Udmurt

Contributed by Ksenia Shagal (Academia.edu profile)

K.S.'s photo

The data were provided by Ksenia Shagal in 2017 based on her second-language knowledge and consultations with native speakers. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for the consultations.

How to cite

Shagal, Ksenia. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Udmurt. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on November 18, 2024; last revised on February 6, 2025.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 57.5, 52.5.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Uralic, genus: Permic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain viśi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	ji̮r-i̮z	vis-je
pn - gen	head. nom - poss .3 sg	be_sick- prs .3 sg
‘Petja has a headache.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) viśi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	gripp-jen	vis-je
pn . nom	flu- ins	be_sick- prs .3 sg
‘Petja has flu.’

3. be afraid ki̮škani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	puni̮-leś	ki̮ška
pn . nom	dog- abl	be_afraid. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw kušti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	iz	kušt-iz
pn . nom	stone. nom	throw- pst .3 sg
‘Petja threw a stone.’

5. have enough ti̮rmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	końdon-ez	ti̮rm-je
pn - gen	money. nom - poss .3 sg	be_enough- prs .3 sg
‘Petja has enough money.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

6. resemble tupani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Miša-li̮	tupa
pn . nom	pn - dat	be_similar. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is similar to Misha.’

7. believe oski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Miša-li̮	osk-je
pn . nom	pn - dat	believe- prs .3 sg
‘Petja believes Misha.’

8. take baśti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	kńiga	baśt-iz
pn . nom	book. nom	take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took a book.’

9. see adʒ́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	korka	adʒ́-je
pn . nom	house. nom	see- prs .3 sg
‘Petja sees a house.’

10. influence vl'ijat' kari̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvyle

X: NOM

Y: NOMvyle

Locus: Y

arli̮d	pamjat'	vi̮l-e	vl'ijat'	kar-je
age. nom	memory. nom	upper_part- ill	influence	do- prs .3 sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter pumiśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-jen	pumiśk-iz
pn . nom	pn - ins	meet- pst .3 sg
‘Petja met with Masha.’

12. enter pi̮ri̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	bibl'iot'eka-je	pi̮r-iz
pn . nom	library- ill	enter- pst .3 sg
‘Petja entered the library.’

13. win vormi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	vorm-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	win- pst .3 sg
‘Petja beat Masha.’

14. go out poti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pet'a	korka-(i̮)ś	pot-iz
pn . nom	house- ela	go.out- pst .3 sg
‘Petja went out of the house.’

15. drive ul'l'ani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	skal-ez	ul'l'a
pn . nom	cow- acc	drive. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is driving a cow.’

16. bend kuasani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	va-jez	kuasa-z
pn . nom	bough- acc	bend- pst .3 sg
‘Petja bent the bough.’

17. tell verani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	vera-ʒ́ ...
pn . nom	pn - dat	say- pst .3 sg
‘Petja said to Masha: …’

18. hold voźi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	kńiga	voz-je
pn . nom	book. nom	hold- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is holding a book.’

19. catch up suti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	sut-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	catch_up- pst .3 sg
‘Petja caught up with Masha.’

20. milk ki̮ski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	skal-ez	ki̮sk-iz
pn . nom	cow- acc	milk- pst .3 sg
‘Petja milked the cow.’

21. reach vui̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_TERM

X: NOM

Y: TERM

Locus: Y

Pet'a	jardur-oź	vu-iz
pn . nom	bank- term	arrive- pst .3 sg
‘Petja reached the river bank.’

22. touch jötski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbordy

X: NOM

Y: NOMbordy

Locus: Y

Pet'a	borddor	bordi̮	jötsk-iz
pn . nom	wall- nom	to(wards)	touch- pst .3 sg
‘Petja touched the wall.’

23. fight žugiśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Miša-jen	žugiśk-je
pn . nom	pn - ins	fight- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is fighting with Misha.’

24. be friends ešjaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Miša-jen	ešjaśk-je
pn . nom	pn - ins	be_friends- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is friends with Misha.’

25. think malpani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsjarys

X: NOM

Y: NOMsjarys

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša	śari̮ś	malpa
pn . nom	pn . nom	about	think. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat śii̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	jablok-jez	śi-iz
pn . nom	apple- acc	eat- pst .3 sg
‘Petja ate an apple.’

