BivalTyp

Armenian (Eastern)

Contributed by Vasilisa Kagirova.

V.K.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2012 using the Russian version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Kagirova, Vasilisa. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Armenian (Eastern). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 18, 2025; last revised on September 11, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain c’avel

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petros-i glux-ə c’avum+ē
pn - dat head[ nom ]- def ache: prs :3 sg
‘Petros has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) ənknel

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
Petros-ə grip ē+ənkel
pn [ nom ]- def flu[ nom ] fall: prf :3 sg
‘Petros has the flu.’

3. be afraid vaxenal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə šnic’ vaxenum+ē
pn [ nom ]- def dog: abl be_afraid: prs :3 sg
‘Petros is afraid of a dog.’

4. throw gc’el

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə gc’ec’ k’ar-ə
pn [ nom ]- def throw: aor :3 sg stone[ nom ]- def
‘Petros threw the stone.’

5. have enough herik’el

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petros-i-n herik’um+ē p’oγ-ə
pn - dat - def be_enough: prs :3 sg money[ nom ]- def
‘Petros has enough money.’

6. resemble nman linel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə Mher-i nman ē
pn [ nom ]- def pn - dat similar cop :3 sg
‘Petros resembles Mher.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe havatal

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə havatum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def believe: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros believes Mher.’

8. take verc’nel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə girk’ verc’rec’
pn [ nom ]- def book[ nom ] take: aor :3 sg
‘Petros took a book.’

9. see tesnel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə tun-ə tesnum+ē
pn [ nom ]- def house[ nom ]- def see: prs :3 sg
‘Petros sees the house.’

10. influence azdel

Valency pattern: NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
tarik’-n azdum+ē hišoγut’yan vra
age[ nom ]- def influence: prs :3 sg memory: dat on
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter handipel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə handipec’ Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def encounter: aor :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros encountered Mher.’

12. enter mtnel

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
Petros-ə mtav tun
pn [ nom ]- def enter: aor :3 sg house[ nom ]
‘Petros entered a house.’
Note: The second argument cannot be marked by the dative marker.

13. win haγt’el

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə Mher-i-n haγt’ec’
pn [ nom ]- def pn - dat - def win: aor :3 sg
‘Petros beat Mher.’

14. go out durs gal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə tnic’ durs+ekav
pn [ nom ]- def house: abl go_out: aor :3 sg
‘Petros went out of a house.’

15. drive k’šel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə kov-i-n k’šum+ē arotavayr
pn [ nom ]- def cow- dat - def drive: prs :3 sg pasture[ nom ]
‘Petros is driving the cow to a pasture.’

16. bend t’ek’el

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə t’ek’ec’ čyuγ-ə
pn [ nom ]- def bend: aor :3 sg branch[ nom ]- def
‘Petros bent the branch.’

17. tell asel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə Mher-i-n asac’
pn [ nom ]- def pn - dat - def tell: aor :3 sg
‘Petros told Mher.’

18. hold pahel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə girk’-ə pahum+ē jeŕk’-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def book[ nom ]- def keep: prs :3 sg hand- dat - def
‘Petros is holding the book in his hands.’

19. catch up hasnel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə hasav Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def reach: aor :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros caught up with Mariam.’

20. milk k’t’el

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə k’t’ec’ kov-ə
pn [ nom ]- def milk: aor :3 sg cow[ nom ]- def
‘Petros milked the cow.’

21. reach hasnel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə hasav ap’-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def reach: aor :3 sg bank- dat - def
‘Petros reached the bank.’

22. touch dipč’el

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə dipav pat-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def touch: aor :3 sg wall- dat - def
‘Petros touched the wall.’

23. fight kŕvel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə kŕvum+ē Mher-i het
pn [ nom ]- def fight: prs :3 sg pn - dat with
‘Petros is fighting with Mher.’

24. be friends ənkerut’yun anel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə Mher-i het ənkerut’yun ē+anum
pn [ nom ]- def pn - dat with friendship[ nom ] make: prs :3 sg
‘Petros is friends with Mher.’

25. think mtacel

Valency pattern: NOM_DATmasin
X: NOM
Y: DATmasin
Locus: Y
Petros-ə mtacum+ē Mher-i masin
pn [ nom ]- def think: prs :3 sg pn - dat about
‘Petros is thinking about Mher.’

