BivalTyp

‘win’

Argument frame: X (beat) Y
Stimulus sentence: (P. and M. played chess.) P. beat M .
Predicate label Ru: выиграть
Argument frame Ru: X (выигрывать) у Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: (П. играл с М. в шахматы). П. выиграл у М .

Abaza ajʕaj

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
bará sará b-s-ajʕáj-ṭ
you. f i 2 sg . f . abs -1 sg . io -win( aor )- dcl
‘You beat me.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) tje-ḳʷe

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.TOP
X: ABS
Y: LOC.TOP
Locus: Y
pŝaŝe-r č̣ʼale-m tje-ḳʷa-ʁ
girl- abs guy- obl loc : top -go- pst
‘The girl beat the guy.’

Aghul wartː ʁuš.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan.a wartː ʁuš.u-ne meʜemed.i-l
pn ( erg ) top take. pf - aor pn - super
‘Aslan beat Muhammad.’

Akhvakh (Northern) bišuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
patħudi w-uš-ari musa-gune
pn m -win- aor pn - el
‘Pathudi beat Musa.’

Andi (Zilo) <w>-uʃ.a

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
ali w-uʃ.a ʃaχmata-tɬo umarħadʒi-ʔo
pn [ m ][ nom ] m -win. pst ( aor ) chess-? pn - super . lat
‘Ali won over Umargaji at chess.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) ġlb

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām ġlab-a l-Maryam
pn defeat. pf .3 ms - o .3 fs to- pn
‘Abraham defeated Maryam.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) rəbəḥ

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala
X: SBJ
Y: 3ala
Locus: Y
Mḥammad rəbəḥ ʕala Salwa
pn win. pfv .3 m on pn
‘Muhammad defeated Salwa.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ġ.l.b

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi ġalab Reem
pn win. pst .3 m . sg pn
‘Shadi beat Reem.’

Arabic (standard) fāza

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
fāza aḥmad-u ʕalā Muḥammad-in
win. pf .3 m pn - nom on pn - gen
‘Ahmad beat Muhammad’

Archi -χes

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
paša χʷa moħommad-li-χur
pn 1.win. pfv pn - obl - comp
‘Pasha beat Muhammad.’

Armenian (Eastern) haγt’el

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə Mher-i-n haγt’ec’
pn [ nom ]- def pn - dat - def win: aor :3 sg
‘Petros beat Mher.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +karəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
brata +krəm-la ka axun-o
girl( f ) win. pst - ls .3 f to brother( m )- p .3 f
‘The girl beat her brother.’

Avar berhine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad-i-dasa werh-ana
pn pn - obl - el m .overcome- aor
‘Ali beat Ahmad.’

Azerbaijani qalib gəlmək

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Aslan Rǝsul-a qalib gǝl-di
pn pn - dat / lat victorious come- pst (3)
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’

Bafut ɣɔ́ɔ̂

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à kɨ̀ ɣɔ́ɔ̂ sùù
pn sm p 2 beat pn
‘Ambe beat Suh.’

Bambara sé sɔ̀rɔ

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan
X: SBJ
Y: kan
Locus: Y
Sékù ye sé` sɔ̀rɔ Fùséni kàn
pn pfv . tr power\ art gain pn on
‘Seku beat Fuseyni.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ahmed az Abdullo ayo-d
pn el pn bring- pst
‘Ahmed beat Karamsho.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

Belarusian vyjhrać

Valency pattern: NOM_uGEN
X: NOM
Y: uGEN
Locus: Y
Alieś vyjhra-ŭ u Vasil-ja
pn [ nom . sg ] win( pfv )- pst . sg . m at pn - gen . sg
‘Ales beat Vasil.’

Budugh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Bulgarian pobedya

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Petăr pobedi Maria na shah
pn win( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn on chess
‘Petar beat Maria in chess.’

Catalan apallissar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va apalliss-ar en Marc
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind win- inf def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘Pere beat Marc.’