27. fry pi̮ži̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	č́ori̮g	pi̮ž-iz
pn . nom	fish. nom	fry- pst .3 sg
‘Petja fried a fish.’

28. wait voźmani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	voźma
pn . nom	pn - acc	wait- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is waiting for Mary.’

29. forget vuneti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsjarys

X: NOM

Y: NOMsjarys

Locus: Y

Pet'a	muket	śures	śari̮ś	vunet-iz
pn . nom	other	way. nom	about	forget- pst .3 sg
‘Petja forgot about the other way.’

30. depend zaviśet' kari̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

viź	arli̮d-leś	zaviśet'	kar-je
memory. nom	age- abl	depend	do- prs .3 sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call e̮t'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Miša-jez	e̮t-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	call- pst .3 sg
‘Petja called Misha.’

32. get to know todmatski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Miša-jen	todmatsk-iz
pn . nom	pn - ins	get_to_know- pst .3 sg
‘Petja got to know Misha.’

33. know todi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	tode
pn . nom	pn - acc	know- prs .3 sg
‘Petja knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) šudi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	šud-e	gitara-jen
pn . nom	play- prs .3 sg	guitar- ins
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid pegani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-leś	pega
pn . nom	pn - abl	avoid. prs .3 sg
‘Petja avoids Misha.’

36. make leśti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	bomba	leśt-iz
pn . nom	bomb. nom	make- pst .3 sg
‘Petja made a bomb.’

37. make fun •

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

•

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

38. have vań

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	mašina-jez	vań
pn - gen	car. nom - poss .3 sg	cop . prs
‘Petja has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

39. look for utč́ani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	uśton-ez	utč́a
pn . nom	key- acc	search. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is looking for the key.’

40. paint bujani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	borddor-jez	buja-z
pn . nom	wall- acc	paint- pst .3 sg
‘Peter painted the wall.’

41. bite kurtč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

puni̮	Pet'a-jez	kurtč́-iz
dog. nom	pn - acc	bite- pst .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petya.’

42. forfeit ki̮l'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABE

X: NOM

Y: ABE

Locus: Y

Pet'a	korka-tek	ki̮l-iz
pn . nom	house- abe	stay- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost his house.’

43. try to catch uji̮li̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	koči̮š-jez	uji̮l-e
pn . nom	cat- acc	catch- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break č́igti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	va-jez	č́igt-iz
pn . nom	bough- acc	break- pst .3 sg
‘Petja broke a bough.’

45. flatter •

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

•

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) jarati̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	jarat-e
pn . nom	pn - acc	love- prs .3 sg
‘Petja loves Masha.’

47. wave šonani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ni̮rki̮šet-en	šona
pn . nom	handkerchief- ins	wave. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream malpani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsjarys

X: NOM

Y: NOMsjarys

Locus: Y

Pet'a	vi̮l'	mašina	śari̮ś	malpa
pn . nom	new	car. nom	about	think. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is dreaming about a new car.’

49. wash miśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	č́aška-jez	miśk-iz
pn . nom	cup- acc	wash- pst .3 sg
‘Petja washed the cup.’

50. put on diśani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	brjuki	diśa-z
pn . nom	trousers. nom	put_on- pst .3 sg
‘Petja put on trousers.’

51. be called ńimaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

ta	arberi	kompas	ńimaśk-je
dem	entity	compass. nom	call- prs .3 sg
‘This tool is called a compass.’

52. punish kuareti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	pi-ze	kuaret-iz
pn . nom	son- poss .3 sg . acc	punish- pst .3 sg
‘Petja punished his son.’

53. attack urdiśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvyle

X: NOM

Y: NOMvyle

Locus: Y

gondi̮r	č́ori̮gaś	vi̮l-e	urdiśk-iz
bear. nom	hunter. nom	upper_part- ill	throw_oneself- pst .3 sg
‘The bear attacked the hunter.’

54. fill (intr) ti̮rmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

vedra	vu-en	ti̮rm-iz
bucket. nom	water- ins	fill- pst .3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find šed'ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	uśton-ez	šed't-iz
pn . nom	key- acc	find- pst .3 sg
‘Petja found the key.’