26. eat utel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə kerav xnjor-ə
pn [ nom ]- def eat: aor :3 sg apple[ nom ]- def
‘Petros ate the apple.’

27. fry xorovel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə juk-ə xorovec’
pn [ nom ]- def fish[ nom ]- def fry: aor :3 sg
‘Petros fried the fish.’

28. wait spasel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə spasum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def wait: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros is waiting for Mher.’

29. forget moŕanal

Valency pattern: NOM_DATmasin
X: NOM
Y: DATmasin
Locus: Y
Petros-ə moŕac’el+ē myus čanaparh-i masin
pn [ nom ]- def forget: prf :3 sg other road- dat about
‘Petros forgot about the other road.’

30. depend kaxvac linel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
hišoγut’yun-ə tarik’-ic’ ē kaxvac
memory[ nom ]- def age- abl cop : prs :3 sg dependent
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call kanč’el

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə kanč’ec’ Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def call: aor :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros called Mher.’

32. get to know canot’anal

Valency pattern: NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə Mher-i het canot’ac’el+ē mek tari aŕaĵ
pn [ nom ]- def pn - dat with get_acquainted: prf :3 sg one year[ nom ] before
‘Petros got to know Mher a year ago.’

33. know čanač’el

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə čanač’um+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def know: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros knows Mher.’

34. play (instrument) nvagel

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
Petros-ə kit’aŕ ē+nvagum
pn [ nom ]- def guitar[ nom ] play: prs :3 sg
‘Petros is playing the guitar.’
Note: The second argument cannot be marked by the dative marker.

35. avoid xusap’el

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə xusap’um+ē Mher-ic’
pn [ nom ]- def avoid: prs :3 sg pn - abl
‘Petros avoids Mher.’

36. make patrastel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə ŕumb patrastec’
pn [ nom ]- def bomb[ nom ] make: aor :3 sg
‘Petros made a bomb.’

37. make fun jeŕ aŕnel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə Mher-i-n jeŕ+ē+aŕnum
pn [ nom ]- def pn - dat - def make_fun: prs :3 sg
‘Petros is making fun of Mher.’

38. have unenal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə mek’ena uni
pn [ nom ]- def car[ nom ] have: prs :3 sg
‘Petros has a car.’

39. look for p’ntrel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə p’ntrum+ē banali-ner-ə
pn [ nom ]- def look_for: prs :3 sg key- pl [ nom ]- def
‘Petros is looking for the keys.’

40. paint nerkel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə nerkec’ c’ankapat-ə
pn [ nom ]- def paint: aor :3 sg fence[ nom ]- def
‘Petros painted the fence.’

41. bite kcel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
šun-ə kcec’ Petros-i-n
dog[ nom ]- def bite: aor :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘A dog bit Petros.’

42. forfeit zrkvel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə zrkvel+ē tnic’
pn [ nom ]- def get_deprived: prf :3 sg house: abl
‘Petros lost his house.’

43. try to catch bŕnel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə katvi-n bŕnum+ē
pn [ nom ]- def cat: dat - def seize: prs :3 sg
‘Petros is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break kotrel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə kotrec’ p’ayt-ə
pn [ nom ]- def break: aor :3 sg stick[ nom ]- def
‘Petros broke the stick.’

45. flatter šoγok’ort’el

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə Mher-i-n šoγok’ort’um+ē
pn [ nom ]- def pn - dat - def flatter: prs :3 sg
‘Petros is flattering Mher.’

46. love (person) sirel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə sirum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def love: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros loves Mher.’

47. wave t’ap’aharel

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petros-ə t’ap’aharum+ē t’aškinak-ov
pn [ nom ]- def wave: prs :3 sg handkerchief- ins
‘Petros is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream erazel

Valency pattern: NOM_DATmasin
X: NOM
Y: DATmasin
Locus: Y
Petros-ə erazum+ē nor mek’enayi masin
pn [ nom ]- def dream: prs :3 sg new car: dat about
‘Petros is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash lvanal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Mher-ə lvac’ bažak-ə
pn [ nom ]- def wash: aor :3 sg cup[ nom ]- def
‘Petros washed the cup.’

50. put on hagnel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə hagav tabat-ə
pn [ nom ]- def put_on: aor :3 sg trousers[ nom ]- def
‘Petros put on the trousers.’

