fatma-k'ala |
Ø-i-sinap-am-s |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
pn
-
pstp
:
soc
|
s
3-
ver
:
s
-talk-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Käzim is talking with Fatma.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
tánhuà
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_he
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: he |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
hé |
Lǐsì |
tánhuà |
|
pn
|
prog
|
with
|
pn
|
speak
|
| ‘Zhangsan is speaking with Lisi.’ |
Mano
mɛ́ŋ́ ɓō
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_lee
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: lee |
| Locus: Y |
| ŋ́ŋ̀ |
mɛ́ŋ́ |
ɓō |
ī |
lɛ̀ɛ̄ |
|
1
sg
.
ipfv
|
judgement
|
remove:
ipfv
|
2
sg
|
to
|
| ‘I speak with you.’ |
Mehweb
-uʜaˤq'as (RES)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam |
uʜaˤq'-uwe |
le-w |
Nadir-li-ču |
|
pn
|
m
.talk:
ipfv
-
cvb
|
be-
m
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
| ‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-u-ragad-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
anučia-s |
Ø-u-ragad-u(n)-Ø |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-talk-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo is talking to Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
medaber
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_im
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: im |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
medaber |
im |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
speak[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas is speaking with Menachem.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
halgın
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| murad |
q'urban-ı-xvan |
halga-ra |
a |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
m
.speak.
ipf
-
simul
|
be_in
|
| ‘Murad is speaking with Kurban.’ |
Nanai
gusərəndu-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
Maša-ǯi |
gusərə-ndu-j-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
tell-
soc
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is speaking with Masha.’ |
Nivkh
qlajd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COM
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
Ajsana-ɣin |
qlaj-d |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
.
sg
|
talk-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is speaking with Ajsana.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
ʁuruƛ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| pataħi |
musa-k’ena |
ʁw-ere |
wuč-ani |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
speak-
simul
|
m
.find-
aor
|
| ‘Patahi is speaking with Musa.’ |
Northern Mansi
potǝrti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMjot |
| Locus: Y |
| jēn’a |
potǝrt-i |
mārja |
jot |
|
pn
|
speak-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
pn
|
com
|
| ‘Eugene speaks to Mary.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
nˈiǝdˈi=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-nˈǝŋ |
nˈiǝdˈi-nu-j |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
speak-
ipf
-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is speaking with Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å snakke
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
snakke-t |
med |
Ola |
|
pn
|
speak-
pst
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Per is speaking with Ola.’ |
Polish
rozmawiać
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Staszek |
rozmawia |
z |
Adam-em |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Staszek is speaking with Adam.’ |
Russian
razgovarivatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
razgovariva-et |
s |
Maš-ej |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
speak(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’ |
Serbian
pričati
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
priča |
sa |
Marij-om |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
speak.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
|
| ‘Petar is speaking with Maria.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
halgɨ-n
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| basir |
halga-r |
a |
karam-ɨxvan |
|
pn
|
m
.talk.
ipf
-
simul
|
exist
|
pn
-
com
|
| ‘Basir is speaking with Karam.’ |
Shughni
naqli čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim |
Lola=qati |
naqli |
kix̌-t |
|
pn
|
pn
=
ins
|
conversation
|
do-3
sg
|
| ‘Azim is speaking with Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
mainsted
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
maainast |
Määrja-in |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
speak.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
com
|
| ‘Pete is speaking with Maria’ |
Slovak
hovoriť
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
hovorí |
s |
Mark-om |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
speak(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is speaking with Marek.’ |
Slovenian
pogovarjati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
se |
pogovarja |
s |
Pavl-om |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
speak:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is speaking with Pavel.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
qise kirdîn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.TR_legel
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: legel |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
xerîk-e |
legeɫ |
Perî-î |
qise |
de-k-a |
|
pn
|
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
obl
|
talking
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa is speaking with Peri.’ |
| Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument. |
Southern Rutul
halgın
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| murad |
aydın-ı-xhvan |
halga-r |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
m
.
ipf
.talk-
prs
|
| ‘Murad is speaking with Aydin.’ |
Spanish
hablar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
habla-ba |
con |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
speak-
impf
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro was talking to Maria.’ |
Standard Arabic
taḥaddaṯa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_maaGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: maaGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Badr-un |
yataḥaddaṯu |
maʕa |
Maryam-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
talk.