56. be short ti̮rmi̮ni̮ + NEG

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	odig	dollar-jez	ug	ti̮rmi̮
pn - gen	one	dollar- poss .3 sg	neg . prs .3	lack. cng
‘Petja is short one dollar.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

57. hate adʒ́em-POSS ug poti̮

Valency pattern: GEN_ACC

X: GEN

Y: ACC

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	Mašajez	adʒ́-jem-jez	ug	poti̮
pn - gen	pn - acc	see- ptcp . pfv - poss .3 sg	neg . prs .3	want. cng
‘Petja hates Misha.’ (Lit. ‘Petja doesn’t want to see Masha’)
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

58. like kel'ši̮ni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-li̮	ta	pal'to	kel'š-je
pn - dat	this	coat. nom	like- prs .3 sg
‘Petja likes this coat.’

59. need kule

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-li̮	końdon	kule
pn - dat	money. nom	necessary
‘Petja needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround koti̮rti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

gorod-ez	borddor-jos	koti̮rt-o
city- acc	wall- pl	surround- prs .3 pl
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain ki̮l'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	10	mańet-ez	ki̮l-iz
pn - gen	10	ruble- poss .3 sg	leave- pst .3 sg
‘Petja has 10 rubles left.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

62. answer vaźi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	di̮šetiś-li̮	vaz-iz
pn . nom	teacher- dat	аnswer- pst .3 sg
‘Petja answered the teacher.’

63. open uśti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	banka-jez	uśt-iz
pn . nom	can- acc	open- pst .3 sg
‘Petja opened the can.’

64. be different pörtem

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

mi̮nam	dereme	ti̮nad	derem-jed-leś	pörtem	(lu-e)
1 sg . gen	shirt- poss .1 sg	2 sg . gen	shirt- poss .2 sg - abl	different	be- prs .3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind ki̮l'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-leś	ki̮l-iz
pn . nom	pn - abl	fall.behind- pst .3 sg
‘Petja fell behind Masha.’

66. plough gi̮ri̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	busi̮-jez	gi̮r-je
pn . nom	field- acc	plough- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is ploughing the field.’

67. smell zi̮n

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

mi̮nam	ki-i̮	muvöj	zi̮n
1 sg . gen	hand- poss .1 sg	petrol. nom	smell. nom
‘My hands smell of petrol.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

68. cross vi̮ži̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvamen

X: NOM

Y: NOMvamen

Locus: Y

Pet'a	śures	vamen	vi̮ž-iz
pn . nom	road. nom	through	cross- pst .3 sg
‘Petja crossed the road.’

69. sing ki̮rʒ́ani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	č́eber	ki̮rʒ́an	ki̮rʒ́a-z
pn . nom	beautiful	song. nom	sing- pst .3 sg
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

70. write gožjani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	gožtet	gožja-z
pn . nom	letter. nom	write- pst .3 sg
‘Petja wrote a letter.’

71. drink jui̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	je̮l-ez	ju-iz
pn . nom	milk- acc	drink- pst .3 sg
‘Petja drank the milk.’

72. melt šunti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	svińec	šunt-iz
pn . nom	lead. nom	melt- pst .3 sg
‘Petja melted the chunk of lead.’

73. match tupani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ta	pojas	derem-je-li̮	tupa
this	belt. nom	dress- poss .1 sg - dat	match. prs .3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave koški̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pet'a	vordskem	kar-i̮śt-i̮z	košk-iz
pn . nom	native	city- ela - poss .3 sg	leave- pst .3 sg
‘Petja left his native city.’

75. cover šobi̮rti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

palas	bi̮des	vi̮žez	šobi̮rt-e
carpet. nom	whole	floor- acc	cover- prs .3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember tod-INE voźi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	korka-ze	tod-az	voz-je
pn . nom	house- poss .3 sg . acc	memory- ine . poss .3 sg	hold- prs .3 sg
‘Petja remembers his house.’

77. help jurtti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	jurtt-iz
pn . nom	pn - dat	help- pst .3 sg
‘Petja helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) valani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsjamen

X: NOM

Y: NOMsjamen

Locus: Y

Pet'a	francuz	śamen	vala
pn . nom	f rench	in	understand. prs .3 sg
‘Petja understands French.’