Chechen iesha

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-as Nadir eshii-na
pn - erg pn . abs beat- prf
‘Islam beat Nadir.’

Chinese (Mandarin) dǎbài

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān dǎbài le Lǐsì
pn beat pfv pn
‘Zhangsan beat Lisi.’

Chirag četːi-b-uqi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-l-i-rka četːi-uq-un
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super - elat win-( m . sg ) lv : pf - aor .3
‘Ali beat Rasul.’

Croatian pobijediti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o je pobijedi-o Miš-u
pn - nom . sg be. prs .3 sg win( pfv )- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Pero beat Mišo.’

Czech vyhrát

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS
X: NOM
Y: nadINS
Locus: Y
Petr vyhrá-l nad Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] above pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr beat Michal.’

Danish slå

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter slog Marie
pn beat. pst pn
‘Peter beat Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) či-B-B-ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.EL
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.EL
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-r či-w-w-ih-ub
pn ( abs ) pn - obl -( super ) el on - m - m -be. pfv - aor
‘Islam beat Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Kadar) aqu-CL-uh-es / aqu-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
meħamad rasu-j-kem aqu-0-uh-ub
pn pn - obl - comp high- m -become. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad beat Rasul.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) č:et:iikara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
Petja č:et:ivič:-iv Miša-j-t:ar
pn m .win. pf - aor (3) pn - obl - superel
‘Petja beat Misha.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
gal juldaš-li-ži tala w-ič-e
boy friend- obl - super ( lat ) front( lat ) m -get. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The boy beat his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) četːe b-ičː-iz/b-irčː-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ABL2
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.ABL2
Locus: Y
uršːi juldaš-li-ja-kar četːi ič-ib
boy friend- obl - super - abl 2 through m .fall. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy beat his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) če-b-b-iχʷ-i / če-b-b-irχʷ-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.ESS
Locus: Y
durħaˤ zumra-ge-w če-w-w-iχ-ub
boy neighbor- super - m . ess on - m - m -be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy beat his neighbor.’

Dutch winnen

Valency pattern: SBJ_van
X: SBJ
Y: van
Locus: Y
Piet won van Marie
pn (С) win. pst from pn (С)
‘Piet beat Marie.’

Enets (Forest) mɔtes

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
modʲi kasa-jʔ karti-xin sanku-ʃ genka-xaz kɔrtuz mɔteʔɛ
i man- nom . sg .1 sg cards- loc . pl play( ipfv )- cvb pn - abl harness. obl win( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘Playing cards my friend won harness from Genka’.

English beat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter beat Mary.

Estonian võitma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter võit-is Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom win- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter beat Maret.’

Finnish voittaa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka voitt-i Mati-n
pn . nom win- pst .3 sg pn - gen
‘Pekka beat Matti’

French gagner

Valency pattern: SBJ_contre
X: SBJ
Y: contre
Locus: Y
Paul a gagné contre Michel
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg win. pst . ptcp . m indf . sg . f against pn ( m )
‘Paul beat Michel.’

Gascon *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.

Gban zɛ̀

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
kpɛ̀ nɛ̰̀ w ä dȍ Zá̰ ɛ́ Fíɛ́lȅ zɛ̀
awalé which 3 pl \ pst s/he/it throw[ pfv . hod ] pn 3 sg \ pst pn kill[ pfv . hod ]
‘In the game of awalé that they played, Zan beat Pierre.’

Georgian mo-Ø-u-g-eb-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-m č'adrak'-ši mašo-s mo-Ø-u-g-o
pn - erg chess- pstp : iness / illat pn - dat prv : prox - io 3- ver : o -win- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre beat Masho at chess.’

German gewinnen

Valency pattern: NOM_gegenACC
X: NOM
Y: gegenACC
Locus: Y
Karl hat gegen Marie gewonnen
pn [ nom . sg ] have. prs .3 sg against pn [ acc . sg ] win. ptcp 2
‘Karl beat Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) nitsaχ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas nitsaχ et Menaχem
pn beat[ pst .3 sg . m ] do pn
‘Pinchas beat Menachem.’