ipf
.3
m
|
with
|
pn
-
gen
|
| ‘Badr is speaking with Maryam.’ |
Svan
x-a-gǝrg-äl-i (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| maizer-Ø |
lile-s |
x-a-gǝrg-äl-i |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-talk-
vpl
-
prs
|
| ‘Maizer is talking to Lile.’ |
Swedish
att prata
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
prata-r |
med |
Maja |
|
pn
|
speak-
prs
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn is speaking with Maja.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| na-ki~ki-pag-usap |
si |
Pedro |
kay |
Miguel |
|
av
-
soc
~
ipfv
-
nom
-communicate
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
pers
.
dat
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro is speaking with Miguel.’ |
Telugu
māṭlāḍu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
maheṣ-tō |
māṭlāḍutunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
com
|
speak.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is speaking with Mahesh.’ |
Tsakhur
yušan haʔiy
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| murad |
aydın-ı-kva |
yušan |
vo-r |
haʔa |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
word
|
cop
-
h
|
n
.do.
ipf
|
| ‘Murad is speaking with Aydin.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
ʁaj b-ič'-iz
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| uršːi |
juldaš-li-c:ila |
ʁaj |
ik'-ule=saj |
|
boy
|
friend-
obl
-
com
|
speech
|
(
m
)say-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is speaking with his friend.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
ʁaj b-ik'-i
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| durħaˤ |
zumra-сːala |
ʁaj |
w-ik'-ule=caj |
|
boy
|
neighbor-
com
|
speech
|
m
-say-
cnv
.
prog
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is speaking with his neighbor.’ |
Turkish
konuşmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
Orhan-la |
konuş-uyor |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
talk-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is speaking with Orhan.’ |
Turoyo
məǧġəl
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_7am
|
| X: SBJ.SS |
| Y: 7am |
| Locus: Y |
| Gabriyel |
ko-məǧġəl |
ʕam |
Yuḥanən |
|
pn
|
prs
-speak.
ipfv
.3
m
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Gabriyel is speaking with Yuḥanən.’ |
Twi
kasa
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Kofi |
ne |
nanabarima |
re-kasa |
|
pn
|
conj
|
grandfather
|
prog
-speak
|
| ‘Kofi is speaking with grandfather.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Udmurt
вераськыны
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Петя |
Маша- |
ен вераськ-е |
|
pn
.
nom
|
pn
-
ins
|
speak-
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is speaking with Masha.’ |
Ulcha
určulun-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| ama |
əńi-ǯi |
určulun-di-ni |
|
father
|
mother-
ins
|
talk-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father is speaking with mother.’ |
Uzbek
gaplašmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_bilan
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: bilan |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša |
bilan |
gaplaš-ib |
o’tir-ib-ti |
|
pn
|
pn
|
with
|
talk-
cvb
|
sit-
prs
4-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is speaking with Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
odeessa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABSwaddzin
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABSwaddzin |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n |
tolaa |
waddʒin |
odeess-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
with
|
speak-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is speaking with Tola.’ |
Wolof
waxtaan
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ak
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ak |
| Locus: Y |
| dem-al |
waxtaan |
ak |
Usmaan |
|
go-
imp
.
sg
|
converse
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Go talk to Usmaan!’ lit. ‘Go converse with Usmaan!’ |
Yargun Lezgian
lükˈvenin
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUB/POSTgalaz
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUB/POSTgalaz |
| Locus: Y |
| Sahib |
Eldar-a |
galaz |
lükˈven-zva |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
(
sub
/
post
)
|
with
|
speak-
prs
|
| ‘Sahib is speaking with Eldar.’ |
Zazaki
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.TR_de.PSTP
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: de.PSTP |
| Locus: Y |
| oxɨr |
ajɛ=də |
qɨsɛj |
kɛ-n-o |
|
oxɨr
|
3
sg
.
f
.
obl
=at
|
speech
|
do.
prs
-
aug
-3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Oxir is speaking with her.’ |
Zilo Andi
j-edːo-mado
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati |
marjam=lojɡu |
j-edːo-mado |
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
pn
=
com
|
f
-talk.
pst
-
prog
|
| ‘Patimat is talking with Mariam.’ |