Udmurt

Contributed by Ksenia Shagal (Academia.edu profile)

K.S.'s photo

The data were provided by Ksenia Shagal in 2017 based on her second-language knowledge and consultations with native speakers. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for the consultations. Timofey Arkhangelskiy has contributed to the correct transliteration of the data.

How to cite

Shagal, Ksenia. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Udmurt. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on November 18, 2024; last revised on January 6, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 57.5, 52.5.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Uralic, genus: Permic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain viśi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	ji̮r-i̮z	viś-e
pn - gen	head. nom - poss .3 sg	be_sick- prs .3 sg
‘Petja has a headache.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) viśi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	gripp-jen	viś-e
pn . nom	flu- ins	be_sick- prs .3 sg
‘Petja has flu.’

3. be afraid ki̮škani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	puni̮-leś	ki̮ška
pn . nom	dog- abl	be_afraid. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw kušti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	iz	kušt-iz
pn . nom	stone. nom	throw- pst .3 sg
‘Petja threw a stone.’

5. have enough ti̮rmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	końdon-ez	ti̮rm-e
pn - gen	money. nom - poss .3 sg	be_enough- prs .3 sg
‘Petja has enough money.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

6. resemble tupani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Miša-li̮	tupa
pn . nom	pn - dat	be_similar. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is similar to Misha.’

7. believe oski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Miša-li̮	osk-e
pn . nom	pn - dat	believe- prs .3 sg
‘Petja believes Misha.’

8. take baśti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	kńiga	baśt-iz
pn . nom	book. nom	take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took a book.’

9. see adʒ́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	korka	adʒ́-e
pn . nom	house. nom	see- prs .3 sg
‘Petja sees a house.’

10. influence vl'ijat' kari̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvile

X: NOM

Y: NOMvile

Locus: Y

arli̮d	pamjat'	vi̮l-e	vl'ijat'	kar-e
age. nom	memory. nom	upper_part- ill	influence	do- prs .3 sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter pumiśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-jen	pumiśk-iz
pn . nom	pn - ins	meet- pst .3 sg
‘Petja met with Masha.’

12. enter pi̮ri̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	bibl'iot'eka-je	pi̮r-iz
pn . nom	library- ill	enter- pst .3 sg
‘Petja entered the library.’

13. win vormi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	vorm-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	win- pst .3 sg
‘Petja beat Masha.’

14. go out poti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pet'a	korka-(i̮)ś	pot-iz
pn . nom	house- ela	go.out- pst .3 sg
‘Petja went out of the house.’

15. drive ul'l'ani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	skal-ez	ul'l'a
pn . nom	cow- acc	drive. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is driving a cow.’

16. bend kwasani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	vaj-ez	kwasa-z
pn . nom	bough- acc	bend- pst .3 sg
‘Petja bent the bough.’

17. tell verani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	vera-z ...
pn . nom	pn - dat	say- pst .3 sg
‘Petja said to Masha: …’

18. hold voźi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	kńiga	voź-e
pn . nom	book. nom	hold- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is holding a book.’

19. catch up suti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	sut-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	catch_up- pst .3 sg
‘Petja caught up with Masha.’

20. milk ki̮ski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	skal-ez	ki̮sk-iz
pn . nom	cow- acc	milk- pst .3 sg
‘Petja milked the cow.’

21. reach vui̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_TERM

X: NOM

Y: TERM

Locus: Y

Pet'a	jardur-oź	vu-iz
pn . nom	bank- term	arrive- pst .3 sg
‘Petja reached the river bank.’

22. touch je̮tski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbordi

X: NOM

Y: NOMbordi

Locus: Y

Pet'a	borddor	bord-i̮	je̮tsk-iz
pn . nom	wall. nom	surface- ill	touch- pst .3 sg
‘Petja touched the wall.’

23. fight žugiśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Miša-jen	žugiśk-e
pn . nom	pn - ins	fight- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is fighting with Misha.’

24. be friends ešjaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Miša-jen	ešjaśk-e
pn . nom	pn - ins	be_friends- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is friends with Misha.’

