BivalTyp

English

Contributed by Dmitry Nikolaev (Academia.edu profile) and Johanna Nichols.

D.N.'s photo

How to cite

Nikolaev, Dmitry & Johanna Nichols. 2023. Bivalent patterns in English. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on June 9, 2023; last revised on June 9, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain have X-ache

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peter has a headache.
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

2. have (illness) have

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter has the flu.

3. be afraid be afraid

Valency pattern: SBJ_of
X: SBJ
Y: of
Locus: Y
Peter is afraid of the dog.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter threw a stone first.

5. have enough have enough

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Now Peter has enough money.
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble resemble

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter resembles Mary.

7. believe believe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter believes Mary.

8. take take

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter took a book from the shelf.

9. see see

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter sees a house.

10. influence influence

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Age influences memory.

11. encounter encounter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter encountered Mary.

12. enter enter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter entered the house.

13. win beat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter beat Mary.

14. go out go out

Valency pattern: SBJ_of
X: SBJ
Y: of
Locus: Y
Peter went out of the house.

15. drive drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter is driving the cow to the pasture.

16. bend bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter bent the branch.

17. tell tell

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter told Mary: ‘Call me this evening.’

18. hold hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter is holding a book.

19. catch up catch up

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter caught up with Mary.

20. milk milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter milked the cow.

21. reach reach

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter reached the bank.

22. touch touch

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter touched the wall.

23. fight fight

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter is fighting with Mary.

24. be friends be friends

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter is friends with Mary.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think think

Valency pattern: SBJ_about
X: SBJ
Y: about
Locus: Y
Peter is thinking about Mary.

26. eat eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter ate an apple.

27. fry fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter fried the fish.

28. wait wait

Valency pattern: SBJ_for
X: SBJ
Y: for
Locus: Y
Peter is waiting for Mary.

29. forget forget

Valency pattern: SBJ_about
X: SBJ
Y: about
Locus: Y
Peter forgot about the other road.

30. depend depend

Valency pattern: SBJ_on
X: SBJ
Y: on
Locus: Y
Memory depends on age.

31. call call

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter called Mary.

32. get to know get to know

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter got to know Mary a year ago.

33. know know

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter knows Mary.

34. play (instrument) play

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter is playing the guitar.

35. avoid avoid

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter avoids Mary.

36. make make

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter made a mousetrap.

37. make fun make fun

Valency pattern: SBJ_of
X: SBJ
Y: of
Locus: Y
Peter is making fun of Mary.

38. have have

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter has a car.

39. look for look

Valency pattern: SBJ_for
X: SBJ
Y: for
Locus: Y
Peter is looking for his keys.

40. paint paint

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter painted the fence.

41. bite bite

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
A dog bit Peter.

42. forfeit lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter lost his house.

43. try to catch try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter is trying to catch the cat.

44. break break

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter broke a stick.

45. flatter flatter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter is flattering Mary.

46. love (person) love

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter loves Mary.

47. wave wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter is waving a handkerchief.

48. dream dream

Valency pattern: SBJ_of
X: SBJ
Y: of
Locus: Y
Peter is dreaming of a new car.

49. wash wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter washed the cup.

50. put on put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter put on his trousers.

51. be called be called

Valency pattern: SBJ_BARE
X: SBJ
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
This tool is called a compass.
Note: Passive.

52. punish punish

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter punished his son.

53. attack attack

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
A bear attacked a fisherman.

54. fill (intr) fill

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
The bucket filled with water.

55. find find

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter found his keys.

56. be short lack

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter lacks one euro.

57. hate hate

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter hates Mary.

58. like like

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter likes this shirt.

59. need need

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter needs money.

60. surround surround

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Walls surround the city.

61. remain have left

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peter has 10 euros left.
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination.

62. answer answer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter answered the teacher.

63. open open

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter opened a can.

64. be different be different

Valency pattern: SBJ_from
X: SBJ
Y: from
Locus: Y
No, my shirt is different from yours.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind fall

Valency pattern: SBJ_behind
X: SBJ
Y: behind
Locus: Y
Peter fell behind Mary.

66. plough plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter is ploughing the field.

67. smell smell

Valency pattern: SBJ_like
X: SBJ
Y: like
Locus: Y
My hands smell like gasoline.

68. cross cross

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter crossed the road.

69. sing sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter sang a beautiful song.