Hindi harānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne Mohan ko harāy-ā
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat defeat. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek beat Mohan.’
Note: The classification of this pattern as "TR" is tentative; it may, in fact, be "ERG_DAT".

Indonesian (standard) menang

Valency pattern: SBJ_dari
X: SBJ
Y: dari
Locus: Y
Abdul menang dari Ali
pn win from pn
‘Abdul beat Ali.’

Irish buaigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Do=bhuaigh Pól air Mhícheal.
pst =win pn on pn
‘Pól beat Mícheal.’

Italian battere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha battuto Maria
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs beat. pst . ptcp pn ( f )
‘Leo beat Maria.’

Karata bišanɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmat’-jagal w-uš-an
pn pn - el m -win- pf
‘Ali beat Ahmat.’

Kazakh ut-ïp al

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-dan ut-ïp al-dï
pn pn - abl win- cvb take- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya beat Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) nŏχ pitti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-ǝλ šaχmat-ǝn nŏχ pit-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg chess- loc upward fall- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja won over Vasja at chess.’

Khoekhoe dan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a go beat
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl rpst win
‘Peter beat Maria.’

Khwarshi j/iža

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.EL
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.EL
Locus: Y
šamil iž-ža hamaʁe-ƛ'o-žo šaχmat-ba=n ħajda-na
pn ( i ) [ i ]win- pst . w friend( i )- super - el ches- pl . abs = add play- cvb
‘Shamil beat his friend at chess.’

Komi-Permyak вермыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя верм-и-с Маша-сö
pn выигрывать- prt -3 pn - acc . p .3
‘Петя выиграл у Маши.’

Komi-Zyrian vermi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a verm-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn win- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja beat Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) yée tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe yée àá tɛ̀ɛ Hɛ́ni ɓâ
pn hand 3 sg . prf pass pn on1
‘Pepee beat Heni.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kryz (Alik) ğalib ʕaxhuric

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Terlan Rasul-iz ğalib ʕaxhr-id
pn pn - dat victorious m .come. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan beat Rasul.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) qalib ʕaxhuric

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-uz qalib ʕaxh-ird
pn pn - dat victorious come. pf - obl
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’

Kryz (proper) qalib xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-is qalib xhi-yid
pn pn - dat victorious be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk utmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mahammat rasul-nu ut-d-u
pn pn - acc win- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad beat Rasul.’

Kurdish (Sorani) birdinewe

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_le
X: SBJ.TR
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa ʂetr̂enc=î le Zanko-î bird-Ø-ewe
pn chess=3 sg . pc from pn - obl win. pst -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa beat Zanko in chess.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) zor birin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zilam zor-a Gul-ê bir
man force- ez . f pn - obl . f take. pfv . sg
‘The man defeated Gule.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
Maħammad χːu x-und-i Rasul-du-jar
pn winning become- aor -3 p pn - obl - comp
‘Mohammad beat Rasul.’

Latin evinco

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
spume-us amn-is exi-it opposit-as-que evic-it gurgit-e mol-es
foaming- nom . sg . m river( m )- nom . sg go_out[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg oppose. prf . ptcp . pass - acc . pl . f -and overwhelm[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg flow( m )- abl . sg dyke( f )- acc . pl
‘A foaming river exits its banks and with its flow overwhelms opposing dykes.’
Note: (Verg. Aen. II, 497)

Laz o-ǯg-in-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-s g-Ø-ö-ǯg-in-u
pn - b - erg pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : sup -be_better- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim beat Fatma (in a game).’

Lezgian (Yargun) tuxun

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Sahib-a Eldar tuxva-na
pn - erg pn carry. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib beat Eldar.’

Macedonian pobedi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja pobedi Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc win( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar beat Maja.’

