BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘lose’

Argument frame:

X (lose) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. lost his keys .

Predicate label Ru:

терять

Argument frame Ru:

X (терять) Y

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. потерял ключи .

Abaza [ĉ-]ʒə

Valency pattern: MAL_ABS

X: MAL

Y: ABS

Locus: X

á-č’ḳʷən	a-c̣apχa-kʷá	j-ĉə́-ʒ-ṭ
def -boy	def -key- pl	3 sg . m . io - mal -get_lost( aor )- dcl
‘The boy lost his keys.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ʁe.ḳʷedə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

č̣ʼale-m	ʔʷənč̣ʼəbze-xe-r	ə-ʁe-ḳʷedə-ʁ
guy- obl	key- pl - abs	3 sg . erg - caus -get_lost- pst
‘The guy lost his keys.’

Aghul gul.u-

Valency pattern: APUD.ELAT_ABS

X: APUD.ELAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

aslan.a-f-as	güleg-ar	gul.u-ne
pn - apud - elat	key- pl	disappear. pf - aor
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

Akhvakh (Northern) buquruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛƛi	rik’aƛƛa	r-uq-ari
pn - gen	keys	npl -lose- aor
‘Patahi lost his keys.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

Andi (Zilo) <r>-ot’-oɬ.i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ali-di	r-ot’-oɬ.i	rek’ulol
pn - erg	inan 2- pl \get_lost- caus . pst ( aor )	key[ inan 2]. pl [ nom ]
‘Ali lost the keys.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) ḏ̣yˁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	ḏ̣īyaˁ-a	l-mfatīḥ-u
pn	lose. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs	to-key. pl - poss .3 ms
‘Abraham lost his keys.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ẓayyaʕ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	ẓayyaʕ	məftāḥ-u
pn	lose. pfv .3 m	key( pl )- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad lost his keys.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ḍ.y.ʿ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ḍayyaʿ	mafatīḥ-o
pn	lose. pst .3 m . sg	key. pl - poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi lost his keys.’

Arabic (standard) ḍayyaʕa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	ḍayyaʕa	l-mafātīḥ-a
pn - nom	lose. pf .3 m	def -keys- acc
‘Badr lost the keys.’

Archi -itʼu -kes

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-n	nakʼən	i-tʼ-etːi
pn - gen	key	4.be- neg -4.become. pfv
‘Pasha lost his keys.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

Armenian (Eastern) korc’nel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DAT~NOM

Locus: TR

Petros-ə	korc’rel+ē	banali-ner-ə
pn [ nom ]- def	lose: prf :3 sg	key[ nom ]- pl - def
‘Petros lost his keys.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic talək

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

brata	kdilə	tulk-e-la
girl( f )	key( m ). pl	lose. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 f
‘The girl lost her keys.’

Avar bilize

Valency pattern: APUDEL_NOM

X: APUDEL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-qa	k’ulal	r-il-ana
pn - apudel	keys	pl -disappear- aor
‘Ali lost his keys.’

Azerbaijani itirmək

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Aslan	açar-lar-ı-nı	itir-di
pn	key- pl - poss 3- acc	lose- pst (3)
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

Bafut bwé

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

àmbɛ́	à	kɨ̀	bwé	bɨ̀-kwáʔà	bàʔà	dʒí
pn	sm	p 2	lose	pl -opener	door	his
‘Ame lost his keys.’

Bambara bùrun

Valency pattern: ko_SBJ

X: ko

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

kónnɛgɛ`	bùrun-na	Sékù	kɔ́
key\ art	fall- pfv . intr	pn	behind
‘Seku has lost the key.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	x̌eӡ	binos-t
pn	key	lose- pst
‘Ahmed lost the key.’

Belarusian zhubić

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Alieś	zhubi-ŭ	kliuč-y
pn [ nom . sg ]	lose( pfv )- pst . sg . m	key- acc . pl
‘Ales lost his keys.’

Budugh ʕalgü

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	ug-o	heçer-ber	ʕagül-cü
pn - erg	refl - gen	key- pl	lose. pfv - prf
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

Bulgarian zagubya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	zagubi	klyuchove-te	si
pn	lose( pfv ). aor .3 sg	key. pl - def . pl	pro . refl . dat
‘Petar lost his keys.’

