BivalTyp

Estonian

Contributed by Merit Niinemägi (Academia.edu profile). Irina (Pavlovna) Külmoja provided some preliminary data in 2013. In 2021, Merit Niinemägi provided and analyzed the current version of the data. She used the English version of the questionnaire.

M.N.'s photo

How to cite

Niinemägi, Merit. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Estonian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS. (Data first published on December 12, 2021; last revised on July 01, 2024.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction (declarative, affirmative, and active), the subject (A- or S-argument) is in the nominative, while the object (P-argument) can have different marking, depending on morphosyntactic and semantic characteristics of the clause. In particular, P-arguments can be marked by the genitive (as in 44), partitive (4), or nominative (50) case. Verbs like viskama ‘throw’, which allow for both genitive and partitive encoding, are considered transitive. There is, however, a large group of verbs that use only (or predominantly) partitive encoding, such as armastama ‘love’ or ootama ‘wait’. These are considered intransitive. The verb normally agrees with the nominative subject in person and number. Non-subjects are never indexed on the verb. Non-core arguments are usually flagged by oblique cases or adpositions, which typically require genitive or partititve marking on the noun.

Case system

According to the commonly accepted analysis, Estonian has the total of 14 distinct cases: Nominative, Genitive, Partitive, Illative, Inessive, Elative, Allative, Adessive, Ablative, Translative, Terminative, Essive, Abessive, and Comitative.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their so-called "ma-infinitive" form.

Glossing abbreviations

ABL — ablative; ACT — active; ADESS — adessive; ALL — allative; COM — comitative; DEM — demonstrative; ELA — elative; ESS — essive; GEN — genitive; ILL — illative; IMPRS — impersonal; INESS — inessive; INF — infinitive; NOM — nominative; PART — partititve; PL — plural; PN — person name; POSS — possessive; PRS — present; PST — past; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain olema

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Peetri-l on peavalu
pn - adess be. prs .3 sg headache. sg . nom
‘Peeter has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a root within a derived word.

2. have (illness) olema

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM
X: ADESS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Peetri-l on gripp
pn - adess be. prs .3 sg flu. sg . nom
‘Peeter has the flu.’

3. be afraid kartma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter karda-b koera
pn . sg . nom fear- prs .3 sg dog. sg . part
‘Peeter is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw viskama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter viska-s kivi esimese-na
pn . sg . nom throw- pst .3 sg stone. sg . part first- ess
‘Peeter threw a stone first.'

5. have enough piisavalt olema

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
nüüd on Peetri-l piisavalt raha
now be. prs .3 sg pn - adess enough money. sg . part
‘Now Peeter has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + NP-internal component).

6. resemble meenutama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter meenuta-b Madis-t
pn . sg . nom resemble- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter resembles Madis.’

7. believe uskuma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter usu-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom believe- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter believes Maret.’

8. take võtma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter võtt-is raamatu
pn . sg . nom take- pst .3 sg book. sg . gen
‘Peeter took a book.’

9. see nägema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter näe-b maja
pn . sg . nom see- prs .3 sg house. sg . part
‘Peeter sees a house.’

10. influence mõjutama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
vanus mõjuta-b mälu
age. sg . nom influence- prs .3 sg memory. sg . part
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter kohtama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter kohta-s Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom encounter- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter encountered Maret.’

12. enter sisenema

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peeter sisene-s majja
pn . sg . nom enter- pst .3 sg house. sg . ill
‘Peeter entered the house.’

13. win võitma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter võit-is Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom win- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter beat Maret.’

14. go out väljuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter väljus maja-st
pn . sg . nom go_out. pst .3 sg house- ela
‘Peeter went out of the house.’

15. drive ajama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter aja-b lehma karjamaa-le
pn . sg . nom drive- prs .3 sg cow. sg . part pasture- all
‘Peeter is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend painutama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter painuta-s oksa
pn . sg . nom bend- pst .3 sg branch. sg . part
‘Peeter bent the branch.’

17. tell ütlema

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Peeter ütle-s Mareti-le: ...
pn . sg . nom say- pst .3 sg pn - all
‘Peeter said to Maret: ...’

18. hold hoidma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter hoia-b raamatu-t käe-s
pn . sg . nom hold- prs .3 sg book- sg . part hand- iness
‘Peeter is holding the book in his hands.’

19. catch up järele jõudma

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Peeter jõud-is Mareti-le järele
pn . sg . nom reach- pst .3 sg pn - all after
‘Peeter caught up with Maret.’
Note: Phrasal verb (järele is not a flagging device).