Maltese rebaħ

Valency pattern: SBJ_lil
X: SBJ
Y: lil
Locus: Y
Ġwanni rebaħ lil Mark
pn win. pf . m .3 sg to pn
‘Ġwanni beat Mark.’
Note: The use of the preposition “lil” is obligatory with this verb in this meaning. This is not an optional direct object marker.

Maninka (Eastern) sɔ̀dɔn

Valency pattern: SBJ_kun
X: SBJ
Y: kun
Locus: Y
Sékù kà wàa kélen sɔ̀dɔn Fónbà kùn.
pn aor . tr thousand one get pn on
‘Seku gained 1000 francs from Fomba.’

Mano kɔ̀ bɛ̀ī

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ō kɔ̀ ē bɛ̀ī gbàlà mìà mɔ̀
3 pl arm 3 sg . pst be.able k pelle person. pl : cstr on
‘They beat the Kpelle.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Mansi (Northern) noxpattǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pētra anum kāsarǝl nox=pat-t-ǝs
p eter i . obl cards- ins up=fall- caus - pst [3 sg ]
‘Peter won over me in a game of cards.’

Mehweb derqʷ -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.ESS
Locus: Y
Pajzula Nadir-li-če-w derqʷ uh-ub
pn pn - obl - super - m ( ess ) winning m .become: pfv - aor
‘Pajzula beat Nadir.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-rǯg-in-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s Ø-o-rǯg-in-(u) šaxmat'-i-s
pn - erg pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -be_better- r . ext -( s 3 sg . pst ) chess- b - dat
‘Chelo beat Anuchia at chess.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Nanai xətə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa xətə-xə-ni
pn pn - obl win- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia beat Masha.’

Nivkh kʰəd

Valency pattern: SBJ_COMP
X: SBJ
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-ak kʰə-d
pn pn - comp be_skillful- ind
‘Kaskazik beat Ajsana.’

Norwegian Bokmål å vinne

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Per vant over Ola
pn win. pst over pn
‘Per beat Ola.’

Oromo (West Central) moʔa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n tolaa moʔ-e
pn - nom pn . abs beat-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa beat Tolaa.’

Persian šekast dādan

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ahmad mariam-rā šekast dād
pn pn - acc defeat give. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad beat Mariam.’

Polish wygrać

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Paweł wygra-ł z Lech-em
pn [ nom . sg ] win: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] with pn - ins . sg
‘Paweł beat Lech.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) vencer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro venc-eu Miguel
pn ( m ) win-3 sg . pst pn ( m )
‘Pedro won over Miguel.’

Romani (Kalderash) lel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a ľ-a les-tar and-o futbol-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg take- pst .3 sg he- abl in- art . m . dir . sg soccer- nom . sg
‘Murša beat him at soccer.’

Romanian a învinge

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a învins-о pe Maria
pn aux .3 sg win. pst . ptcp -she. acc . nant on pn
‘Petru beat Maria.’

Russian vyigratʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_uGEN
X: NOM
Y: uGEN
Locus: Y
Pet-ja vyigra-l u Maš-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] at pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja beat Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) libt’ɨra

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP
X: ERG
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
rasul-a l-i<b>t’ɨ-r=a ramazan-ɨ
pn - erg pv -<3>win. pfv - cvb =be pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul beat Ramazan.’

Rutul (Mukhad) lit'in

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
murad-a q'urban-ıı libt'i-ri
pn - erg pn - super a .overcome. pf - aor
‘Murad beat Kurban.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
mırad rasul-ula ğami yişi-ri
pn pn - obl . superel victorious m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad beat Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Shin-Borch) uˤʔuˤ yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad natig-ı-s uˤʔuˤ yişi-r
pn pn - obl - dat brave m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad beat Natig.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Shinaz) ʁemi h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
basir ʁemi h-iši-r karam-ɨla
pn winning m -be. pf - aor pn - el
‘Basir beat Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Saami (Skolt) vueiʹtted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vuõit-i Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom win- pst .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete beat Maria’

Sagada beža

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ABL
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ABL
Locus: Y
pat’ak’u j-ež-ii maħama-ƛ’-oj
pn ( ii ) ii -win- pst . w pn - super - abl
‘Pataku won over Muhamad.’

