BivalTyp

‘paint’

Argument frame: X (paint) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. painted the fence .
Predicate label Ru: красить
Argument frame Ru: X (красить) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. покрасил забор .

Abaza ŝə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
á-č’ḳʷən a-gʷára j-ŝə́-d
def -boy def -fence 3 sg . m . erg -paint( aor )- dcl
‘The boy painted the fence.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ʁe.le

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
č̣ʼale-m čʼewə-r ə-ʁe.la-ʁ
guy- obl fence- abs 3 sg . erg -paint- pst
‘The guy painted the fence.’

Aghul šur jarʜ.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a zabur.i-s šur jarʜ.u-ne
pn ( erg ) fence- dat paint strike. pf - aor
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

Akhvakh (Northern) ražba ɬaruruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi-de ruq’q’e-ge ražba ɬar-eri
pn - erg fence- loc paint wipe- ipf 3
‘Patahi painted the fence.’

Andi (Zilo) buʃ.o

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ali-di qχen buʃ.o
pn - erg wall[ inan 1][ nom ] smear. pst ( aor )
‘Ali painted the wall.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) ṣbġ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām ṣbaġ-u l-ǝs-siyyāǧ
pn paint. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms to- art -wall
‘Abraham painted the wall.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) daraš

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Aḥmad daraš əs-sūr
pn paint. pfv .3 m def -wall
‘Ahmad painted the wall.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) d.h.n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi dahan is-syāǧ
pn paint. pst .3 m . sg def -fence
‘Shadi painted the fence.’

Arabic (standard) ṣabaġa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un ṣabaġa s-siyāǧ-a
pn - nom paint. pf .3 m def -fence- acc
‘Badr painted the fence.’

Archi -ɬːubus

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša-mu čʼer be-ɬde
pn - obl . m ( erg ) wall 3-paint. pfv
‘Pasha painted the fence.’

Armenian (Eastern) nerkel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə nerkec’ c’ankapat-ə
pn [ nom ]- def paint: aor :3 sg fence[ nom ]- def
‘Petros painted the fence.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic maxə rang

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
sava məxy-e-l rang guydanə
old. m beat. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 m color( m ) wall( m ). pl
‘The oldman painted the walls.’

Avar lažbar baχine

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca čali-jal-da lažbar b-aχ-ana
pn - erg fence- obl - loc paint n -lift- aor
‘Ali painted the fence.’

Azerbaijani rəngləmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan hasar-ı rǝnglǝ-di
pn fence- acc paint- pst (3)
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

Bafut jɔ́ʔɔ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à kᵼ̀ jɔ́ʔɔ́ nkjàâ wà
pn sm p 2 rub fence def
‘Ambe painted the fence.’

Bambara ɲɛ̀gɛn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù ye só` ɲɛ̀gɛn
pn pfv . tr house\ art paint
‘Seku painted the house.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Belarusian pafarbavać

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Alieś pafarbava-ŭ plot
pn [ nom . sg ] paint( pfv )- pst . sg . m fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Ales painted the fence.’

Budugh renglemi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır hasar renglemi süʔür-cü
pn - erg fence( a ) paint a .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

Bulgarian boyadisam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Petăr boyadisa ograda-ta
pn paint( pfv ). aor .3 sg fence- def . f . sg
‘Petar painted the fence.’

Catalan pintar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va pint-ar la tanca
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind paint- inf def . sg . f fence( f )
‘Pere painted the fence.’

Chechen basar hwaaqa

Valency pattern: ERG_LAT
X: ERG
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
Islam-as kiert-ax basar hwaeq-na
i - erg fence- lat paint. abs rub- prf
‘Islam painted the fence.’

Chinese (Mandarin) shuā guo yóuqī

Valency pattern: SBJ_gei
X: SBJ
Y: gei
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān gěi wéilán shuā guo yóuqī le
pn for fence brush exp paint pfv
‘Zhangsan painted the fence.’

Chirag kraska-le čaʁi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le lac kraska-le čaʁ-ib
pn - erg wall( abs ) paint- erg whitewash: pf - aor .3
‘Ali painted the wall.’

Croatian bojati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o boja ograd-u
pn - nom . sg paint( ipfv ). prs .3 sg fence- acc . sg
‘Pero is painting the fence.’

Czech natřít

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr natře-l plot
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr painted the fence.’

Danish male

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter male-de stakitt-et
pn paint- pst fence( n )- def . sg
‘Peter painted the fence.’

Dargwa (Itsari) B-erxː-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il χːaˤr b-erxː-ur
pn - erg fence( abs ) n -paint. pfv - aor
‘Islam painted the fence.’