20. milk lüpsma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter lüps-is lehma
pn . sg . nom milk- pst .3 sg cow. sg . part
‘Peeter milked the cow.’

21. reach jõudma

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Peeter jõud-is kalda-le
pn . sg . nom reach- pst .3 sg bank- all
‘Peeter reached the bank.’

22. touch puudutama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter puuduta-s seina
pn . sg . nom touch- pst .3 sg wall. sg . part
‘Peeter touched the wall.’

23. fight tülitsema

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peeter tülitse-b Mareti-ga
pn . sg . nom fight- prs .3 sg pn - com
‘Peeter is fighting with Maret.’

24. be friends sõber olema

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peeter on Mareti-ga sõber
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg pn - com friend. sg . nom
‘Peeter is friends with Maret.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think mõtlema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter mõtle-b Mareti-st
pn . sg . nom think- prs .3 sg pn - ela
‘Peeter is thinking about Maret.’

26. eat sööma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter sõi õuna
pn . sg . nom eat. pst .3 sg apple. sg . part
‘Peeter ate an apple.’

27. fry küpsetama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter küpseta-s kala
pn . sg . nom fry- pst .3 sg fish. sg . part
‘Peeter fried the fish.’

28. wait ootama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter oota-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom wait- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter is waiting for Maret.’

29. forget unustama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter unusta-s teise tee
pn . sg . nom forget- pst .3 sg other. sg . gen road. sg . gen
‘Peeter forgot the other road.’

30. depend sõltuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
mälu sõltu-b vanuse-st
memory. sg . nom depend- prs .3 sg age- ela
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call helistama

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Peeter helista-s Mareti-le
pn . sg . nom call- pst .3 sg pn - all
‘Peeter called Maret.’

32. get to know tutvuma

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peeter tutvu-s Mareti-ga aasta tagasi
pn . sg . nom get_to_know- pst .3 sg pn - com year back
‘Peeter got to know Maret a year ago.’

33. know tundma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter tunne-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom know- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter knows Maret.’

34. play (instrument) mängima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter mängi-b kitarri
pn . sg . nom play- prs .3 sg guitar. sg . part
‘Peeter is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid vältima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter väldi-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom avoid- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter avoids Maret.’

36. make tegema

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter teg-i hiirelõksu
pn . sg . nom make- pst .3 sg mousetrap. sg . gen
‘Peeter made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun nalja tegema

Valency pattern: NOM_GENule
X: NOM
Y: GENule
Locus: Y
Peeter tee-b Mareti üle nalja
pn . sg . nom make- prs .3 sg pn . sg . gen over joke. sg . part
‘Peeter is making fun of Maret.’

38. have olema

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM
X: ADESS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Peetri-l on auto
pn - adess be. prs .3 sg car. sg . nom
‘Peeter has a car.’

39. look for otsima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter otsi-b oma võtme-id
pn . sg . nom search- prs .3 sg poss . refl key- pl . part
‘Peeter is searching for his keys.’

40. paint värvima

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter värvi-s aeda
pn . sg . nom paint- pst .3 sg fence. sg . part
‘Peeter painted the fence.’

41. bite hammustama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
koer hammusta-s Peetri-t
dog. sg . nom bite- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘A dog bit Peeter.’

42. forfeit ilma jääma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter jä-i oma maja-st ilma
pn . sg . nom stay- pst .3 sg poss . refl house- ela without
‘Peeter lost his house.’
Note: Phrasal verb (ilma is not a flagging device).

43. try to catch üritama kinni püüda

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter ürita-b kassi kinni püüd-a
pn . sg . nom try- prs .3 sg cat. sg . part closed catch- inf
‘Peeter is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break murdma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter murd-is pulga
pn . sg . nom break- pst .3 sg stick. sg . gen
‘Peeter broke a stick.’

45. flatter meelitama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter meelita-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom flatter- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter is flattering Maret.’

46. love (person) armastama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter armasta-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom love- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter loves Maret.’

47. wave lehvitama

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peeter lehvita-b taskurätiku-ga
pn . sg . nom wave- prs .3 sg handkerchief- com
‘Peeter is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream unistama

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter unista-b uue-st auto-st
pn . sg . nom dream_of- prs .3 sg new- ela car- ela
‘Peeter is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash pesema

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter pes-i tassi
pn . sg . nom wash- pst .3 sg cup. sg . gen
‘Peeter washed the cup.’

50. put on jalga panema

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter pan-i püksi-d jalga
pn . sg . nom put- pst .3 sg trouser- pl . nom leg. sg . ill
‘Peeter put on his trousers.’