51. be called koč’vel

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
ays aŕarka-n koč’vum+ē koγmnac’uyc’
this object[ nom ]- def be_called: prs :3 sg compass[ nom ]
‘This object is called a compass.’

52. punish patžel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə patžec’ ir tγayi-n
pn [ nom ]- def punish: aor :3 sg his son: dat - def
‘Petros punished his son.’

53. attack harjakvel

Valency pattern: NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
arĵ-ə harjakvec’ jknors-i vra
bear[ nom ]- def attack: aor :3 sg fisherman- dat on
‘The bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) lc’vel

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
duyl-ə ĵrov lc’vel+ē
bucket[ nom ]- def water: ins fill: prf :3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find gtnel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə gtav banali-ner-ə
pn [ nom ]- def find: aor :3 sg key- pl [ nom ]- def
‘Petros found the keys.’

56. be short č’-herik’el

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petros-i-n mek dolar č’i+herik’um
pn - dat - def one dollar neg :be_enough: prs :3 sg
‘Petros is one dollar short.’

57. hate atel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-n atum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def hate: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros hates Mher.’

58. like havanel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə havanum+ē ays šapik-ə
pn [ nom ]- def like: prs :3 sg this shirt[ nom ]- def
‘Petros likes this shirt.’

59. need petk’ linel

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petros-i-n dram ē petk’
pn - dat - def money[ nom ] cop :3 sg necessary
‘Petros needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround šrĵapatel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
pat-er-ə šrĵapatum+en k’aγak’-ə
wall- pl [ nom ]- def surround: prs :3 pl city[ nom ]- def
‘The walls surround the city.’

61. remain unenal

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petros-n uni tasə dolar
pn [ nom ]- def have: prs :3 sg ten dollar[ nom ]
‘Petros has ten dollars left.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

62. answer patasxanel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə patasxanec’ usuc’č’i-n
pn [ nom ]- def answer: aor :3 sg teacher: dat - def
‘Petros answered the teacher.’

63. open bac’el

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə bac’ec’ banka-n
pn [ nom ]- def open: aor :3 sg can[ nom ]- def
‘Petros opened the can.’

64. be different tarbervel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
im šapik-ə tarbervum+ē k’onic’
my shirt[ nom ]- def differ: prs :3 sg your: abl
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind et ənknel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə Mher-ic’ et+ənkav
pn [ nom ]- def pn - abl fall_behind: aor :3 sg
‘Petros fell behind Mher.’

66. plough varel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə varum+ē dašt-ə
pn [ nom ]- def plough: prs :3 sg field[ nom ]- def
‘Petros is ploughing the field.’

67. smell hot gal

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
im jeŕk’-er-ic’ benzin-i hot ē+galis
my hand- pl - abl gasoline- dat smell[ nom ] go: prs :3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross anc’nel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-n anc’av čanaparh-ə
pn [ nom ]- def pass: aor :3 sg road[ nom ]- def
‘Petros crossed the road.’

69. sing ergel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə geγec’ik erg ergec’
pn [ nom ]- def beautiful song[ nom ] sing: aor :3 sg
‘Petros sang a beautiful song.’

70. write grel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə namak grec’
pn [ nom ]- def letter[ nom ] write: aor :3 sg
‘Petros wrote a letter.’

71. drink xmel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə kat’-ə xmec’
pn [ nom ]- def milk[ nom ]- def drink: aor :3 sg
‘Petros drank the milk.’

72. melt halec’nel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə mi ktor kapar halec’rec’
pn [ nom ]- def ind piece[ nom ] lead[ nom ] melt: aor :3 sg
‘Petros melted a piece of lead.’

73. match sazel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ays goti-n sazum+ē im zgest-i-n
this belt[ nom ]- def match: prs :3 sg my dress- dat - def
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave lk’el

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə lk’ec’ harazat k’aγak’-ə
pn [ nom ]- def leave: aor :3 sg native city[ nom ]- def
‘Petros left his native city.’

75. cover cackel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
karpet-ə cackum+ē amboγĵ hatak-ə
carpet[ nom ]- def cover: prs :3 sg all floor[ nom ]- def
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember hišel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə lav ē+hišum tun-ə
pn [ nom ]- def good remember: psr :3 sg house[ nom ]- def
‘Petros remembers the house well.’