Catalan perdre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	perdre	les	clau-s
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	lose. inf	def . pl . f	key( f )- pl
‘Pere lost his keys.’

Chechen AGR-ai’a

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	doogha-nash	d-ai’i-na
pn - erg	key- pl . abs	d -lose- prf
‘Islam lost his keys.’

Chinese (Mandarin) nòng diū

Valency pattern: SBJ_ba

X: SBJ

Y: ba

Locus: Y

Zhāngsān	bǎ	yàoshi	nòng	diū	le
pn	ba	key	make	lost	pfv
‘Zhangsan lost his keys.’
Note: The status of the "bǎ"-construction is controversial.

Chirag b-itaqi b-aqi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

ʡa̰li-le	gilaw-me	d-itaq-i	d-aq-ib-le
pn - erg	key- pl ( abs )	n . pl -disappear: pf - inf	n . pl - caus : pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali lost the keys.’

Croatian izgubiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	izgubi-o	ključ-eve
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	lose( pfv )- part . perf . m . sg	key- acc . pl
‘Pero lost his keys.’

Czech ztratit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	ztrati-l	klíč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petr lost his keys.’

Danish miste

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	miste-de	sin-e	nøgle-r
pn	lose- pst	poss . refl . c - pl	key( c )- pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

Dargwa (Itsari) B-it-aq-aq-uj

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-il	umx-ni	d-it-aˤq-aˤq-ib
pn - erg	key- pl ( abs )	npl -lose- lv . pfv - caus - aor
‘Islam lost his keys.’

Dargwa (Kadar) awgar-CL-ar-es / awgar-CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

meħamad-li	ibxan-t	awgar-d-ar-ib
pn - erg	key- pl	absent- npl -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad lost his keys.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) derq’aχara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Petja-l	d-erq’iχ-iv	umxni
pn - erg	npl -lose. pf - aor (3)	key. pl . nom
‘Petja lost his keys.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

gal-di-l	umxne	d-i-d-aq-ib=saw
boy- obl - erg	key. pl	npl - in . abl - npl -achive. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy lost his keys.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) paˤχ-li b-už-iz/b-ulž-iz

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-la	umxne	paˤχ-li	d-ug-un
boy- gen	key. pl	away- erg / loc ( lat )	npl -stay. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy lost his keys.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Dargwa (Tsugni) b-it-aq-i / b-it-iq-i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

durħaˤ-li	umxne	d-it-aq-ib
boy- erg	key. pl	npl -thither-go_through. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy lost his keys.’

Dutch kwijt zijn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	is	de	sleutel-s	kwijt
pn ( c )	cop .3 sg	art . def . c	key( c )- pl	lost
‘Piet lost the keys.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Enets (Forest) dʲɔs

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	bɛʃi-za	dʲɔʔɔ
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	iron- nom . pl .3 sg	loose( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend lost his money’.

English lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	lost	his	keys.

Estonian kaotama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	kaota-s	oma	võtme-d
pn . sg . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	poss . refl	key- pl . nom
‘Peeter lost his keys.’

Finnish hukata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	hukka-si	avaim-en
pn . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	key- gen
‘Pekka lost the key.’

French perdre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	perdu	ses	clef-s
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	lose. pst . ptcp . m	def . pl	key( f )- pl
‘Paul lost his keys.’

Gascon perdó

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pau	perdó	sas	clau-s
pn	lose. pst .3 sg	one’s. pl . f	key- pl
‘Pau lost his keys.’

Gban gṵ̀à̰kȁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	y	ä	í	lȁklé	gṵ̀à̰-kȁ
pn	3 sg \ pst	s/he/it	gen	key	get_lost- caus [ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan lost his keys.’

Georgian da-Ø-k'arg-av-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

p'et're-m	gasaγeb-i	da-Ø-k'arg-a
pn - erg	key- nom	prv :downward- do 3-lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre lost his keys.’

German verlieren

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	verlor	sein-en	Schlüssel
pn [ nom . sg ]	lose. pst .3 sg	his- m . acc . sg	key[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl lost his key.’