51. be called kutsuma

Valency pattern: PART_TRANSL
X: PART
Y: TRANSL
Locus: XY
seda mõõteriista kutsu-takse kompassi-ks
dem . sg . part measuring_tool. sg . part call- prs . imprs compass- transl
‘This measuring tool is called a compass.’

52. punish karistama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter karista-b oma poega
pn . sg . nom punish- pst .3 sg poss . refl son. sg . part
‘Peeter punished his son.’

53. attack ründama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
karu ründa-s kalamees-t
bear. sg . nom attack- pst .3 sg fisherman- sg . part
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) täituma

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
ämber täitu-s vee-ga
bucket. sg . nom fill- pst .3 sg water- com
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find leidma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter leid-is oma võtme-d
pn . sg . nom find- pst .3 sg poss . refl key- pl . nom
‘Peeter found his keys.’

56. be short puudu jääma

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM
X: ADESS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Peetri-l jää-b üks euro puudu
pn - adess stay- prs .3 sg one. sg . nom euro. sg . nom missing
‘Peeter is short one euro.’
Note: Phrasal verb (puudu is not a flagging device).

57. hate vihkama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter vihka-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom hate- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter hates Maret.’

58. like meeldima

Valency pattern: ALL_NOM
X: ALL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Peetri-le meeldi-b see särk
pn - all appeal_to- prs .3 sg dem shirt. sg . nom
‘Peeter likes this shirt.’

59. need vajama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter vaja-b raha
pn . sg . nom need- prs .3 sg money. sg . part
‘Peeter needs money.’

60. surround ümbritsema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
müüri-d ümbritse-vad linna
wall- pl . nom surround- prs .3 pl city. sg . part
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain alles olema

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM
X: ADESS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Peetri-l on kümme euro-t alles
pn - adess be. prs .3 sg ten. sg . nom euro- sg . part left
‘Peeter has ten euros left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

62. answer vastama

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Peeter vasta-s õpetaja-le
pn . sg . nom answer- pst .3 sg teacher- all
‘Peeter answered the teacher.’

63. open avama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter ava-s konservi
pn . sg . nom open- pst .3 sg can. sg . gen
‘Peeter opened a can.’

64. be different erinema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
ei, minu särk erine-b sinu oma-st
no, 1 sg . gen shirt. sg . nom differ- prs .3 sg 2 sg . gen poss . refl - ela
‘No, my shirt differs from yours.’

65. fall behind maha jääma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter jä-i Mareti-st maha
pn . sg . nom stay- pst .3 sg pn - ela down
‘Peeter fell behind Maret.’
Note: Phrasal verb (maha is not a flagging device).

66. plough kündma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter künna-b põldu
pn . sg . nom plough- prs .3 sg field. sg . part
‘Peeter is ploughing the field.’

67. smell lõhnama

Valency pattern: NOM_GENjarele
X: NOM
Y: GENjarele
Locus: Y
mu käe-d lõhna-vad bensiini järele
1 sg . gen hand- pl . nom smell- prs .3 pl gasoline. sg . gen after
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross ületama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter ületa-s tee
pn . sg . nom cross- prs .3 sg road. sg . gen
‘Peeter crossed the road.’

69. sing laulma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter laul-is ilusa laulu
pn . sg . nom sing- pst .3 sg beautiful. sg . gen song. sg . gen
‘Peeter sang a beautiful song.’

70. write kirjutama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter kirjuta-s kirja
pn . sg . nom write- pst .3 sg letter. sg . gen
‘Peeter wrote a letter.’

71. drink jooma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter jõ-i piima
pn . sg . nom drink- pst .3 sg milk. sg . part
‘Peeter drank milk.’

72. melt sulatama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter sulata-s tüki plii-d
pn . sg . nom melt- pst .3 sg piece. sg . gen lead- sg . part
‘Peeter melted a piece of lead.’

73. match sobima

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
see vöö sobi-b minu kleidi-ga
dem . sg . nom belt. sg . nom fit- prs .3 sg 1 sg . gen dress- com
‘This belt matches my dress.’

74. leave lahkuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter lahku-s oma sünnilinna-st
pn . sg . nom leave- pst .3 sg poss . refl birth_city- ela
‘Peeter left his native city.’

75. cover katma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
vaip kata-b terve põranda
carpet. sg . nom cover- prs .3 sg whole. sg . gen floor. sg . gen
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember mäletama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter mäleta-b maja hästi
pn . sg . nom remember- prs .3 sg house. sg . part well
‘Peeter remembers the house well.’

77. help aitama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter aita-s Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom help- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter helped Maret.’

