BivalTyp

Udmurt

Contributed by Ksenia Shagal (Academia.edu profile)

K.S.'s photo

The data were provided by Ksenia Shagal in 2017 based on her second-language knowledge and consultations with native speakers. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for the consultations.

How to cite

Shagal, Ksenia. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Udmurt. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on November 18, 2024; last revised on November 18, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain висьыны

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Петя-лэн йыр-ыз вис-е
pn - gen head. nom - poss .3 sg be_sick- prs .3 sg
‘Petja has a headache.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) висьыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя грипп-ен вис-е
pn . nom flu- ins be_sick- prs .3 sg
‘Petja has flu.’

3. be afraid кышканы

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Петя пуны-лэсь кышка
pn . nom dog- abl be_afraid. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw куштыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя из кушт-ӥз
pn . nom stone. nom throw- pst .3 sg
‘Petja threw a stone.’

5. have enough тырмыны

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Петя-лэн коньдон-эз тырм-е
pn - gen money. nom - poss .3 sg be_enough- prs .3 sg
‘Petja has enough money.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

6. resemble тупаны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя Миша-лы тупа
pn . nom pn - dat be_similar. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is similar to Misha.’

7. believe оскыны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя Миша-лы оск-е
pn . nom pn - dat believe- prs .3 sg
‘Petja believes Misha.’

8. take басьтыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя книга басьт-ӥз
pn . nom book. nom take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took a book.’

9. see адӟыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя корка адӟ-е
pn . nom house. nom see- prs .3 sg
‘Petja sees a house.’

10. influence влиять карыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvyle
X: NOM
Y: NOMvyle
Locus: Y
арлыд память выл-э влиять кар-е
age. nom memory. nom upper_part- ill influence do- prs .3 sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter пумиськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-ен пумиськ-из
pn . nom pn - ins meet- pst .3 sg
‘Petja met with Masha.’

12. enter пырыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Петя корка(е) пыр-из
pn . nom house. ill enter- pst .3 sg
‘Petja entered the house.’

13. win вормыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Маша-ез ворм-из
pn . nom pn - acc win- pst .3 sg
‘Petja beat Masha.’

14. go out потыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Петя корка-(ы)сь пот-ӥз
pn . nom house- ela go.out- pst .3 sg
‘Petja went out of the house.’

15. drive улляны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя скал-эз улля
pn . nom cow- acc drive. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is driving a cow.’

16. bend куасаны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя ва-ез куаса-з
pn . nom bough- acc bend- pst .3 sg
‘Petja bent the bough.’

17. tell вераны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-лы вера-з: ...
pn . nom pn - dat say- pst .3 sg
‘Petja said to Masha: …’

18. hold возьыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя книга воз-е
pn . nom book. nom hold- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is holding a book.’

19. catch up сутыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Маша-ез сут-ӥз
pn . nom pn - acc catch_up- pst .3 sg
‘Petja caught up with Masha.’

20. milk кыскыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя скал-эз кыск-из
pn . nom cow- acc milk- pst .3 sg
‘Petja milked the cow.’

21. reach вуыны

Valency pattern: NOM_TERM
X: NOM
Y: TERM
Locus: Y
Петя ярдур-озь ву-из
pn . nom bank- term arrive- pst .3 sg
‘Petja reached the river bank.’

22. touch йöтскыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbordy
X: NOM
Y: NOMbordy
Locus: Y
Петя борддор борды йöтск-из
pn . nom wall- nom to(wards) touch- pst .3 sg
‘Petja touched the wall.’

23. fight жугиськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя Миша-ен жугиськ-е
pn . nom pn - ins fight- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is fighting with Misha.’

24. be friends эшъяськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя Миша-ен эшъяськ-е
pn . nom pn - ins be_friends- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is friends with Misha.’

25. think малпаны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsjarys
X: NOM
Y: NOMsjarys
Locus: Y
Петя Маша сярысь малпа
pn . nom pn . nom about think. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat сиыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя яблок-ез си-из
pn . nom apple- acc eat- pst .3 sg
‘Petja ate an apple.’