Dargwa (Kadar) CL-ak-es / CL-ik-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li taˤm sir-li b-ak-ib
pn - erg wall paint- erg n -paint. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad painted the fence.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) bakara

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Petja-l zabоr b-ač:-iv
pn - erg fence n -smear. pf - aor (3)
‘Petja painted the fence.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l ucːa b-ik-aj
boy- obl - erg door n -paint. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy painted the door.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) b-eršː-iz/ruršː-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
uršːi-le bur b-erx-ur
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) door npl -paint. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy painted the door.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) b-ač-i / b-ič-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
durħaˤ-li uncːa šir-li d-ač-ib
boy- erg door color- erg npl -paint. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy painted the door.’

Dutch verven

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft het hekje ge-verf-d
pn (С) have.3 sg art . def . n fence( n ) ptcp -paint- ptcp
‘Piet painted the fence.’

Enets (Forest) krasijr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
kasa-jʔ pe ne kexon kamozo-da krasij-bi-za
man- nom . sg .1 sg outdoors side side- loc . sg house- obl . sg .3 sg paint( ipfv )- prf -3 sg . so sg
‘My friend painted his house on the side of the street’.
Note: This is probably a spontaneous borrowing from Russian.

English paint

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter painted the fence.

Estonian värvima

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter värvi-s aeda
pn . sg . nom paint- pst .3 sg fence. sg . part
‘Peeter painted the fence.’

Finnish maalata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka maala-si aida-n
pn . nom paint- pst .3 sg fence- gen
‘Pekka painted the fence.’

French peindre

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a peint sa palissade
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg paint. pst . ptcp . m one’s. sg . f fence( f )
‘Paul painted his fence.’

Gascon a pintrat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a pintrat la barralha
pn have. prs .3 sg paint. pst . ptcp def . sg . f fence
‘Pau painted the fence.’

Gban vɛ́ wò

Valency pattern: SBJ_nen
X: SBJ
Y: nen
Locus: Y
Zá̰ ɛ́ vɛ́ wò gwlḭ̋ nɛ̰̏
pn 3 sg \ pst color put[ pfv . hod ] wall at
‘Zan painted the wall.’

Georgian še-Ø-γeb-av-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m γobe-Ø še-Ø-γeb-a
pn - erg fence- nom prv :inward- do 3-paint- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre painted the fence.’

German streichen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl strich den Zaun
pn [ nom . sg ] paint. pst .3 sg def . m . acc . sg fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl painted the fence.’

Hebrew (modern) tsava

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas tsava et ha gader
pn paint[ pst .3 sg . m ] do def fence
‘Pinchas painted the fence.’

Hindi raṁgnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne bāṛ ko raṁg diy-ā
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg fence( f ). sg . obl acc / dat colour( m ). sg . dir give. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek painted the fence.’

Indonesian (standard) menge-cat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ahmad menge-cat pagar
pn act -paint fence
‘Ahmad painted the fence.’

Irish péinteáil

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Phéinteáil Peter an falla.
pst /paint pn def fence
‘Pól painted the fence.’

Italian pitturare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha pitturato il recint-o
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs paint. pst . ptcp def . sg . m fence- sg . m
‘Leo painted the fence.’

Karata lažbar ɬaraɬa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-l q’el-wa lažbar ɬar-e
pn - erg fence- dat paint smear- pf
‘Ali painted the fence.’

Kazakh boya

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya qoršaw-dï boya-dï
pn fence- acc paint- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya painted the fence.’

Khanty (Kazym) ɔλǝpǝn nԑrti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en χɔp-ǝλ ɔλǝp-ǝn nԑr-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg boat- poss .3 sg paint- loc smear- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja painted the boat.’

Khoekhoe ǂkhau

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁgâuǂnami-b-a ra ǂkhau
pn -3 m . sg decl fence-3 m . sg - obl ipfv paint
‘Peter painted the fence.’

Khwarshi j/eχa

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
di-lo uža qado-qo (tošu) l-eχe-na
1 sg . o - gen 2 son\ erg wall( v )- cont porridge( iv ) iv -smear- pst . u
‘My son smeared porridge on the wall.’

Komi-Permyak краситны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя красит-ö йӧр
pn красить- prs .3 забор
‘Петя покрасил забор.’

Komi-Zyrian kraśitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kraśit-i-s je̮r
pn paint- pret -3 fence
‘Petja painted the fence.’

Kpelle (Guinean) peinture tɛ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
àá peinture tɛ́ ŋwɔ̀ pɛ́lɛ-í ɓà
3 sg . prf peinture go_up 3 sg . poss house- def on1
‘He has painted his house.’

Kryz (Alik) rang varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir hasar rang ar-ca
pn - erg fence colour do. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan painted the fence.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) ranglamiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir bari ranglamiş vor-du
pn - erg fence( f ) paint f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

Kryz (proper) ranglamiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir hasar ranglamiş aac
pn - erg fence paint do. aor . n
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

Kumyk bojamaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mahammat zabor-nu boja-d-ɨ
pn fence- acc paint- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad painted the fence.’