78. understand (language) aru saama

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter saa-b prantsuse keele-st aru
pn . sg . nom get- prs .3 sg f rench language- ela wit. sg . part
‘Peeter understands French.’

79. hit (target) lööma

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
välk lõ-i majja
lightning. sg . nom hit- pst .3 sg house. sg . ill
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself ennast vigastama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter vigasta-s ennast habemenoa-ga
pn . sg . nom hurt- pst .3 sg refl . sg . part beard_knife- com
‘Peeter hurt himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck kinni jääma

Valency pattern: NOM_GENkulge
X: NOM
Y: GENkulge
Locus: Y
klaas jä-i laua külge kinni
glass. sg . nom stay- pst .3 sg table. sg . gen on stuck
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) kaotama

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Peeter kaota-s Mareti-le
pn . sg . nom lose- pst .3 sg pn - all
‘Peeter lost to Maret.’

83. be glad rõõmustama

Valency pattern: NOM_GENule
X: NOM
Y: GENule
Locus: Y
Peeter rõõmusta-s kirja üle
pn . sg . nom be_glad- pst .3 sg letter. sg . gen over
‘Peeter was glad about the letter.’

84. speak rääkima

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peeter räägi-b Mareti-ga
pn . sg . nom speak- prs .3 sg pn - com
‘Peeter is speaking with Maret.’

85. give birth sünnitama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Maret sünnita-s poja
pn . sg . nom bear- pst .3 sg son. sg . gen
‘Maret gave birth to a son.’

86. drop maha pillama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter pilla-s klaasi maha
pn drop- pst .3 sg glass. sg . gen down
‘Peeter dropped the glass.’
Note: Phrasal verb (maha is not a flagging device).

87. govern juhtima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter juhi-b meie linna
pn . sg . nom lead- prs .3 sg 1 pl . gen town. sg . part
‘Peeter runs our town.’

88. miss igatsema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter igatse-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom miss- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter misses Maret.’

89. follow jälitama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter jälita-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom follow- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter follows Maret.’

90. dismount maha tulema

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Peeter tul-i hobuse-lt maha
pn . sg . nom come- pst .3 sg horse- abl down
‘Peeter got down from the horse.’
Note: Phrasal verb (maha is not a flagging device).

91. listen kuulama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter kuula-b raadio-t
pn . sg . nom listen- prs .3 sg radio- sg . part
‘Peeter is listening to the radio.’

92. obey kuuletuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Peeter kuuletu-b ema-le
pn . sg . nom obey- prs .3 sg mother- all
‘Peeter obeys his mother.’

93. hear kuulma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter kuule-b muusika-t
pn . sg . nom hear- prs .3 sg music- sg . part
‘Peeter hears the music.’

94. mix segunema

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
mesi segune-s piima-ga
honey get_mixed- pst .3 sg milk- com
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look vaatama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter vaata-b pilv-i
pn . sg . nom look- prs .3 sg cloud- pl . part
‘Peeter is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off seljast võtma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter võtt-is särgi selja-st
pn . sg . nom take- pst .3 sg shirt. sg . gen back- ela
‘Peeter took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) und nägema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter näe-b Mareti-st und
pn . sg . nom see- prs .3 sg pn - ela dream. sg . part
‘Peeter dreams about Maret.’

98. agree nõustuma

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peeter nõustu-s Mareti-ga
pn . sg . nom agree- pst .3 sg pn - com
‘Peeter agreed with Maret.’

99. have a quarrel riidu minema

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peeter läks Mareti-ga riidu
pn . sg . nom go. pst .3 sg pn - com quarrel. sg . ill
‘Peeter got into a quarrel with Maret.’

100. cost maksma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
see tops maksa-b ühe euro
dem . sg . nom cup. sg . nom cost- prs .3 sg one. sg . gen euro. sg . gen
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’

101. shoot at tulistama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter tulista-s lindu.
pn . sg . nom fire- pst .3 sg bird. sg . part
‘Peeter shot at the bird.’

102. pour valama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter vala-s suhkru-t
pn . sg . nom pour- pst .3 sg sugar- sg . part
‘Peeter poured sugar.’

103. lose kaotama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter kaota-s oma võtme-d
pn . sg . nom lose- pst .3 sg poss . refl key- pl . nom
‘Peeter lost his keys.’

104. sink vajuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
palk vaju-s vette
log. sg . nom sink- pst .3 sg water. sg . ill
‘The log sank into the water.’

105. kill tapma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter tapp-is Mareti
pn . sg . nom kill- pst .3 sg pn . sg . gen
‘Peeter killed Maret.’