77. help ognel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-n ognec’ Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def help: aor :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros helped Mher.’

78. understand (language) haskanal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə haskanum+ē franseren
pn [ nom ]- def understand: prs :3 sg f rench[ nom ]
‘Petros understands French.’

79. hit (target) dipč’el

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
kaycak-ə dipav tan-ə
lightning[ nom ]- def strike: aor :3 sg house: dat - def
‘The lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself maškə ktrel

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petros-n ktrec’ mašk-n aceli-ov
pn [ nom ]- def cut: aor :3 sg skin[ nom ]- def razor- ins
‘Petros cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck kpč’el

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
bažak-ə kpav seγan-i-n
glass[ nom ]- def stick: aor :3 sg table- dat - def
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) partvel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə partvec’ Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def lose: aor :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros lost to Mher.’

83. be glad uraxac’nel

Valency pattern: DAT~NOM_NOM
X: DAT~NOM
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petros-i-n uraxac’re’c namak-ə
pn - dat - def make_glad: aor :3 sg letter[ nom ]- def
‘Petros was glad about the letter.’

84. speak xosel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə xosum+ē Mher-i het
pn [ nom ]- def speak: prs :3 sg pn - dat with
‘Petros is speaking with Mher.’

85. give birth cnndaberel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Mariam-ə tγa ē+cnndaberel
pn [ nom ]- def son[ nom ] give_birth: prf :3 sg
‘Mariam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop vayr gc’el

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə vayr gc’ec’ bažak-ə
pn [ nom ]- def down drop: aor :3 sg glass[ nom ]- def
‘Petros dropped the glass.’

87. govern γekavarel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə γekavarum+ē mer avan-ə
pn [ nom ]- def run: prs :3 sg our village[ nom ]- def
‘Petros runs our village.’

88. miss karotel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə karotum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def miss: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros misses Mher.’

89. follow hetevel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə hetevum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def follow: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros follows Mher.’

90. dismount iĵnel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə iĵav ji-uc’
pn [ nom ]- def get_down: aor :3 sg horse- abl
‘Petros got down from the horse.’

91. listen lsel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə ŕadio ē+lsum
pn [ nom ]- def radio[ nom ] listen: prs :3 sg
‘Petros is listening to radio.’

92. obey lsel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə lsum+ē mayrik-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def listen: prs :3 sg mother- dat - def
‘Petros always listens to his mother.’

93. hear lsel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə lsum+ē eražštut’yun-ə
pn [ nom ]- def hear: prs :3 sg music[ nom ]- def
‘Petros hears the music.’

94. mix xaŕnvel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
meγr-ə xaŕnvec’ kat’-i het
honey[ nom ]- def mix: aor :3 sg milk- dat with
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look nayel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə nayum+ē amp-er-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def look: prs : sg cloud- pl - dat - def
‘Petros is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off hanel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə hanec’ šapik-ə
pn [ nom ]- def take_off: aor :3 sg shirt[ nom ]- def
‘Petros took off the shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) eraz gal

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Mher-ə Petros-i-n eraz ē+galis
pn [ nom ]- def pn - dat - def dream[ nom ] come: prs :3 sg
‘Petros dreams about Mher.’

98. agree hamajaynel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə hamajaynec’ Mher-i het
pn [ nom ]- def agree: aor :3 sg pn - dat with
‘Petros agreed with Mher.’

99. have a quarrel kŕvel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAThet
X: NOM
Y: DAThet
Locus: Y
Petros-ə kŕvec’ Mher-i het
pn [ nom ]- def fight: aor :3 sg pn - dat with
‘Petros had a quarrel with Mher.’

100. cost aržel

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
ays bažak-n arže mek dollar
this cup[ nom ]- def cost: prs :3 sg one dollar[ nom ]
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at krakel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə krakec’ t’ŕč’un-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def shoot: aor :3 sg bird- dat - def
‘Petros shot at the bird.’

102. pour lc’nel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə šak’aravaz lc’rec’
pn [ nom ]- def sugar[ nom ] pour: aor :3 sg
‘Petros poured sugar.’

103. lose korc’nel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə korc’rel+ē banali-ner-ə
pn [ nom ]- def lose: prf :3 sg key[ nom ]- pl - def
‘Petros lost his keys.’