Serbian pobediti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je pobedi-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg win- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar beat Maria.’

Shughni yêdow

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_EL
X: NOM.CL
Y: EL
Locus: Y
Ahmed=i as Karamšo yod
pn =3 sg el pn bring. pst
‘Ahmed beat Karamsho.’

Slovak vyhrať

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS
X: NOM
Y: nadINS
Locus: Y
Peter vyhra-l nad Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] above pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter beat Marek.’

Slovenian premagati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pavel je premaga-l Petr-a
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg win: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] pn - acc . sg
‘Pavel beat Peter.’

Spanish ganar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha gana-do a María a=l ajedrez
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg win- ptcp : prf dir . obj . anm pn [ sg . f ] to= art . def . sg . m chess[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro won over Maria at chess.’

Svan x-ä-c'r-e (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-s ž-a-x-c'ind-a
pn - nom pn - dat prv : upward - prv : dist - io 3-beat- pst
‘Maizer beat Gegi.’

Swedish att slå

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn slog Maja
pn beat. pst pn
‘Björn beat Maja.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji maˁhaˁmad qtip-nu
pn - erg pn ( abs ) ( n . sg )overtake- pst
‘Fatima beat Mahamad.’

Tagalog talunin

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
t<in>alo ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .beat pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro beat Miguel.’

Telugu gelucu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmida
X: NOM
Y: OBLmida
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ mīda gelicāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl on win. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen beat Mahesh.’

Tsakhur q:amхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad aydın-ıle q:am-хha-na
pn pn - superel overcome- aux . pf - h
‘Murad beat Aydin.’

Tswana fenya

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ke-fen-ts-e Kitso mo lo-belo-ng
s i :1 sg -beat- prf - fv prn loc 2 sg -race(11)- loc
‘I beat Kitso in the race.’

Turkish galip gelmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Kemal-e galip gel-di
pn pn - dat winner come- pst
‘Mehmet beat Kemal.’

Turoyo maxṣər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Šabo maxṣar-le Maryam
pn defeat. pfv - ls .3 m pn
‘Shabo defeated Maryam.’

Twi di nkunim

Valency pattern: SBJ_so
X: SBJ
Y: so
Locus: Y
Kofi di-i nana so nkunim
pn eat- pst grandfather on victory
‘Kofi beat grandfather.’

Udi taşes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
İgor-en şaxmat'-a Aloş-a ta=ne=şer-i
pn - erg chess- dat pn - dat carry_away=3 sg = st - aor
‘Igor beat Alyosha at chess.’

Udmurt vormi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a Maša-jez vorm-iz
pn . nom pn - acc win- pst .3 sg
‘Petja beat Masha.’

Ukrainian vyhraty

Valency pattern: NOM_uGEN
X: NOM
Y: uGEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o vyhra-v u Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] at pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petro beat Mariya.’

Ulcha dabdi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xusə piktə əktə piktə-wə dabda-xa-n
male child female child- acc win- pst -3 sg
‘The boy beat the girl.’
Note: The speaker was not sure about the verb (dabdi-, dabda-, or dabdaǯu-).

Uzbek eŋmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-ni eŋ-di
pn pn - acc win- pst .3 sg
‘Petja beat Maša.’

Wolof daan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
Omar daan na Sàmba
pn beat prf .s i :3 sg pn
‘Omar beat Samba.’

Yukaghir (Northern) purǝbǝdˈī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝ purǝbǝdˈī-m
pn pn - acc aff win- tr .3 sg
‘Semien beat Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
oxɨr-i zor-e hɛsɛn-i bɛrd
pn - m . obl difficult- ez . m pn - m . obl take. pst
‘Oxir beat Hesen.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.