106. hit lööma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter lõ-i Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom hit- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter hit Maret.’

107. kiss suudlema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter suudle-s Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom kiss- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter kissed Maret.’

108. read lugema

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter luge-s huvitava raamatu
pn . sg . nom read- pst .3 sg interesting. sg . gen book. sg . gen
‘Peeter read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) liigutama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter liiguta-s oma sõrme
pn . sg . nom move- pst .3 sg poss . refl finger. sg . part
‘Peeter moved his finger.’

110. respect austama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter austa-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom respect- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter respects Maret.’

111. be squeamish pirtsakas olema

Valency pattern: NOM_GENsuhtes
X: NOM
Y: GENsuhtes
Locus: Y
Peeter on musta-de nõu-de suhtes pirtsakas
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg dirty- pl . gen dish- pl . gen about squeamish
‘Peeter is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content rahul olema

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peeter on oma poja-ga rahul
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg poss . refl son- com content
‘Peeter is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love armuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peeter armu-s Mareti-sse
pn . sg . nom fall_in_love- pst .3 sg pn - ill
‘Peeter fell in love with Maret.’

114. trust usaldama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter usalda-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom trust- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter trusts Maret.’

115. sympathise kaasa tundma

Valency pattern: NOM_ALL
X: NOM
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Peeter tunne-b oma ema-le kaasa
pn . sg . nom feel- prs .3 sg poss . refl mother- all with
‘Peeter sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Phrasal verb (kaasa is not a flagging device).

116. envy kadestama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter kadesta-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom envy- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter envies Maret.’

117. be angry vihane olema

Valency pattern: NOM_GENpeale
X: NOM
Y: GENpeale
Locus: Y
Peeter on Mareti peale vihane
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg pn . sg . gen at angry
‘Peeter is angry with Maret.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised üllatunud olema

Valency pattern: NOM_GENule
X: NOM
Y: GENule
Locus: Y
Peeter ol-i selle kingituse üle üllatu-nud
pn . sg . nom be- pst .3 sg dem . sg . gen gift. sg . gen over be_surprised- act . pst . ptcp
‘Peeter was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) armastama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter armasta-b tee-d
pn . sg . nom love- prs .3 sg tea- part
‘Peeter loves tea.’

120. enjoy nautima

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter naudi-b kuuma tee-d
pn . sg . nom enjoy- prs .3 sg hot. part tea- sg . part
‘Peeter enjoys hot tea.’

121. want tahtma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter taha-b uut mobiiltelefoni
pn . sg . nom want- prs .3 sg new. part mobile_phone. part
‘Peeter wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge pidama

Valency pattern: NOM_GENvastu
X: NOM
Y: GENvastu
Locus: Y
Peeter pea-b Mareti vastu viha
pn . sg . nom hold- prs .3 sg pn . sg . gen against grudge. sg . part
‘Peeter holds a grudge against Maret.’

123. take offence solvuma

Valency pattern: NOM_GENpeale
X: NOM
Y: GENpeale
Locus: Y
Peeter solvu-s Mareti peale
pn . sg . nom take_offence- pst .3 sg pn . sg . gen at
‘Peeter took offence at Maret.’

124. upset pahaseks tegema

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter teg-i Mareti väga pahase-ks
pn . sg . nom make- pst .3 sg pn . sg . gen very upset- transl
‘Peeter made Maret very upset.’

125. marvel imetlema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter imetle-s seda linna
pn . sg . nom marvel- pst .3 sg dem . sg . part town. sg . part
‘Peeter marvelled at this town.’

126. despise põlgama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter põlga-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom despise- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter despises Maret.’

127. get upset pahaseks saama

Valency pattern: NOM_GENpeale
X: NOM
Y: GENpeale
Locus: Y
Peeter sa-i oma poja peale pahase-ks
pn . sg . nom become- pst .3 sg poss . refl son. sg . gen at upset- transl
‘Peeter got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated ärrituma

Valency pattern: NOM_GENpeale
X: NOM
Y: GENpeale
Locus: Y
Peeter ärritu-b oma tütre peale
pn . sg . nom get_irritated- prs .3 sg poss . refl daughter. sg . gen at
‘Peeter is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond kiindunud olema

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peeter on Mareti-sse kiindu-nud
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg pn - ill become_fond- act . pst . ptcp
‘Peeter is fond of Maret.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy häbenema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter häbene-b oma pikkus-t
pn . sg . nom be_ashamed- prs .3 sg poss . refl length- part
‘Peeter is ashamed about his height.’