Kurdish (Sorani) r̂eng kirdin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa perjîn-eke=î r̂eng kird-Ø
pn fence- def =3 sg . pc color do. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa painted the fence.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) boyax kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam çeper boyax kir
man fence( f ) paint do. pfv . sg
‘The man painted the wall.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPTRANS
X: GEN
Y: SUPTRANS
Locus: Y
Maħammad-u-l zabor-dani-j-χ sːir b-u<w>kʼ-und-i
pn - obl - gen fence- obl - sup - trans paint 3-<3>insert- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad painted the fence.’

Latin pingo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
me-um cori-um quem Apelle-s ac Zeuxis duo ping-e-nt pigment-is ulme-is
my- acc . sg . n skin( n )- acc . sg which. acc . sg pn ( m )- nom . sg and_also pn ( m ). nom . sg two. nom . m paint- fut . ind - act .3 pl pigment( n )- abl . pl elm_tree- abl . pl . n
‘My back that both Apelles and Zeuxis will paint with elm-tree colours.’
Note: (Pl. Epid. 626)

Laz o-s-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k γobe(r)-i-s boja-Ø Ø-u-s-u
pn - b - erg fence- b - dat paint- nom io 3- ver : o -apply- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim painted the fence.’

Lezgian (Yargun) șir yaʕan

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sahib-a çapar-di-z șir yaʕa-na
pn - erg fence- obl - dat paint apply. pfv / ipfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib painted the wall.’

Macedonian bojadisa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja bojadisa ograda-ta
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc paint( pfv ). aor .3 sg fence( f ). sg - art . f . sg
‘Petar painted the fence.’

Maltese żeba’

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ġwanni żeba’ ċ-ċint
pn paint. pf . m .3 sg def -fence
‘Ġwanni painted the fence.’

Maninka (Eastern) pɛ́nturu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù báda à lá bón` pɛ́nturu.
pn prf 3 sg poss house\ art paint
‘Seku has painted his house.’

Mano bɛ̰̀ɛ̰̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lɛ̄ sɔ̄ wɛ̄ bɛ̰̀ɛ̰̄-pɛ̀lɛ̀
3 sg . exi dress dem color- inf
‘S/he is coloring this dress.’

Mansi (Northern) sartəste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pajel pūsas ōl’p-əl sart-əs-t-e
pn fence color- ins smear- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s
‘Pasha painted the fence’

Mehweb rang -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Pajzula-li-ni rang d-aqʼ-ib azbar-t
pn - obl - erg paint npl -do: pfv - pst fence- pl
‘Pajzula painted the fence.’
Note: Gender agreement is controlled by Y.

Mingrelian do-Ø-γap-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k γanda-Ø do-Ø-γap-u
pn - erg fence- nom prv - do 3-paint- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo painted the fence.’

Nanai niulə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia geasa-wa niulə-xə-ni
pn hedge- obl paint- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia painted the fence.’

Nivkh jivud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik vazr̥ j-ivu-d
pn fence 3 sg -paint- ind
‘Kaskazik painted the fence.’

Norwegian Bokmål å male

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per mal-te gjerd-et
pn paint- pst fence- def . n . sg
‘Per painted the fence.’

Oromo (West Central) halluu diba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n dallaa sana halluu dib-e
pn - nom fence. abs that. abs color paint-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa painted the fence.’

Persian rang kardan

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ahmad ḥeṣār-rā rang mī-kon-ad
pn fence- acc color cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad painted the fence.’

Polish pomalować

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tomasz pomalowa-ł płot
pn [ nom . sg ] paint: pfv \ pst - pst [ m .3 sg ] fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Tomasz painted the fence.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) pintar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro pint-ou a cerca
pn ( m ) paint-3 sg . pst def . f fence( f )
‘Pedro painted the fence.’

Romani (Kalderash) makhəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a makh-ľ-a ə bar
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg paint- pst -3 sg art . f . dir . sg fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša painted the fence.’

Romanian a vopsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a vopsit gard-ul
pn aux .3 sg paint. pst . ptcp fence- def . dir
‘Petru painted the fence.’

Russian pokrasitʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja pokrasi-l zabor
pn ( m )- nom . sg paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja painted the fence.’

Rutul (Kina) šir jiˀwχaˀra

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
rasul-a čapra-s šir jiˀ<w>χaˀ-r=a
pn - erg fence. obl - dat paint <3>hit. ipfv . ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul painted the fence.’

Rutul (Mukhad) šir jıˤvχıˤn

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-a haˤsar-a-s šir jıˤvχıˤ-ri
pn - erg fence- obl - dat dye( a ) a .strike. pf - aor
‘Murad painted the fence.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: ERG_IN
X: ERG
Y: IN
Locus: Y
duxvar-a zabor-a şir yıpxıˁ-ri
son. obl - erg fence- in paint( a ) a .strike. pf - aor
‘The son painted the fence.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) rang ketkın

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
murad-a çapra-k rang ketkı-r
pn - erg fence. obl - cont colour n .paste. pf - aor
‘Murad painted the fence.’