79. hit (target) šed'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

č́il'ektem	bibl'iot'eka-je	šed-iz
lightning. nom	library- ill	hit- pst .3 sg
‘A lightning hit the library.’

80. cut oneself vandiśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	britva-jen	vandiśk-iz
pn . nom	razor- ins	cut- pst .3 sg
‘Petja cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck l'akiśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbordy

X: NOM

Y: NOMbordy

Locus: Y

stakan	žök	bordi̮	l'akiśk-iz
glass. nom	table. nom	to(wards)	stick- pst .3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) kel'ani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	kel'a-z
pn . nom	pn - dat	lose- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost to Misha.’

83. be glad šumpoti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	gožtet-li̮	šumpot-iz
pn . nom	letter- dat	rejoice- pst .3 sg
‘Petja rejoiced at the letter.’

84. speak veraśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-	jen veraśk-je
pn . nom	pn - ins	speak- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth vaji̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maša	pi	vaj-iz
pn . nom	boy. nom	bring- pst .3 sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop uśki̮ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	stakan	uśki̮t-iz
pn . nom	glass. nom	drop- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

87. govern kivalti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	gurt-eni̮-mi̮	kivalt-e
pn . nom	village- ins - poss .1 pl	direct- prs .3 sg
‘Petja runs our town.’

88. miss mözmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-leś	mözm-je
pn . nom	pn - abl	miss- prs .3 sg
‘Petja misses Masha.’

89. follow mi̮ni̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsory

X: NOM

Y: NOMsory

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša	śöri̮	mi̮n-e
pn . nom	pn . nom	after	go- prs .3 sg
‘Petja follows Masha.’

90. dismount vaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvylys

X: NOM

Y: NOMvylys

Locus: Y

Pet'a	val	vi̮l-i̮ś	vaśk-iz
pn . nom	horse. nom	upper_part- ela	dismount- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dismounted from the horse.’

91. listen ki̮lzi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	rad'io	ki̮lz-e
pn . nom	radio. nom	listen- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is listening to the radio.’

92. obey ki̮lziśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ana-jez-leś	ki̮lziśk-je
pn . nom	mother- poss .3 sg - abl	listen- prs .3 sg
‘Petja listens to his mother.’

93. hear ki̮li̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	kreźgi̮r-jez	ki̮l-e
pn . nom	music- acc	hear- prs .3 sg
‘Petja hears the music.’

94. mix suraśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

č́eč́i̮	jöl-i̮n	suraśk-iz
honey. nom	milk- ins	mix- pst .3 sg
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look uč́ki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMshory

X: NOM

Y: NOMshory

Locus: Y

Pet'a	pil'em-jos	šori̮	uč́k-je
pn . nom	cloud- pl	at/on	look- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off ki̮l'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	derem-ze	ki̮l-iz
pn . nom	shirt- poss .3 sg . acc	take_off- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took off a shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) vötani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	vöta-z
pn . nom	pn - acc	dream_about- prs .3 sg
‘Petja dreams of Masha.’

98. agree soglaš

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-jen	soglaš	lu-iz
pn . nom	pn - ins	agree	be- pst .3 sg
‘Petja agreed with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel kereti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-jen	keret-iz
pn . nom	pn - ins	quarrel- pst .3 sg
‘Petja had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost si̮li̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

ta	čaša	100	mańet	si̮l-e
this	cup. nom	100	coin. nom	cost- prs .3 sg
‘This cup costs 100 rubles.’

101. shoot at i̮bi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMshory

X: NOM

Y: NOMshory

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ti̮loburdo	šori̮	i̮b-iz
pn . nom	bird. nom	at/on	shoot- pst .3 sg
‘Petja shot at the bird.’

102. pour pi̮źnani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	čaša-e	saki̮r	pi̮źna-z
pn . nom	cup- ill	sugar. nom	pour- pst .3 sg
‘Petja poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose i̮šti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	uśton-ez	i̮št-iz
pn . nom	key- acc	lose- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost the key.’

104. sink vi̮ji̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

kor	vu-e	vi̮j-iz
log. nom	water- ill	drown- pst .3 sg
‘The log drowned in the water.’