Hebrew (modern) ibed

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	ibed	et	ha	mafteχ-ot	ʃel-o
pn	lose[ pst .3 sg . m ]	do	def	key- pl	poss -3 sg . m
‘Pinchas lost his keys.’

Hindi kho denā

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pratīk	ne	cābī	kho	dī
pn ( m ). sg . obl	erg	key( f ). sg . dir	lose	give. pfv . f . sg
‘Prateek lost the key.’

Indonesian (standard) ke-hilang-an

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abdul	ke-hilang-an	kunci
pn	nmlz -lost- nmlz	lock
‘Abdul lost his keys.’

Irish caill

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Do=chaill	Pól	a	chuid	neochr-acha.
pst =lose	pn	poss .3 sg . m	share	keys- gp
‘Pól lost his keys.’

Italian perdere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	perso	le	chiav-i
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	lose. pst . ptcp	def . pl . f	key- pl . f
‘Leo lost the keys.’

Karata betaɬa

Valency pattern: CONTEL_NOM

X: CONTEL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-č’ogal	rek’ul-di	r-et-a
pn - contel	key- pl	npl -lose- pf
‘Ali lost his keys.’

Kazakh žoɣal

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	kіlt-і-n	žoɣal-tï
pn	key- poss 3- acc	lose- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya lost the keys.’

Khanty (Kazym) wǫtšǝti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	λǫp-ǝt	wǫtšǝ-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	oar- pl	lose- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja lost his oars.’

Khoekhoe gāxū-he

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa

X: SBJ

Y: xa

Locus: Y

Petru-b	ge	ǁî-b	ǁkhowaam-gu	xa	go	kāxū-he
pn -3 m . sg	decl	3-3 m . sg	key-3 m . pl	by	rpst	get_lost_on- pass
‘Peter lost his keys.’

Khwarshi j/ita

Valency pattern: CONT_ABS

X: CONT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

šamil-qo	l-it-ta	leq'a-ba
pn - cont	nhpl -be.lost- pst . w	key( iii )- pl . abs
‘Shamil lost his keys.’

Komi-Permyak öштыны

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Петя	öшт-і-с	ключч-ез
pn	терять- prt -3	ключ- pl
‘Петя потерял ключи.’

Komi-Zyrian vošti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	vošt-i-s	kl'uč́-jjas-se̮
pn	lose- pret -3	key- pl - acc . p .3 sg
‘Petja lost his keys.’

Kpelle (Guinean) pǐli

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pépèe	àá	gwɛ̀li	píli
pn	3 sg . prf	def \key	lose
‘Pepee lost the key.’

Kryz (Alik) gula varic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	açar-bi	gula	ar-ic
pn - erg	lock- pl . nom	get_lost. pfv	do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan lost his keys.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) ʕagal varic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ugura	haçar-bi	ʕagal	ar-c
pn - erg	m . refl . gen	key- pl	lost	do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

Kryz (proper) gul varic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ug	haçar-bi	gul	aac
pn - erg	refl . m	key- pl . nom	lose. pf	do. aor . n
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

Kumyk tas etmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	ačqɨč-la-nɨ	tas	et-gen
pn	key- pl - acc	lost	do- pf
‘Basir lost the keys.’

Kurdish (Sorani) win kirdin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	kilîl-ek-an=î	win	kird-Ø
pn	key- def - pl =3 sg . pc	disappear	do. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa lost his keys.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) winda kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

zilam	kilît-ê	xwe	winda	kir
man	key- ez . pl	self	lost	do. pfv . sg
‘The man lost his keys.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: TR

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Maħammad-lu-l	d-aqːa	d-und-i	k'ul-di.
pn - obl - gen	4. pl -absent	4 pl -do. aor -3 p	key- pl
‘Mohammad lost the keys.’

Latin perdo

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

perdid-istin	tu	anul-um?
lose[ prf . ind ]- act .2 sg	you. nom	ring( m )- acc . sg
‘Have you lost a ring?’
Note: (Pl. Cur. 584)

Laz o-ndun-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Käzim-i-s	k'ola-Ø	g-Ø-u-ndun-u
pn - b - dat	key- nom	prv - io 3- ver : o -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim lost the key(s).’

