BivalTyp

‘paint’

Argument frame: X (paint) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. painted the fence .
Predicate label Ru: красить
Argument frame Ru: X (красить) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. покрасил забор .

Abaza ŝə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
á-č’ḳʷən a-gʷára j-ŝə́-d
def -boy def -fence 3 sg . m . erg -paint( aor )- dcl
‘The boy painted the fence.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ʁe.le

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
č̣ʼale-m čʼewə-r ə-ʁe.la-ʁ
guy- obl fence- abs 3 sg . erg -paint- pst
‘The guy painted the fence.’

Aghul šur jarʜ.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a zabur.i-s šur jarʜ.u-ne
pn ( erg ) fence- dat paint strike. pf - aor
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

Alik Kryz rang varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir hasar rang ar-ca
pn - erg fence colour do. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan painted the fence.’

Archi -ɬːubus

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša-mu čʼer be-ɬde
pn - obl . m ( erg ) wall 3-paint. pfv
‘Pasha painted the fence.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic maxə rang

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
sava məxy-e-l rang guydanə
old. m beat. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 m color( m ) wall( m ). pl
‘The oldman painted the walls.’

Avar lažbar baχine

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca čali-jal-da lažbar b-aχ-ana
pn - erg fence- obl - loc paint n -lift- aor
‘Ali painted the fence.’

Azerbaijani rəngləmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan hasar-ı rǝnglǝ-di
pn fence- acc paint- pst (3)
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

Bafut jɔ́ʔɔ́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à kᵼ̀ jɔ́ʔɔ́ nkjàâ wà
pn sm p 2 rub fence def
‘Ambe painted the fence.’

Bambara ɲɛ̀gɛn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù ye só` ɲɛ̀gɛn
pn pfv . tr house\ art paint
‘Seku painted the house.’

Brazilian Portuguese pintar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro pint-ou a cerca
pn ( m ) paint-3 sg . pst def . f fence( f )
‘Pedro painted the fence.’

Budugh renglemi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır hasar renglemi süʔür-cü
pn - erg fence( a ) paint a .do. pf - perf
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

Catalan pintar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va pint-ar la tanca
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind paint- inf def . sg . f fence( f )
‘Pere painted the fence.’

Chechen basar hwaeq-

Valency pattern: ERG_LAT
X: ERG
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
Islam-as kiert-ax basar hwaeq-na
i - erg fence- lat paint. abs rub- prf
‘Islam painted the fence.’

Chirag kraska-le čaʁi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le lac kraska-le čaʁ-ib
pn - erg wall( abs ) paint- erg whitewash: pf - aor .3
‘Ali painted the wall.’

Czech natřít

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr natře-l plot
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr painted the fence.’

Danish male

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter male-de stakitt-et
pn paint- pst fence( n )- def . sg
‘Peter painted the fence.’

Dutch verven

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft het hekje ge-verf-d
pn (С) have.3 sg art . def . n fence( n ) ptcp -paint- ptcp
‘Piet painted the fence.’

Eastern Maninka pɛ́nturu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù báda à lá bón` pɛ́nturu.
pn prf 3 sg poss house\ art paint
‘Seku has painted his house.’

English paint

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter painted the fence.

Estonian värvima

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter värvi-s aeda
pn . sg . nom paint- pst .3 sg fence. sg . part
‘Peeter painted the fence.’

Finnish maalata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka maala-si aida-n
pn . nom paint- pst .3 sg fence- gen
‘Pekka painted the fence.’

Forest Enets krasijr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
kasa-jʔ pe ne kexon kamozo-da krasij-bi-za
man- nom . sg .1 sg outdoors side side- loc . sg house- obl . sg .3 sg paint( ipfv )- prf -3 sg . so sg
‘My friend painted his house on the side of the street’.
Note: This is probably a spontaneous borrowing from Russian.

French peindre

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a peint sa palissade
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg paint. pst . ptcp . m one’s. sg . f fence( f )
‘Paul painted his fence.’

Georgian še-Ø-γeb-av-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m γobe-Ø še-Ø-γeb-a
pn - erg fence- nom prv :inward- do 3-paint- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre painted the fence.’

German streichen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl strich den Zaun
pn [ nom . sg ] paint. pst .3 sg def . m . acc . sg fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl painted the fence.’

Guinean Kpelle peinture tɛ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
àá peinture tɛ́ ŋwɔ̀ pɛ́lɛ-í ɓà
3 sg . prf peinture go_up 3 sg . poss house- def on1
‘He has painted his house.’

Hindi raṁgnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne bāṛ ko raṁg diy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg fence( f ). sg . obl acc / dat colour( m ). sg . dir give. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek painted the fence.’

Icari Dargwa b=erxː-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il χːaˤr b=erxː-ur
pn - erg fence. abs n =paint: pf - aor
‘Islam painted the fence.’

Irish péinteáil

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Phéinteáil Peter an falla.
pst /paint pn def fence
‘Pól painted the fence.’

