Armenian (Eastern)
Contributed by Vasilisa Kagirova .
The data were gathered in 2012 using the Russian version of the questionnaire.
How to cite
Kagirova, Vasilisa. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Armenian (Eastern).
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on August 18, 2025;
last revised on September 11, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info ,
Accessed on .)
Basic info
Coordinates: 40.0, 45.0 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Indo-European, genus: Armenian.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
DAT_NOM
DAT~NOM_NOM
NOM_ABL
NOM_DAT
NOM_DAThet
NOM_DATmasin
NOM_DATmej
NOM_DATpatcarov
NOM_DATvra
NOM_INS
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
Y
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petros-i
glux-ə
c’avum+ē
pn
-
dat
head[
nom
]-
def
ache:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
grip
ē+ənkel
pn
[
nom
]-
def
flu[
nom
]
fall:
prf
:3
sg
‘Petros has the flu.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
šnic’
vaxenum+ē
pn
[
nom
]-
def
dog:
abl
be_afraid:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros is afraid of a dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
gc’ec’
k’ar-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
throw:
aor
:3
sg
stone[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros threw the stone.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petros-i-n
herik’um+ē
p’oγ-ə
pn
-
dat
-
def
be_enough:
prs
:3
sg
money[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros has enough money.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
Mher-i
nman
ē
pn
[
nom
]-
def
pn
-
dat
similar
cop
:3
sg
‘Petros resembles Mher.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
havatum+ē
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
believe:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros believes Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
girk’
verc’rec’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
book[
nom
]
take:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros took a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
tun-ə
tesnum+ē
pn
[
nom
]-
def
house[
nom
]-
def
see:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros sees the house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
tarik’-n
azdum+ē
hišoγut’yan
vra
age[
nom
]-
def
influence:
prs
:3
sg
memory:
dat
on
‘Age influences memory.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
handipec’
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
encounter:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros encountered Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
mtav
tun
pn
[
nom
]-
def
enter:
aor
:3
sg
house[
nom
]
‘Petros entered a house.’
Note: The second argument cannot be marked by the dative marker.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
Mher-i-n
haγt’ec’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
pn
-
dat
-
def
win:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros beat Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
tnic’
durs+ekav
pn
[
nom
]-
def
house:
abl
go_out:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros went out of a house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
kov-i-n
k’šum+ē
arotavayr
pn
[
nom
]-
def
cow-
dat
-
def
drive:
prs
:3
sg
pasture[
nom
]
‘Petros is driving the cow to a pasture.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
t’ek’ec’
čyuγ-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
bend:
aor
:3
sg
branch[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
Mher-i-n
asac’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
pn
-
dat
-
def
tell:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros told Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
girk’-ə
pahum+ē
jeŕk’-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
book[
nom
]-
def
keep:
prs
:3
sg
hand-
dat
-
def
‘Petros is holding the book in his hands.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
hasav
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
reach:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros caught up with Mariam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
k’t’ec’
kov-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
milk:
aor
:3
sg
cow[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
hasav
ap’-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
reach:
aor
:3
sg
bank-
dat
-
def
‘Petros reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
dipav
pat-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
touch:
aor
:3
sg
wall-
dat
-
def
‘Petros touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
kŕvum+ē
Mher-i
het
pn
[
nom
]-
def
fight:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
with
‘Petros is fighting with Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
Mher-i
het
ənkerut’yun
ē+anum
pn
[
nom
]-
def
pn
-
dat
with
friendship[
nom
]
make:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros is friends with Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATmasin
X: NOM
Y: DATmasin
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
mtacum+ē
Mher-i
masin
pn
[
nom
]-
def
think:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
about
‘Petros is thinking about Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
kerav
xnjor-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
eat:
aor
:3
sg
apple[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros ate the apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
juk-ə
xorovec’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
fish[
nom
]-
def
fry:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
spasum+ē
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
wait:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros is waiting for Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATmasin
X: NOM
Y: DATmasin
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
moŕac’el+ē
myus
čanaparh-i
masin
pn
[
nom
]-
def
forget:
prf
:3
sg
other
road-
dat
about
‘Petros forgot about the other road.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
hišoγut’yun-ə
tarik’-ic’
ē
kaxvac
memory[
nom
]-
def
age-
abl
cop
:
prs
:3
sg
dependent
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
kanč’ec’
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
call:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros called Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
Mher-i
het
canot’ac’el+ē
mek
tari
aŕaĵ
pn
[
nom
]-
def
pn
-
dat
with
get_acquainted:
prf
:3
sg
one
year[
nom
]
before
‘Petros got to know Mher a year ago.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
čanač’um+ē
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
know:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros knows Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
kit’aŕ
ē+nvagum
pn
[
nom
]-
def
guitar[
nom
]
play:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros is playing the guitar.’