27. fry пыжыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя чорыг пыж-из
pn . nom fish. nom fry- pst .3 sg
‘Petja fried a fish.’

28. wait возьманы

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Маша-ез возьма
pn . nom pn - acc wait- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is waiting for Mary.’

29. forget вунэтыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsjarys
X: NOM
Y: NOMsjarys
Locus: Y
Петя мукет сюрес сярысь вунэт-ӥз
pn . nom other way. nom about forget- pst .3 sg
‘Petja forgot about the other way.’

30. depend зависеть карыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
визь арлыд-лэсь зависеть кар-е
memory. nom age- abl depend do- prs .3 sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call ӧтьыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Миша-ез ӧт-из
pn . nom pn - acc call- pst .3 sg
‘Petja called Misha.’

32. get to know тодматскыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя Миша-ен тодматск-из
pn . nom pn - ins get_to_know- pst .3 sg
‘Petja got to know Misha.’

33. know тодыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Маша-ез тодэ
pn . nom pn - acc know- prs .3 sg
‘Petja knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) шудыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя шуд-э гитара-ен
pn . nom play- prs .3 sg guitar- ins
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid пеганы

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-лэсь пега
pn . nom pn - abl avoid. prs .3 sg
‘Petja avoids Misha.’

36. make лэсьтыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя бомба лэсьт-ӥз
pn . nom bomb. nom make- pst .3 sg
‘Petja made a bomb.’

37. make fun *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

38. have вань

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Петя-лэн машина-ез вань
pn - gen car. nom - poss .3 sg cop . prs
‘Petja has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

39. look for утчаны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя усьтон-эз утча
pn . nom key- acc search. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is looking for the key.’

40. paint буяны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя борддор-ез буя-з
pn . nom wall- acc paint- pst .3 sg
‘Peter painted the wall.’

41. bite куртчыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
пуны Петя-ез куртч-из
dog. nom pn - acc bite- pst .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petya.’

42. forfeit кыльыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ABE
X: NOM
Y: ABE
Locus: Y
Петя корка-тэк кыл-из
pn . nom house- abe stay- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost his house.’

43. try to catch уйылыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя коӵыш-ез уйыл-э
pn . nom cat- acc catch- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break чигтыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя ва-ез чигт-ӥз
pn . nom bough- acc break- pst .3 sg
‘Petja broke a bough.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) яратыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Маша-ез ярат-э
pn . nom pn - acc love- prs .3 sg
‘Petja loves Masha.’

47. wave шонаны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя ныркышет-эн шона
pn . nom handkerchief- ins wave. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream малпаны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsjarys
X: NOM
Y: NOMsjarys
Locus: Y
Петя выль машина сярысь малпа
pn . nom new car. nom about think. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is dreaming about a new car.’

49. wash миськыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя чашка-ез миськ-из
pn . nom cup- acc wash- pst .3 sg
‘Petja washed the cup.’

50. put on дӥсяны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя брюки дӥся-з
pn . nom trousers. nom put_on- pst .3 sg
‘Petja put on trousers.’

51. be called нимаськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
та арбери компас нимаськ-е
dem entity compass. nom call- prs .3 sg
‘This tool is called a compass.’

52. punish куаретыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя пи-зэ куарет-ӥз
pn . nom son- poss .3 sg . acc punish- pst .3 sg
‘Petja punished his son.’

53. attack урдӥськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvyle
X: NOM
Y: NOMvyle
Locus: Y
гондыр чорыгась выл-э урдӥськ-из
bear. nom hunter. nom upper_part- ill throw_oneself- pst .3 sg
‘The bear attacked the hunter.’

54. fill (intr) тырмыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ведра ву-эн тырм-из
bucket. nom water- ins fill- pst .3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find шедьтыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя усьтон-эз шедьт-ӥз
pn . nom key- acc find- pst .3 sg
‘Petja found the key.’