Ismayilli Kryz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir bari ranglamiş vor-du
pn - erg fence( f ) paint f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

Italian pitturare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha pitturato il recint-o
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs paint. pst . ptcp def . sg . m fence- sg . m
‘Leo painted the fence.’

Kadar Dargwa CL-ak-es / CL-ik-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li taˤm sir-li b-ak-ib
pn - erg wall paint- erg n -paint. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad painted the fence.’

Kalderash Romani makhəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a makh-ľ-a ə bar
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg paint- pst -3 sg art . f . dir . sg fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša painted the fence.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi arčil.i-z šir jiv-ura
pn - erg fence- dat color( abs ) hit- prs
‘Mahamad is painting the fence.’

Karata lažbar ɬaraɬa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-l q’el-wa lažbar ɬar-e
pn - erg fence- dat paint smear- pf
‘Ali painted the fence.’

Kaytag Dargwa bakara

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
petja-l zabоr b-ač:-iv
pn - erg fence n -smear. pf - aor
‘Petja painted the fence.’

Kazakh boya

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya qoršaw-dï boya-dï
pn fence- acc paint- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya painted the fence.’

Kazym Khanty ɔλǝpǝn nԑrti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en χɔp-ǝλ ɔλǝp-ǝn nԑr-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg boat- poss .3 sg paint- loc smear- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja painted the boat.’

Khoekhoe ǂkhau

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁgâuǂnami-b-a ra ǂkhau
pn -3 m . sg decl fence-3 m . sg - obl ipfv paint
‘Peter painted the fence.’

Khwarshi j/eχa

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
di-lo uža qado-qo (tošu) l-eχe-na
1 sg . o - gen 2 son\ erg wall( v )- cont porridge( iv ) iv -smear- pst . u
‘My son smeared porridge on the wall.’

Kina Rutul šir jiˀwχaˀra

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
rasul-a čapra-s šir jiˀ<w>χaˀ-r=a
pn - erg fence. obl - dat paint <3>hit. ipfv . ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul painted the fence.’

Kryz Proper

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir hasar renglemiş aac
pn - erg fence paint do. aor . n
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

Kumyk bojamaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mahammat zabor-nu boja-d-ɨ
pn fence- acc paint- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad painted the fence.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) boyax kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam çeper boyax kir
man fence paint do. pfv . sg
‘The man painted the wall.’

Latin pingo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
me-um cori-um quem Apelle-s ac Zeuxis duo ping-e-nt pigment-is ulme-is
my- acc . sg . n skin( n )- acc . sg which. acc . sg pn ( m )- nom . sg and_also pn ( m ). nom . sg two. nom . m paint- fut . ind - act .3 pl pigment( n )- abl . pl elm_tree- abl . pl . n
‘My back that both Apelles and Zeuxis will paint with elm-tree colours.’
Note: (Pl. Epid. 626)

Laz o-s-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k γobe(r)-i-s boja-Ø Ø-u-s-u
pn - b - erg fence- b - dat paint- nom io 3- ver : o -apply- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim painted the fence.’

Mandarin Chinese shuā guo yóuqī

Valency pattern: SBJ_gei
X: SBJ
Y: gei
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān gěi wéilán shuā guo yóuqī le
pn for fence brush exp paint pfv
‘Zhangsan painted the fence.’

Mano bɛ̰̀ɛ̰̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lɛ̄ sɔ̄ wɛ̄ bɛ̰̀ɛ̰̄-pɛ̀lɛ̀
3 sg . exi dress dem color- inf
‘S/he is coloring this dress.’

Mehweb ang -aq'as

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Pajzula-li-ni rang d-aq'-ib azbar-t
pn - obl - erg paint npl -do: pfv - pst fence- pl
‘Pajzula painted the fence.’
Note: Gender agreement is controlled by Y.

Mingrelian do-Ø-γap-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k γanda-Ø do-Ø-γap-u
pn - erg fence- nom prv - do 3-paint- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo painted the fence.’

Modern Hebrew tsava

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas tsava et ha gader
pn paint[ pst .3 sg . m ] do def fence
‘Pinchas painted the fence.’

Mukhad Rutul šir jıˤvχıˤn

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-a haˤsar-a-s šir jıˤvχıˤ-ri
pn - erg fence- obl - dat dye( a ) a .strike. pf - aor
‘Murad painted the fence.’

Nanai niulə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia geasa-wa niulə-xə-ni
pn hedge- obl paint- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia painted the fence.’

Nivkh jivud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik vazr̥ j-ivu-d
pn fence 3 sg -paint- ind
‘Kaskazik painted the fence.’

Northern Akhvakh ražba ɬaruruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi-de ruq’q’e-ge ražba ɬar-eri
pn - erg fence- loc paint wipe- ipf 3
‘Patahi painted the fence.’

Northern Mansi sartəste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pajel pūsas ōl’p-əl sart-əs-t-e
pn fence color- ins smear- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s
‘Pasha painted the fence’

Northern Yukaghir surǝlˈǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Əkulˈǝ kuhljankǝ-lǝ surǝ-lˈǝ-s-u-m
pn kukhlyanka- acc color- prop - caus -0- tr .3 sg
‘Akulina dyed the kukhlyanka.’
Note: Kukhlyanka is a traditional fur upper garment.