25. think malpani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsaris

X: NOM

Y: NOMsaris

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša	śari̮ś	malpa
pn . nom	pn . nom	about	think. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat śii̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	jablok-ez	śi-iz
pn . nom	apple- acc	eat- pst .3 sg
‘Petja ate the apple.’

27. fry pi̮ži̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	č́ori̮g	pi̮ž-iz
pn . nom	fish. nom	fry- pst .3 sg
‘Petja fried a fish.’

28. wait voźmani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	voźma
pn . nom	pn - acc	wait. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is waiting for Mary.’

29. forget vuneti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsaris

X: NOM

Y: NOMsaris

Locus: Y

Pet'a	muket	śures	śari̮ś	vunet-iz
pn . nom	other	way. nom	about	forget- pst .3 sg
‘Petja forgot about the other way.’

30. depend zaviśet' kari̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

viź	arli̮d-leś	zaviśet'	kar-e
memory. nom	age- abl	depend	do- prs .3 sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call e̮t'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Miša-jez	e̮t'-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	call- pst .3 sg
‘Petja called Misha.’

32. get to know todmatski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Miša-jen	todmatsk-iz
pn . nom	pn - ins	get_to_know- pst .3 sg
‘Petja got to know Misha.’

33. know todi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	tod-e
pn . nom	pn - acc	know- prs .3 sg
‘Petja knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) šudi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	šude	gitara-jen
pn . nom	play. prs .3 sg	guitar- ins
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid pegani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-leś	pega
pn . nom	pn - abl	avoid. prs .3 sg
‘Petja avoids Misha.’

36. make leśti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	bomba	leśt-iz
pn . nom	bomb. nom	make- pst .3 sg
‘Petja made a bomb.’

37. make fun •

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

•

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

38. have vań

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	mašina-jez	vań
pn - gen	car. nom - poss .3 sg	cop . prs
‘Petja has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

39. look for utč́ani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	uśton-ez	utč́a
pn . nom	key- acc	search. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is looking for the key.’

40. paint bujani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	borddor-ez	buja-z
pn . nom	wall- acc	paint- pst .3 sg
‘Peter painted the wall.’

41. bite kurtč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

puni̮	Pet'a-jez	kurtč́-iz
dog. nom	pn - acc	bite- pst .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petya.’

42. forfeit ki̮l'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABE

X: NOM

Y: ABE

Locus: Y

Pet'a	korka-tek	ki̮l'-iz
pn . nom	house- abe	stay- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost his house.’

43. try to catch uji̮li̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	koči̮š-ez	uji̮l-e
pn . nom	cat- acc	catch- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break č́igti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	vaj-ez	č́igt-iz
pn . nom	bough- acc	break- pst .3 sg
‘Petja broke the bough.’

45. flatter •

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

•

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

46. love (person) jarati̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	jarat-e
pn . nom	pn - acc	love- prs .3 sg
‘Petja loves Masha.’

47. wave šonani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ni̮rki̮šet-en	šona
pn . nom	handkerchief- ins	wave. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream malpani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsaris

X: NOM

Y: NOMsaris

Locus: Y

Pet'a	vi̮l'	mašina	śari̮ś	malpa
pn . nom	new	car. nom	about	think. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is dreaming about a new car.’

49. wash miśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	č́aška-jez	miśk-iz
pn . nom	cup- acc	wash- pst .3 sg
‘Petja washed the cup.’

50. put on diśani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	brjuki	diśa-z
pn . nom	trousers. nom	put_on- pst .3 sg
‘Petja put on trousers.’

51. be called ńimaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

ta	arberi	kompas	ńimaśk-e
dem	entity	compass. nom	be_called- prs .3 sg
‘This tool is called a compass.’

52. punish kwareti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	pi-ze	kwaret-iz
pn . nom	son- poss .3 sg . acc	punish- pst .3 sg
‘Petja punished his son.’