70. write write

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter wrote a letter.

71. drink drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter drank the milk.

72. melt melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter melted a piece of lead.

73. match go well

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
This belt goes well with my dress.

74. leave leave

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter left his native city.

75. cover cover

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
The carpet covers the whole floor.

76. remember remember

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter remembers the house where he grew up well.

77. help help

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter helped Mary.

78. understand (language) understand

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter understands French.

79. hit (target) hit

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Lightning hit the house.

80. cut oneself cut oneself

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter cut himself with a razor.

81. get stuck get stuck

Valency pattern: SBJ_to
X: SBJ
Y: to
Locus: Y
The glass got stuck to the table.
Note: Get-passive.

82. lose (game) lose

Valency pattern: SBJ_to
X: SBJ
Y: to
Locus: Y
Peter lost to Mary.

83. be glad be glad

Valency pattern: SBJ_about
X: SBJ
Y: about
Locus: Y
Peter was glad about the letter.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak speak

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter is speaking with Mary.

85. give birth give birth

Valency pattern: SBJ_to
X: SBJ
Y: to
Locus: Y
Mary gave birth to a son.

86. drop drop

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter dropped the glass.

87. govern run

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter runs our town.

88. miss miss

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter misses Mary.

89. follow follow

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter follows Mary.

90. dismount get down

Valency pattern: SBJ_from
X: SBJ
Y: from
Locus: Y
Peter got down from the horse.

91. listen listen

Valency pattern: SBJ_to
X: SBJ
Y: to
Locus: Y
Peter is listening to radio.

92. obey obey

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter obeys his mother.

93. hear hear

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter hears the music.

94. mix get mixed

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
The honey got mixed with the milk.
Note: Get-passive.

95. look look

Valency pattern: SBJ_at
X: SBJ
Y: at
Locus: Y
Peter is looking at the clouds.

96. take off take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter took off his shirt.

97. dream (sleeping) dream

Valency pattern: SBJ_about
X: SBJ
Y: about
Locus: Y
Peter dreams about Mary.

98. agree agree

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter agreed with Mary.

99. have a quarrel have quarrel

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter had a quarrel with Mary.

100. cost cost

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
This cup costs 1 euro.

101. shoot at shoot

Valency pattern: SBJ_at
X: SBJ
Y: at
Locus: Y
Peter shot at the bird.

102. pour pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter poured the sugar into the cup.

103. lose lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter lost his keys.

104. sink sink

Valency pattern: SBJ_in
X: SBJ
Y: in
Locus: Y
The log sank in the water.

105. kill kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter killed Mary.

106. hit hit

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter hit Mary.

107. kiss kiss

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter kissed Mary.

108. read read

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter read an interesting book.

109. move (bodypart) move

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter moved his finger.

110. respect respect

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter respects Mary.

111. be squeamish be squeamish

Valency pattern: SBJ_about
X: SBJ
Y: about
Locus: Y
Peter is squeamish about dirty dishes.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content be ok

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter is ok with his son.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love fall in love

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter fell in love with Mary.

114. trust trust

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter trusts Mary.

115. sympathise sympathise

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter sympathises with his mother.

116. envy envy

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter envies Mary.

117. be angry be angry

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter is angry with Mary.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised be surprised

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter was surprised at this gift.
Note: Passive.

119. love (tea) love

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter loves tea.

120. enjoy enjoy

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter enjoys hot tea.

121. want want

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter wants a new mobile phone.

122. have a grudge have a grudge

Valency pattern: SBJ_against
X: SBJ
Y: against
Locus: Y
Peter has a grudge against Mary.

123. take offence take offence

Valency pattern: SBJ_at
X: SBJ
Y: at
Locus: Y
Peter took offence at Mary.

124. upset upset

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter greatly upset Mary.

125. marvel marvel

Valency pattern: SBJ_at
X: SBJ
Y: at
Locus: Y
Peter marvelled at this town.

126. despise despise

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter despises Mary.

127. get upset get upset

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter got upset with his son.

128. get irritated get irritated

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter is getting irritated with his daughter.
Note: Get-passive.

129. be fond be fond

Valency pattern: SBJ_of
X: SBJ
Y: of
Locus: Y
Peter is fond of Mary.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy be shy

Valency pattern: SBJ_about
X: SBJ
Y: about
Locus: Y
Peter is shy about his height.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.