56. be short тырмыны + NEG

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Петя-лэн одӥг доллaр-ез уг тырмы
pn - gen one dollar- poss .3 sg neg . prs .3 lack. cng
‘Petja is short one dollar.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

57. hate адӟем-POSS уг поты

Valency pattern: GEN_ACC
X: GEN
Y: ACC
Locus: X
Петя-лэн Машаез адӟ-ем-ез уг поты
pn - gen pn - acc see- ptcp . pfv - poss .3 sg neg . prs .3 want. cng
‘Petja hates Misha.’ (Lit. ‘Petja doesn’t want to see Masha’)
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

58. like кельшыны

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Петя-лы та пальто кельш-е
pn - dat this coat. nom like- prs .3 sg
‘Petja likes this coat.’

59. need кулэ

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Петя-лы коньдон кулэ
pn - dat money. nom necessary
‘Petja needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround котыртыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
город-эз борддор-ъёс котырт-о
city- acc wall- pl surround- prs .3 pl
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain кыльыны

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Петя-лэн 10 манет-эз кыл-из
pn - gen 10 ruble- poss .3 sg leave- pst .3 sg
‘Petja has 10 rubles left.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

62. answer вазьыны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя дышетӥсь-лы ваз-из
pn . nom teacher- dat аnswer- pst .3 sg
‘Petja answered the teacher.’

63. open усьтыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя банка-ез усьт-ӥз
pn . nom can- acc open- pst .3 sg
‘Petja opened the can.’

64. be different пöртэм

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
мынам дэреме тынад дэрем-ед-лэсь пöртэм (лу-э)
1 sg . gen shirt- poss .1 sg 2 sg . gen shirt- poss .2 sg - abl different be- prs .3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind кыльыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-лэсь кыл-из
pn . nom pn - abl fall.behind- pst .3 sg
‘Petja fell behind Masha.’

66. plough гырыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя бусы-ез гыр-е
pn . nom field- acc plough- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is ploughing the field.’

67. smell зын

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
мынам ки-ы мувöй зын
1 sg . gen hand- poss .1 sg petrol. nom smell. nom
‘My hands smell of petrol.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

68. cross выжыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvamen
X: NOM
Y: NOMvamen
Locus: Y
Петя сюрес вамен выж-из
pn . nom road. nom through cross
‘Petja crossed the road.’

69. sing кырӟаны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя чебер кырӟан кырӟа-з
pn . nom beautiful song. nom sing- pst .3 sg
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

70. write гожъяны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя гожтэт гожъя-з
pn . nom letter. nom write- pst .3 sg
‘Petja wrote a letter.’

71. drink юыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя йӧл-эз ю-из
pn . nom milk- acc drink- pst .3 sg
‘Petja drank the milk.’

72. melt шунтыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя свинец шунт-ӥз
pn . nom lead. nom melt- pst .3 sg
‘Petja melted the chunk of lead.’

73. match тупаны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
та пояс дэрем-е-лы тупа
this belt. nom dress- poss .1 sg - dat match. prs .3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave кошкыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Петя вордскем кар-ысьт-ыз кошк-из
pn . nom native city- ela - poss .3 sg leave- pst .3 sg
‘Petja left his native city.’

75. cover шобыртыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
палас быдэс выжез шобырт-э
carpet. nom whole floor- acc cover- prs .3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember тод-INE возьыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя корка-зэ тод-аз воз-е
pn . nom house- poss .3 sg . acc memory- ine . poss .3 sg hold- prs .3 sg
‘Petja remembers his house.’

77. help юрттыны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-лы юртт-ӥз
pn . nom pn - dat help- pst .3 sg
‘Petja helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) валаны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsjamen
X: NOM
Y: NOMsjamen
Locus: Y
Петя француз сямен вала
pn . nom f rench in understand. prs .3 sg
‘Petja understands French.’