Note: The second argument cannot be marked by the dative marker.
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
xusap’um+ē
Mher-ic’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
avoid:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
abl
‘Petros avoids Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
ŕumb
patrastec’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
bomb[
nom
]
make:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros made a bomb.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
Mher-i-n
jeŕ+ē+aŕnum
pn
[
nom
]-
def
pn
-
dat
-
def
make_fun:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros is making fun of Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
mek’ena
uni
pn
[
nom
]-
def
car[
nom
]
have:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros has a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
p’ntrum+ē
banali-ner-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
look_for:
prs
:3
sg
key-
pl
[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros is looking for the keys.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
nerkec’
c’ankapat-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
paint:
aor
:3
sg
fence[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
šun-ə
kcec’
Petros-i-n
dog[
nom
]-
def
bite:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘A dog bit Petros.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
zrkvel+ē
tnic’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
get_deprived:
prf
:3
sg
house:
abl
‘Petros lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
katvi-n
bŕnum+ē
pn
[
nom
]-
def
cat:
dat
-
def
seize:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
kotrec’
p’ayt-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
break:
aor
:3
sg
stick[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros broke the stick.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
Mher-i-n
šoγok’ort’um+ē
pn
[
nom
]-
def
pn
-
dat
-
def
flatter:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros is flattering Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
sirum+ē
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
love:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros loves Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
t’ap’aharum+ē
t’aškinak-ov
pn
[
nom
]-
def
wave:
prs
:3
sg
handkerchief-
ins
‘Petros is waving a handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATmasin
X: NOM
Y: DATmasin
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
erazum+ē
nor
mek’enayi
masin
pn
[
nom
]-
def
dream:
prs
:3
sg
new
car:
dat
about
‘Petros is dreaming of a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Mher-ə
lvac’
bažak-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
wash:
aor
:3
sg
cup[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
hagav
tabat-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
put_on:
aor
:3
sg
trousers[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros put on the trousers.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
ays
aŕarka-n
koč’vum+ē
koγmnac’uyc’
this
object[
nom
]-
def
be_called:
prs
:3
sg
compass[
nom
]
‘This object is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
patžec’
ir
tγayi-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
punish:
aor
:3
sg
his
son:
dat
-
def
‘Petros punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
arĵ-ə
harjakvec’
jknors-i
vra
bear[
nom
]-
def
attack:
aor
:3
sg
fisherman-
dat
on
‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
duyl-ə
ĵrov
lc’vel+ē
bucket[
nom
]-
def
water:
ins
fill:
prf
:3
sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
gtav
banali-ner-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
find:
aor
:3
sg
key-
pl
[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros found the keys.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petros-i-n
mek
dolar
č’i+herik’um
pn
-
dat
-
def
one
dollar
neg
:be_enough:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros is one dollar short.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-n
atum+ē
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
hate:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros hates Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
havanum+ē
ays
šapik-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
like:
prs
:3
sg
this
shirt[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petros-i-n
dram
ē
petk’
pn
-
dat
-
def
money[
nom
]
cop
:3
sg
necessary
‘Petros needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
pat-er-ə
šrĵapatum+en
k’aγak’-ə
wall-
pl
[
nom
]-
def
surround:
prs
:3
pl
city[
nom
]-
def
‘The walls surround the city.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petros-n
uni
tasə
dolar
pn
[
nom
]-
def
have:
prs
:3
sg
ten
dollar[
nom
]
‘Petros has ten dollars left.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
patasxanec’
usuc’č’i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
answer:
aor
:3
sg
teacher:
dat
-
def
‘Petros answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
bac’ec’
banka-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
open:
aor
:3
sg
can[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros opened the can.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
im
šapik-ə
tarbervum+ē
k’onic’
my
shirt[
nom
]-
def
differ:
prs
:3
sg
your:
abl
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
Mher-ic’
et+ənkav
pn
[
nom