Rutul (Shinaz) šir jɨvχɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir šir jɨvχɨˁ-r čapar-a-s
pn ( erg ) paint( a ) a .strike. pf - aor fence- obl - dat
‘Basir painted the fence.’

Saami (Skolt) kälkkeed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kälkki-i ääiʹd
pn . sg . nom paint- pst .3 sg fence. sg . acc
‘Pete painted the fence.’

Sagada biħa ... lak

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕale b-iħ-ii zabor-jo-q lak
pn . erg iii -smear- pst . w fence- obl - poss paint( iii )
‘Ali painted the wall.’

Serbian ofarbati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je ofarba-o ograd-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg paint- part . perf . m . sg fence- acc . sg
‘Petar painted the fence.’

Shughni rang čīdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM.CL
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim=i xu divi rang čūd
pn =3 sg refl door color do. pst
‘Azim painted the door.’

Slovak natrieť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter natre-l plot
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter painted the fence.’

Slovenian pobarvati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je pobarva-l ograj-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg paint: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] fence- acc . sg
‘Peter painted the fence.’

Spanish pintar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha pinta-do la valla
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg paint- ptcp : prf art . def . sg . f fence[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro painted the fence.’

Svan a-Ø-γp'-eːn-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d qwila-Ø ad-Ø-γäp'
pn - erg stone_fence- nom prv : dist - do 3-paint
‘Maizer painted the stone fence.’

Swedish att måla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn måla-de staket-et
pn paint- pst fence- def . n . sg
‘Björn painted the fence.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi arčil.i-z šir jiv-ura
pn - erg fence- dat color( abs ) hit- prs
‘Mahamad is painting the fence.’

Tagalog pinturahan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
p<in>inturah-an ni Pedro ang bakod
< pfv >paint- pv pers . gen pn subj fence
‘Pedro painted the fence.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

Telugu raṁgu vēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ tana kaṁce-ki raṁgu vēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own fence( n ). sg . obl - dat colour( n ). sg . nom throw. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen painted his fence.’

Tsakhur šır qhabğiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee barug-e-s šır qhabağa
pn - erg wall- obl - dat paint( a ) a .smear. ipf
‘Murad painted the wall.’

Tswana penta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kitso o-pent-il-e Ø-ntlo ya-gagwe
prn (1) s i :cl1-paint- prf - fv sg -house(9) cl9. gen -cl1. pro
‘Kitso painted his house.’

Turkish boyamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet çit-ler-i boya-dı
pn fence- pl - acc paint- pst
‘Mehmet painted the fence.’

Turoyo moḥe gawno

Valency pattern: SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Gabriyel mḥe-le gawno b-u sawġo
pn hit. pfv - ls .3 m colour in- art . m fence. m
‘Gabriyel painted the walls.’

Twi ka

Valency pattern: SBJ_ho
X: SBJ
Y: ho
Locus: Y
Kofi ka-a ban no ho
pn touch- pst fence def inner_self
‘Kofi painted the fence.’
Note: The word "ho" functions as a nominal head. Since it is grammaticalized and appears in combinations with specific verbs, it is tentatively interpreted as an argument-encoding device.

Udi mas'ibes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Edik'-en doq'q'az-a mas'i=ne=b-e
pn - erg fence- dat whitewash=3 sg = lv - perf
‘Edik whitewashed the fence.’

Udmurt bujani̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a borddor-jez buja-z
pn . nom wall- acc paint- pst .3 sg
‘Peter painted the wall.’

Ukrainian zafarbuvaty

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o zafarbuva-v zahorož-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fence( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro painted the fence.’

Ulcha ńīlči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ama kərəmbə-wə ńīl-či-xə-n
father fence- acc paint- iter - pst -3 sg
‘Father painted the fence.’

Uzbek bo’yamoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya panžara-ni bo’ya-p tur-ib-ti
pn fence- acc paint- cvb stand- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja painted the fence.’

Wolof pintiir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
maa pintiir kër-am
f oc s .s i :1 sg paint house( g )- poss :3 sg
‘It was me who painted his house.’

Yukaghir (Northern) surǝlˈǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Əkulˈǝ kuhljankǝ-lǝ surǝ-lˈǝ-s-u-m
pn kukhlyanka- acc color- prop - caus -0- tr .3 sg
‘Akulina dyed the kukhlyanka.’
Note: Kukhlyanka is a traditional fur upper garment.

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ajɛ pɛrd͡ʒin bojax kɛrd
3 sg . f . obl fence paint do. pst
‘She painted the fence.’