79. hit (target) шедьыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
чилектэм корка шед-из
lightning. nom house. ill hit- pst .3 sg
‘A lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself вандӥськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя бритва-ен вандӥськ-из
pn . nom razor- ins cut- pst .3 sg
‘Petja cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck лякиськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbordy
X: NOM
Y: NOMbordy
Locus: Y
стакан жöк борды лякиськ-из
glass. nom table. nom to(wards) stick- pst .3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) келяны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-лы келя-з
pn . nom pn - dat lose- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost to Misha.’

83. be glad шумпотыны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя гожтэт-лы шумпот-ӥз
pn . nom letter- dat rejoice- pst .3 sg
‘Petja rejoiced at the letter.’

84. speak вераськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя Маша- ен вераськ-е
pn . nom pn - ins speak- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth вайыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Маша пи вай-из
pn . nom boy. nom bring- pst .3 sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop уськытыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя стакан уськыт-ӥз
pn . nom glass. nom drop- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

87. govern кивалтыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя гурт-эны-мы кивалт-э
pn . nom village- ins - poss .1 pl direct- prs .3 sg
‘Petja runs our town.’

88. miss мöзмыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-лэсь мöзм-е
pn . nom pn - abl miss- prs .3 sg
‘Petja misses Masha.’

89. follow мыныны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsory
X: NOM
Y: NOMsory
Locus: Y
Петя Маша сьöры мын-э
pn . nom pn . nom after go- prs .3 sg
‘Petja follows Masha.’

90. dismount васькыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvylys
X: NOM
Y: NOMvylys
Locus: Y
Петя вал выл-ысь васьк-из
pn . nom horse. nom upper_part- ela dismount- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dismounted from the horse.’

91. listen кылзыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя радио кылз-э
pn . nom radio. nom listen- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is listening to the radio.’

92. obey кылзӥськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Петя ана-ез-лэсь кылзӥськ-е
pn . nom mother- poss .3 sg - abl listen- prs .3 sg
‘Petja listens to his mother.’

93. hear кылыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя крезьгыр-ез кыл-э
pn . nom music- acc hear- prs .3 sg
‘Petja hears the music.’

94. mix сураськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
чечы йöл-ын сураськ-из
honey. nom milk- ins mix- pst .3 sg
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look учкыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMshory
X: NOM
Y: NOMshory
Locus: Y
Петя пилем-ъёс шоры учк-е
pn . nom cloud- pl at/on look- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off кыльыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя дэрем-зэ кыл-из
pn . nom shirt- poss .3 sg . acc take_off- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took off a shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) вöтаны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Маша-ез вöта-з
pn . nom pn - acc dream_about- prs .3 sg
‘Petja dreams of Masha.’

98. agree соглаш

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-ен соглаш лу-из
pn . nom pn - ins agree be- pst .3 sg
‘Petja agreed with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel керетыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-ен керет-ӥз
pn . nom pn - ins quarrel- pst .3 sg
‘Petja had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost сылыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
та ӵаша 100 манет сыл-э
this cup. nom 100 coin. nom cost- prs .3 sg
‘This cup costs 100 rubles.’

101. shoot at ыбыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMshory
X: NOM
Y: NOMshory
Locus: Y
Петя тылобурдо шоры ыб-из
pn . nom bird. nom at/on shoot- pst .3 sg
‘Petja shot at the bird.’

102. pour пызьнаны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя ӵаша-e сакыр пызьна-з
pn . nom cup- ill sugar. nom pour- pst .3 sg
‘Petja poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose ыштыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя усьтон-эз ышт-ӥз
pn . nom key- acc lose- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost the key.’

104. sink выйыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
кор ву-э вый-из
log. nom water- ill drown- pst .3 sg
‘The log drowned in the water.’

105. kill виыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Миша-ез ви-из
pn . nom pn - acc kill- pst .3 sg
‘Petja killed Misha.’