]-
def
pn
-
abl
fall_behind:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros fell behind Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
varum+ē
dašt-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
plough:
prs
:3
sg
field[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
im
jeŕk’-er-ic’
benzin-i
hot
ē+galis
my
hand-
pl
-
abl
gasoline-
dat
smell[
nom
]
go:
prs
:3
sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-n
anc’av
čanaparh-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
pass:
aor
:3
sg
road[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros crossed the road.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
geγec’ik
erg
ergec’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
beautiful
song[
nom
]
sing:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
namak
grec’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
letter[
nom
]
write:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
kat’-ə
xmec’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
milk[
nom
]-
def
drink:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
mi
ktor
kapar
halec’rec’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
ind
piece[
nom
]
lead[
nom
]
melt:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ays
goti-n
sazum+ē
im
zgest-i-n
this
belt[
nom
]-
def
match:
prs
:3
sg
my
dress-
dat
-
def
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
lk’ec’
harazat
k’aγak’-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
leave:
aor
:3
sg
native
city[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros left his native city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
karpet-ə
cackum+ē
amboγĵ
hatak-ə
carpet[
nom
]-
def
cover:
prs
:3
sg
all
floor[
nom
]-
def
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
lav
ē+hišum
tun-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
good
remember:
psr
:3
sg
house[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros remembers the house well.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-n
ognec’
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
help:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros helped Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
haskanum+ē
franseren
pn
[
nom
]-
def
understand:
prs
:3
sg
f
rench[
nom
]
‘Petros understands French.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
kaycak-ə
dipav
tan-ə
lightning[
nom
]-
def
strike:
aor
:3
sg
house:
dat
-
def
‘The lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petros-n
ktrec’
mašk-n
aceli-ov
pn
[
nom
]-
def
cut:
aor
:3
sg
skin[
nom
]-
def
razor-
ins
‘Petros cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
bažak-ə
kpav
seγan-i-n
glass[
nom
]-
def
stick:
aor
:3
sg
table-
dat
-
def
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
partvec’
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
lose:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros lost to Mher.’
Valency pattern:
DAT~NOM_NOM
X: DAT~NOM
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petros-i-n
uraxac’re’c
namak-ə
pn
-
dat
-
def
make_glad:
aor
:3
sg
letter[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros was glad about the letter.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
xosum+ē
Mher-i
het
pn
[
nom
]-
def
speak:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
with
‘Petros is speaking with Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Mariam-ə
tγa
ē+cnndaberel
pn
[
nom
]-
def
son[
nom
]
give_birth:
prf
:3
sg
‘Mariam gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
vayr
gc’ec’
bažak-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
down
drop:
aor
:3
sg
glass[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
γekavarum+ē
mer
avan-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
run:
prs
:3
sg
our
village[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros runs our village.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
karotum+ē
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
miss:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros misses Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
hetevum+ē
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
follow:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros follows Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
iĵav
ji-uc’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
get_down:
aor
:3
sg
horse-
abl
‘Petros got down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
ŕadio
ē+lsum
pn
[
nom
]-
def
radio[
nom
]
listen:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros is listening to radio.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
lsum+ē
mayrik-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
listen:
prs
:3
sg
mother-
dat
-
def
‘Petros always listens to his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
lsum+ē
eražštut’yun-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
hear:
prs
:3
sg
music[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
meγr-ə
xaŕnvec’
kat’-i
het
honey[
nom
]-
def
mix:
aor
:3
sg
milk-
dat
with
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
nayum+ē
amp-er-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
look:
prs
:
sg
cloud-
pl
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
hanec’
šapik-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
take_off:
aor
:3
sg
shirt[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros took off the shirt.’