Norwegian Bokmål å male

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per mal-te gjerd-et
pn paint- pst fence- def . n . sg
‘Per painted the fence.’

Polish pomalować

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tomasz pomalowa-ł płot
pn [ nom . sg ] paint: pfv \ pst - pst [ m .3 sg ] fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Tomasz painted the fence.’

Russian pokrasitʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja pokrasi-l zabor
pn ( m )- nom . sg paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja painted the fence.’

Serbian ofarbati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je ofarba-o ograd-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg paint- part . perf . m . sg fence- acc . sg
‘Petar painted the fence.’

Shinaz Rutul šir jɨvχɨˁ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
basir šir jɨvχɨˁ-r čapar-a-s
pn ( erg ) paint( a ) a .strike. pf - aor fence- obl - dat
‘Basir painted the fence.’

Shughni rang čīdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim=i xu divi rang čūd
pn =3 sg refl door color do. pst
‘Azim painted the door.’

Skolt Saami kälkkeed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kälkki-i ääiʹd
pn . sg . nom paint- pst .3 sg fence. sg . acc
‘Pete painted the fence.’

Slovak natrieť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter natre-l plot
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter painted the fence.’

Slovenian pobarvati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je pobarva-l ograj-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg paint: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] fence- acc . sg
‘Peter painted the fence.’

Sorani Kurdish r̂eng kirdin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa perjîn-eke=î r̂eng kird-Ø
pn fence- def =3 sg . pc color do. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa painted the fence.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Southern Rutul rang ketkın

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
murad-a çapra-k rang ketkı-r
pn - erg fence. obl - cont colour n .paste. pf - aor
‘Murad painted the fence.’

Spanish pintar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha pinta-do la valla
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg paint- ptcp : prf art . def . sg . f fence[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro painted the fence.’

Standard Arabic ṣabaġa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un ṣabaġa s-siyāǧ-a
pn - nom paint. pf .3 m def -fence- acc
‘Badr painted the fence.’

Svan a-Ø-γp'-eːn-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d qwila-Ø ad-Ø-γäp'
pn - erg stone_fence- nom prv : dist - do 3-paint
‘Maizer painted the stone fence.’

Swedish att måla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn måla-de staket-et
pn paint- pst fence- def . n . sg
‘Björn painted the fence.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
p<in>inturah-an ni Pedro ang bakod
< pfv >paint- pv pers . gen pn subj fence
‘Pedro painted the fence.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

Telugu raṁgu vēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ tana kaṁce-ki raṁgu vēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own fence( n ). sg . obl - dat colour( n ). sg . nom throw. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen painted his fence.’

Tsakhur šır qhabğiy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee barug-e-s šır qhabağa
pn - erg wall- obl - dat paint( a ) a .smear. ipf
‘Murad painted the wall.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-eršː-iz/ruršː-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
uršːi-le bur b-erx-ur
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) door npl -paint. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy painted the door.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-ač-i / b-ič-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
durħaˤ-li uncːa šir-li d-ač-ib
boy- erg door color- erg npl -paint. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy painted the door.’

Turkish boyamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet çit-ler-i boya-dı
pn fence- pl - acc paint- pst
‘Mehmet painted the fence.’

Turoyo moḥe gawno

Valency pattern: SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Gabriyel mḥe-le gawno b-u sawġo
pn hit. pfv - ls .3 m colour in- art . m fence. m
‘Gabriyel painted the walls.’

Twi ka

Valency pattern: SBJ_ho
X: SBJ
Y: ho
Locus: Y
Kofi ka-a ban no ho
pn touch- pst fence def about
‘Kofi painted the fence.’
Note: In the dictionary, the verb means 'to touch'.

Udmurt буяны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя борддор-ез буя-з
pn . nom wall- acc paint- pst .3 sg
‘Peter painted the wall.’

Ulcha ńīlči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ama kərəmbə-wə ńīl-či-xə-n
father fence- acc paint- iter - pst -3 sg
‘Father painted the fence.’

Uzbek bo’yamoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya panžara-ni bo’ya-p tur-ib-ti
pn fence- acc paint- cvb stand- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja painted the fence.’

West Central Oromo halluu diba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n dallaa sana halluu dib-e
pn - nom fence. abs that. abs color paint-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa painted the fence.’

Wolof pintiir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
maa pintiir kër-am
f oc s .s i :1 sg paint house( g )- poss :3 sg
‘It was me who painted his house.’

Yargun Lezgian șir yaʕan

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Sahib-a çapar-di-z șir yaʕa-na
pn - erg fence- obl - dat paint apply. pfv / ipfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib painted the wall.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ajɛ pɛrd͡ʒin bojax kɛrd
3 sg . f . obl fence paint do. pst
‘She painted the fence.’

Zilo Andi buʃ.o

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ali-di qχen buʃ.o
pn - erg wall[ inan 1][ nom ] smear. pst ( aor )
‘Ali painted the wall.’