Lezgian (Yargun) kvadrin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	açar-ar	kvadar-na
pn - erg	key- pl	get_lost. caus - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib lost his keys.’

Macedonian zagina

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	gi	zagina	klučevi-te
pn	pro .3 pl . acc	lose( pfv ). aor .3 sg	keys. pl - art . pl
‘Petar lost the keys.’

Maltese tilef

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ġwanni	tilef	iċ-ċwievet	tiegħu
pn	lose. pf . m .3 sg	def -keys	poss . m .3 sg
‘Ġwanni lost his keys.’

Maninka (Eastern) túnun

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ

X: bolo

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Kóɲin`	bára	túnun	Sékù	bólo.
key\ art	prf	disappear	pn	cntrl
‘Seku has lost the key.’

Mano gínī

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

māà	pɛ̄	dò	gínī
1 sg . prf	thing	indef	lose
‘I have lost something.’

Mansi (Northern) xotūstǝs

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

am	os	ta	kasaj-um	xot-ūst-ǝs-um
1 sg	add	ptcl	knife- poss .1 sg	off-lose- pst -1 sg
‘I lost my knife again.’

Mehweb ar-uʔes

Valency pattern: CONT.EL_NOM

X: CONT.EL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-ize-la	ar-d-uʔ-ur	urx-ne
pn - cont - el	pv - npl -lose: pfv - aor	key- pl
‘Islam lost his keys.’

Mingrelian mi-Ø-o-din-u-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	muš-(i)	k'ila-Ø	mi-Ø-o-din-(u)
pn - erg	refl . poss -( nom )	key- nom	prv - do 3- fact -lose-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo lost his keys.’

Nanai xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	anoko-wa	xuədə-xə-ni
pn	key- obl	lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his keys.’

Nivkh vəkzd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	pitɣəŋ	pəkz-d
pn	book	lose- ind
‘Kaskazik lost his book.’

Norwegian Bokmål å miste

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	miste-t	nøkl-ene
pn	lose- pst	key- def . pl
‘Per lost his keys.’

Oromo (West Central) gata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	furtuu-wwan	isaa	gat-e
pn - nom	key- pl . abs	3 sg . m . poss	lose-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa lost his keys.’

Persian gom kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	kelīd-aš-rā	gom	kard
pn	key- encl .3 sg - acc	loss	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad lost his keys.’

Polish zgubić

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Marek	zgubi-ł	klucz-e
pn [ nom . sg ]	lose: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ]	key- acc . pl
‘Marek lost his keys.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) perder

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	perd-eu	a-s	chave-s
pn ( m )	lose-3 sg . pst	def . f - pl	key( f )- pl
‘Pedro lost the keys.’

Romani (Kalderash) xasarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	xasar-ď-a	le	te-i
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	lose- pst -3 sg	art . pl	key- acc . pl
‘Murša lost his keys.’

Romanian a pierde

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petru	și-a	pierdut	che-ile
pn	refl . dat - aux .3 sg	lose. pst . ptcp	key- def . pl . dir
‘Petru lost the keys.’

Russian poterjatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	poterja-l	ključ-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petja lost his keys.’

Rutul (Kina) sugura

Valency pattern: APUD.EL_NOM

X: APUD.EL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-da:	güleg-mar	su-gu-r=a
pn - apud . el	key- pl ( nom )	pv - npl .lose. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul lost his keys.’

Rutul (Mukhad) suga hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	ačar-bır	suga	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	key- pl . nom	n .lose	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his keys.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

duxvar-a	açar	sukka	hıʔı-ri
son. obl - erg	key	n .lose	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his key.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) sugva hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	aˤçaˤr	sugva	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	key	( n )lose	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his keys.’

Rutul (Shinaz) suga hɨʔɨn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	suga	hɨʔɨ-r	gülej-mar
pn ( erg )	( n )lose. cov	n .do. pf - aor	key- pl . nom
‘Basir lost his keys.’

Saami (Skolt) läʹpped

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	laaʹpp-i	suu	lokkčouddi
pn . sg . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	3 sg . gen	key. sg . acc
‘Pete lost his key.’

Sagada guga

Valency pattern: POSS.ABL_ABS

X: POSS.ABL

Y: ABS

Locus: X

ajšat-qo-j	gug-ii	reka-bi
pn - poss - abl	lose- pst . w	key- pl
‘Aishat lost the keys.’