106. hit шуккыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Миша-ез шукк-из
pn . nom pn - acc hit- pst .3 sg
‘Petja hit Misha.’

107. kiss чупаны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Маша-ез чупа-з
pn . nom pn - acc kiss- pst .3 sg
‘Petja kissed Masha.’

108. read лыдӟыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя интересной книга-ез лыдӟ-из
pn . nom interesting book- acc read- pst .3 sg
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) выр(е)тыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя чиньы-зэ вырт-ӥз.
pn . nom finger- poss .3 sg . acc move- pst .3 sg
‘Petja moved his finger.’

110. respect гажаны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Миша-ез гажа
pn . nom pn - acc respect. prs .3 sg
‘Petja respects Misha.’

111. be squeamish юрдыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Петя курмем тусьты-пуньы-лэсь юрд-э
pn . nom dirty cup-spoon- abl be_squeamish- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content данъяськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Петя пи-ен-ыз данъяськ-е
pn . nom son- ins - poss .3 sg be_proud- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is content with his son.’

113. fall in love синмаськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-лы синмаськ-из
pn . nom pn - dat fall_in_love- pst .3 sg
‘Petja fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust оскыны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-лы оск-е
pn . nom pn - dat trust- prs .3 sg
‘Petja trusts Masha.’

115. sympathise жаляны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя анай-зэ жаля
pn . nom mother- poss .3 sg . acc sympathize. prs .3 sg
‘Petja sympathizes with his mother.’

116. envy вожъяськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя Маша-лы вожъяськ-е
pn . nom pn - dat envy- prs .3 sg
‘Petja envies Masha.’

117. be angry йыр-POSS кур

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT
X: GEN
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
Петя-лэн Маша-лы йыр-ыз кур
pn - gen pn - dat head- poss .3 sg angry
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised абдраны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя та кузьым-лы абдра-з
pn . nom this gift- dat be_surprised- pst .3 sg
‘Petja was surprised with this gift.’

119. love (tea) яратыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя чай ярат-э
pn . nom tea. nom love- prs .3 sg
‘Petja loves tea.’

120. enjoy куаныны

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Петя пöсь чай-лэсь кун-э
pn . nom hot tea- abl savour- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is savouring hot tea.’

121. want потыны

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Петя-лэн выль мобильной пот-э
pn - gen new mobile_phone. nom want- prs .3 sg
‘Petja wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

122. have a grudge йыр-POSS кур

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT
X: GEN
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
Петя-лэн Маша-лы йыр-ыз кур
pn - gen pn - dat head- poss .3 sg angry
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

123. take offence куатаськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvyle
X: NOM
Y: NOMvyle
Locus: Y
Петя Маша выл-э куатаськ-из
pn . nom pn . nom upper_part- ill take.offence- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took offence at Masha.’

124. upset ӝожомытыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Маша-ез ӝожомыт-ӥз
pn . nom pn - acc upset- pst .3 sg
‘Petja greatly upset Masha.’

125. marvel паймыны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя та кар-лы пайм-из
pn . nom this city- dat be_impressed- pst .3 sg
‘Petja marvelled at this town.’

126. despise кулэтэм карыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Маша-ез кулэтэм кар-э
pn . nom pn - acc unnecessary do- prs .3 sg
‘Petja despises Misha.’

127. get upset ӝоже усьыны

Valency pattern: NOM_INSseren
X: NOM
Y: INSseren
Locus: Y
Петя пи-ен-ыз сэрен ӝоже ус-из
pn . nom son- ins - poss .3 sg because_of upset fall- pst .3 sg
‘Petja became upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated керӟегъяськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvyle
X: NOM
Y: NOMvyle
Locus: Y
Петя ныл-ыз выл-э керӟегъяськ-е
pn . nom sister- poss .3 sg upper_part- ill irritated- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy возьдаськыны

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Петя ӝуждала-ез-лэсь возьдаськ-е
pn . nom height- poss .3 sg - abl be_ashamed- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is ashamed of his height.’