105. kill vii̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Miša-jez	vi-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	kill- pst .3 sg
‘Petja killed Misha.’

106. hit šukki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Miša-jez	šukk-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	hit- pst .3 sg
‘Petja hit Misha.’

107. kiss č́upani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	č́upa-z
pn . nom	pn - acc	kiss- pst .3 sg
‘Petja kissed Masha.’

108. read li̮dʒ́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	int'eresnoj	kńiga-jez	li̮dʒ́-iz
pn . nom	interesting	book- acc	read- pst .3 sg
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) vi̮r(je)ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	č́ińi̮-ze	vi̮rt-iz.
pn . nom	finger- poss .3 sg . acc	move- pst .3 sg
‘Petja moved his finger.’

110. respect gažani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Miša-jez	gaža
pn . nom	pn - acc	respect. prs .3 sg
‘Petja respects Misha.’

111. be squeamish jurdi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	kurmem	tuśti̮-puńi̮-leś	jurd-e
pn . nom	dirty	cup-spoon- abl	be_squeamish- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content danjaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	pi-jen-i̮z	danjaśk-je
pn . nom	son- ins - poss .3 sg	be_proud- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is content with his son.’

113. fall in love śinmaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	śinmaśk-iz
pn . nom	pn - dat	fall_in_love- pst .3 sg
‘Petja fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust oski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	osk-je
pn . nom	pn - dat	trust- prs .3 sg
‘Petja trusts Masha.’

115. sympathise žal'ani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	anaj-ze	žal'a
pn . nom	mother- poss .3 sg . acc	sympathize. prs .3 sg
‘Petja sympathizes with his mother.’

116. envy vožjaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	vožjaśk-je
pn . nom	pn - dat	envy- prs .3 sg
‘Petja envies Masha.’

117. be angry ji̮r-POSS kur

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT

X: GEN

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

Pet'a-len	Maša-li̮	ji̮r-i̮z	kur
pn - gen	pn - dat	head- poss .3 sg	angry
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised abdrani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ta	kuźi̮m-li̮	abdra-z
pn . nom	this	gift- dat	be_surprised- pst .3 sg
‘Petja was surprised with this gift.’

119. love (tea) jarati̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	č́aj	jarat-e
pn . nom	tea. nom	love- prs .3 sg
‘Petja loves tea.’

120. enjoy kuani̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	pöś	č́aj-leś	kun-e
pn . nom	hot	tea- abl	savour- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is savouring hot tea.’

121. want poti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	vi̮l'	mobil'noj	pot-e
pn - gen	new	mobile_phone. nom	want- prs .3 sg
‘Petja wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

122. have a grudge ji̮r-POSS kur

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT

X: GEN

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

Pet'a-len	Maša-li̮	ji̮r-i̮z	kur
pn - gen	pn - dat	head- poss .3 sg	angry
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

123. take offence kuataśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvyle

X: NOM

Y: NOMvyle

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša	vi̮l-e	kuataśk-iz
pn . nom	pn . nom	upper_part- ill	take.offence- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took offence at Masha.’

124. upset ǯožomi̮ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	ǯožomi̮t-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	upset- pst .3 sg
‘Petja greatly upset Masha.’

125. marvel pajmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ta	kar-li̮	pajm-iz
pn . nom	this	city- dat	be_impressed- pst .3 sg
‘Petja marvelled at this town.’

126. despise kuletem kari̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	kuletem	kar-e
pn . nom	pn - acc	unnecessary	do- prs .3 sg
‘Petja despises Misha.’

127. get upset ǯože uśi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INSseren

X: NOM

Y: INSseren

Locus: Y

Pet'a	pi-jen-i̮z	seren	ǯože	us-iz
pn . nom	son- ins - poss .3 sg	because_of	upset	fall- pst .3 sg
‘Petja became upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated kerʒ́egjaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvyle

X: NOM

Y: NOMvyle

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ni̮l-i̮z	vi̮l-e	kerʒ́egjaśk-je
pn . nom	sister- poss .3 sg	upper_part- ill	irritated- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond •

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

•

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy voźdaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ǯuždala-jez-leś	voźdaśk-je
pn . nom	height- poss .3 sg - abl	be_ashamed- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is ashamed of his height.’