Serbian izgubiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	izgubi-o	ključ-eve
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	lose- part . perf . m . sg	key- acc . pl
‘Petar lost his keys.’

Shughni binêstow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM.CL

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

yu=yi	xu	wix̌īӡ-en	binês-t
d 3. m . sg =3 sg	refl	key- pl	lose- pst
‘He lost his keys.’

Slovak stratiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	strati-l	svoj-e	kľúč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	one's- acc . pl	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

Slovenian izgubiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	je	izgubi-l	ključ-e
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	lose: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	key- acc . pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

Spanish perder

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ha	perdi-do	la-s	llave-s
pn [ sg . m ]	aux .3 sg	lose- ptcp : prf	art . def . f - pl	key[ sg . f ]- pl
‘Pedro lost the keys.’

Svan a-Ø-kräw-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

maizer-d	k'ǝl-ar-Ø	ad-Ø-karw-e
pn - erg	key- pl - nom	prv : dist - do 3-lose- pst
‘Maizer lost (his) keys.’

Swedish att tappa bort

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	tappa-de	bort	sina	nyckl-ar
pn	lose- pst	away	poss . refl . pl	key- pl
‘Björn lost his keys.’
Note: Phrasal verb (bort is not a flagging device).

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmad-ǯi	ǯülg-er	ʁu-du<r>g-nu
pn - erg	key- pl ( abs )	pf -< pl >lose- pst
‘Mahamad lost his keys.’

Tagalog mawala

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-wala	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	susi
pot . pv . pfv -lose	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	key
‘Pedro lost his keys.’

Telugu pōgoṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	atani	tāḷaṁcēvu-lu	pōgoṭṭukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	that_man( m ). sg . obl	key( n )- pl . nom	lose. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen lost his keys.’

Tsakhur ak’an haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	mık’ey-bı	ak’an	haʔu
pn - erg	key- pl . nom	n .lose. ipf	n .do. pf
‘Murad lost his keys.’

Tswana lathlegelwa

Valency pattern: SBJ_ke

X: SBJ

Y: ke

Locus: Y

ke-latlh-eg-ets-w-e	ke	se-lotlolo
s i :1 sg -abandon- decaus - appl . prf - pass - fv	by	sg -key(7)
‘I lost my key.’

Turkish kaybetmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	anahtar-lar-ı	kaybet-ti
pn	key- pl - p .3	lose- pst
‘Mehmet lost his keys.’

Turoyo mṣakər

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Gabriyel	mṣakar-le	a	qliḏ-ayḏe
pn	lose. pfv - ls .3 m	art . pl	key- p .3 m
‘Gabriyel lost his keys.’

Twi yera

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kofi	yera-a	ne	n-safoa
pn	lose- pst	3 sg . poss	pl -key
‘Kofi lost his keys.’

Udi ač'esp'es

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS/DAT

Locus: TR

David-en	açar-a	ač'-es=e=b-i
pn - erg	key- dat	get_lost- inf =3 sg = lv - aor
‘David lost the key.’

Udmurt i̮šti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	uśton-ez	i̮št-iz
pn . nom	key- acc	lose- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost the key.’

Ukrainian zahubyty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	zahuby-v	ključ-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petro lost his keys.’

Ulcha wədə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ama	anaqu-wa	wədə-xə-ni
father	key- acc	lose- pst -3 sg
‘Father lost the keys.’

Uzbek yo’qotib olmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	kalt-ni	yo’qot-ib	ol-di
pn	key- acc	lose- cvb	take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost his keys.’

Wolof sànk

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

sànk	naa	sama	caabi	y-i
lose	prf .s i :1 sg	poss :1 sg	key( j )	cl y - def
‘I lost my keys.’

Yukaghir (Northern) saɣusǝ=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	mа̄čǝ-lǝ	sаɣusǝ-m-lǝ
pn	lasso- acc	lose- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien lost the lasso.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ɛj	kɨlid-e	xo	vindi	kɛrd-i
3 sg . m . obl	key- ez . pl	refl	lost	make. pst - pl . abs
‘He lost his keys.’