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Mher-ə
Petros-i-n
eraz
ē+galis
pn
[
nom
]-
def
pn
-
dat
-
def
dream[
nom
]
come:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros dreams about Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
hamajaynec’
Mher-i
het
pn
[
nom
]-
def
agree:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
with
‘Petros agreed with Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
kŕvec’
Mher-i
het
pn
[
nom
]-
def
fight:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
with
‘Petros had a quarrel with Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
ays
bažak-n
arže
mek
dollar
this
cup[
nom
]-
def
cost:
prs
:3
sg
one
dollar[
nom
]
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
krakec’
t’ŕč’un-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
shoot:
aor
:3
sg
bird-
dat
-
def
‘Petros shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
šak’aravaz
lc’rec’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
sugar[
nom
]
pour:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros poured sugar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
korc’rel+ē
banali-ner-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
lose:
prf
:3
sg
key[
nom
]-
pl
-
def
‘Petros lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATmej
X: NOM
Y: DATmej
Locus: Y
p’ayt-ə
suzvec’
ĵri
meĵ
log[
nom
]-
def
sink:
aor
:3
sg
water:
dat
in
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
spanec’
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
kill:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros killed Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
harvacec’
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
hit:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros hit Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
hamburec’
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
kiss:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros kissed Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
hetak’rk’ir
girk’
kardac’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
interesting
book[
nom
]
read:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
šaržec’
mat-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
move:
aor
:3
sg
finger[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
hargum+ē
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
respect:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros respects Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
zzvum+ē
keγtot
spask’-ic’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
be_squeamish:
prs
:3
sg
dirty
dishes-
abl
‘Petros is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
goh
ē
ir
tγayic’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
content
cop
:
prs
:3
sg
his
son:
abl
‘Petros is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
siraharvec’
Mariam-i
vra
pn
[
nom
]-
def
fall_in_love:
aor
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
on
‘Petros fell in love with Mariam.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
vstahum+ē
Mariam-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
trust:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros trusts Mariam.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
xγčum+ē
mor-ə
pn
[
nom
]-
def
sympathise:
prs
:3
sg
mother:
dat
-
def
‘Petros sympathises with his mother.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
naxanjum+ē
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
envy:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros envies Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
barkanum+ē
Mher-i
vra
pn
[
nom
]-
def
be_angry:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
on
‘Petros is angry with Mher.’
Valency pattern:
DAT~NOM_NOM
X: DAT~NOM
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petros-i-n
zarmac’rec’
nver-ə
pn
-
dat
-
def
surprise:
aor
:3
sg
gift[
nom
]-
def
‘Petros was surprised at the gift.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
t’ey
ē+sirum
pn
[
nom
]-
def
tea[
nom
]
love:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
tak’
tey
ē+vayelum
pn
[
nom
]-
def
hot
tea[
nom
]
enjoy:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros enjoys hot tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
nor
bĵĵayin
ē+uzum
pn
[
nom
]-
def
new
mobile_phone[
nom
]
want:
prs
:3
sg
‘Petros wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
barkac’ac
ē
Mher-i
vra
pn
[
nom
]-
def
be_angry:
res
.
part
cop
:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
on
‘Petros holds a grudge against Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
neγac’el+ē
Mher-ic’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
take_offence:
prf
:3
sg
pn
-
abl
‘Petros took offence at Mher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə
Mher-i-n
šat
txrec’rec’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
pn
-
dat
-
def
very
upset:
aor
:3
sg
‘Petros greatly upset Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
apšec’
ayd
k’aγak’-ic’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
be_impressed:
aor
:3
sg
this
town-
abl
‘Petros was impressed by this town.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-n
arhamarum+ē
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
despise:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros despises Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATpatcarov
X: NOM
Y: DATpatcarov
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
vštac’av
tγayi
patčaŕ-ov
pn
[
nom
]-
def
get_upset:
aor
:3
sg
son:
dat
cause-
ins
‘Petros got upset with his son.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
zayranum+ē
dster
vra
pn
[
nom
]-
def
get_irritated:
prs
:3
sg
daughter:
dat
on
‘Petros is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə
hamakrum+ē
Mher-i-n
pn
[
nom
]-
def
be_fond:
prs
:3
sg
pn
-
dat
-
def
‘Petros is fond of Mher.’
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-n
amač’um+ē
ir
hasak-ic’
pn
[
nom
]-
def
be_embarrassed:
prs
:3
sg
his
height-
abl
‘Petros is embarrassed about his height.’