104. sink suzvel

Valency pattern: NOM_DATmej
X: NOM
Y: DATmej
Locus: Y
p’ayt-ə suzvec’ ĵri meĵ
log[ nom ]- def sink: aor :3 sg water: dat in
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill spanel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə spanec’ Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def kill: aor :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros killed Mher.’

106. hit harvacel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə harvacec’ Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def hit: aor :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros hit Mher.’

107. kiss hamburel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə hamburec’ Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def kiss: aor :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros kissed Mher.’

108. read kardal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə hetak’rk’ir girk’ kardac’
pn [ nom ]- def interesting book[ nom ] read: aor :3 sg
‘Petros read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) šaržel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə šaržec’ mat-ə
pn [ nom ]- def move: aor :3 sg finger[ nom ]- def
‘Petros moved his finger.’

110. respect hargel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə hargum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def respect: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros respects Mher.’

111. be squeamish zzvel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə zzvum+ē keγtot spask’-ic’
pn [ nom ]- def be_squeamish: prs :3 sg dirty dishes- abl
‘Petros is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content goh linel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə goh ē ir tγayic’
pn [ nom ]- def content cop : prs :3 sg his son: abl
‘Petros is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love siraharvel

Valency pattern: NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
Petros-ə siraharvec’ Mariam-i vra
pn [ nom ]- def fall_in_love: aor :3 sg pn - dat on
‘Petros fell in love with Mariam.’

114. trust vstahel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə vstahum+ē Mariam-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def trust: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros trusts Mariam.’

115. sympathise xγčal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə xγčum+ē mor-ə
pn [ nom ]- def sympathise: prs :3 sg mother: dat - def
‘Petros sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy naxanjel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə naxanjum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def envy: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros envies Mher.’

117. be angry barkanal

Valency pattern: NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
Petros-ə barkanum+ē Mher-i vra
pn [ nom ]- def be_angry: prs :3 sg pn - dat on
‘Petros is angry with Mher.’

118. be surprised zarmac’nel

Valency pattern: DAT~NOM_NOM
X: DAT~NOM
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petros-i-n zarmac’rec’ nver-ə
pn - dat - def surprise: aor :3 sg gift[ nom ]- def
‘Petros was surprised at the gift.’

119. love (tea) sirel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə t’ey ē+sirum
pn [ nom ]- def tea[ nom ] love: prs :3 sg
‘Petros loves tea.’

120. enjoy vayelel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə tak’ tey ē+vayelum
pn [ nom ]- def hot tea[ nom ] enjoy: prs :3 sg
‘Petros enjoys hot tea.’

121. want uzenal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə nor bĵĵayin ē+uzum
pn [ nom ]- def new mobile_phone[ nom ] want: prs :3 sg
‘Petros wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge barkanal

Valency pattern: NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
Petros-ə barkac’ac ē Mher-i vra
pn [ nom ]- def be_angry: res . part cop : prs :3 sg pn - dat on
‘Petros holds a grudge against Mher.’

123. take offence neγanal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə neγac’el+ē Mher-ic’
pn [ nom ]- def take_offence: prf :3 sg pn - abl
‘Petros took offence at Mher.’

124. upset txrec’nel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə Mher-i-n šat txrec’rec’
pn [ nom ]- def pn - dat - def very upset: aor :3 sg
‘Petros greatly upset Mher.’

125. marvel apšel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-ə apšec’ ayd k’aγak’-ic’
pn [ nom ]- def be_impressed: aor :3 sg this town- abl
‘Petros was impressed by this town.’

126. despise arhamarel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-n arhamarum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def despise: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros despises Mher.’

127. get upset vštanal

Valency pattern: NOM_DATpatcarov
X: NOM
Y: DATpatcarov
Locus: Y
Petros-ə vštac’av tγayi patčaŕ-ov
pn [ nom ]- def get_upset: aor :3 sg son: dat cause- ins
‘Petros got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated zayranal

Valency pattern: NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
Petros-ə zayranum+ē dster vra
pn [ nom ]- def get_irritated: prs :3 sg daughter: dat on
‘Petros is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond hamakrel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə hamakrum+ē Mher-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def be_fond: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros is fond of Mher.’

130. be shy amač’el

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petros-n amač’um+ē ir hasak-ic’
pn [ nom ]- def be_embarrassed: prs :3 sg his height- abl
‘Petros is embarrassed about his height.’