53. attack urdiśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvile

X: NOM

Y: NOMvile

Locus: Y

gondi̮r	č́ori̮gaś	vi̮l-e	urdiśk-iz
bear. nom	hunter. nom	upper_part- ill	throw_oneself- pst .3 sg
‘The bear attacked the hunter.’

54. fill (intr) ti̮rmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

vedra	vu-en	ti̮rm-iz
bucket. nom	water- ins	fill- pst .3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find šed'ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	uśton-ez	šed't-iz
pn . nom	key- acc	find- pst .3 sg
‘Petja found the key.’

56. be short ti̮rmi̮ni̮ + NEG

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	odig	dollar-ez	ug	ti̮rmi̮
pn - gen	one	dollar- poss .3 sg	neg . prs .3	be_enough. cng
‘Petja is short one dollar.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

57. hate adʒ́em-POSS ug poti̮

Valency pattern: GEN_ACC

X: GEN

Y: ACC

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	Maša-jez	adʒ́-em-ez	ug	poti̮
pn - gen	pn - acc	see- ptcp . pfv - poss .3 sg	neg . prs .3	want. cng
‘Petja hates Masha.’ (Lit. ‘Petja doesn’t want to see Masha’)
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

58. like kel'ši̮ni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-li̮	ta	pal'to	kel'š-e
pn - dat	this	coat. nom	like- prs .3 sg
‘Petja likes this coat.’

59. need kule

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-li̮	końdon	kule
pn - dat	money. nom	necessary
‘Petja needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround koti̮rti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

gorod-ez	borddor-jos	koti̮rt-o
city- acc	wall- pl	surround- prs .3 pl
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain ki̮l'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	das	mańet-ez	ki̮l'-iz
pn - gen	10	ruble- poss .3 sg	leave- pst .3 sg
‘Petja has 10 rubles left.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

62. answer vaźi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	di̮šetiś-li̮	vaź-iz
pn . nom	teacher- dat	аnswer- pst .3 sg
‘Petja answered the teacher.’

63. open uśti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	banka-jez	uśt-iz
pn . nom	can- acc	open- pst .3 sg
‘Petja opened the can.’

64. be different pe̮rtem

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

mi̮nam	derem-e	ti̮nad	derem-ed-leś	pe̮rtem	(lu-e)
1 sg . gen	shirt- poss .1 sg	2 sg . gen	shirt- poss .2 sg - abl	different	be- prs .3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind ki̮l'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-leś	ki̮l'-iz
pn . nom	pn - abl	fall.behind- pst .3 sg
‘Petja fell behind Masha.’

66. plough gi̮ri̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	busi̮-jez	gi̮r-e
pn . nom	field- acc	plough- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is ploughing the field.’

67. smell zi̮n

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

mi̮nam	ki-i̮	muve̮j	zi̮n
1 sg . gen	hand- poss .1 sg	petrol. nom	smell. nom
‘My hands smell of petrol.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

68. cross vi̮ži̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvamen

X: NOM

Y: NOMvamen

Locus: Y

Pet'a	śures	vamen	vi̮ž-iz
pn . nom	road. nom	through	cross- pst .3 sg
‘Petja crossed the road.’

69. sing ki̮rʒ́ani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	č́eber	ki̮rʒ́an	ki̮rʒ́a-z
pn . nom	beautiful	song. nom	sing- pst .3 sg
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

70. write gožjani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	gožtet	gožja-z
pn . nom	letter. nom	write- pst .3 sg
‘Petja wrote a letter.’

71. drink jui̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	je̮l-ez	ju-iz
pn . nom	milk- acc	drink- pst .3 sg
‘Petja drank the milk.’

72. melt šunti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	svińec	šunt-iz
pn . nom	lead. nom	melt- pst .3 sg
‘Petja melted lead.’

73. match tupani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ta	pojas	derem-e-li̮	tupa
this	belt. nom	dress- poss .1 sg - dat	match. prs .3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave koški̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Pet'a	vordskem	kar-i̮śt-i̮z	košk-iz
pn . nom	native	city- ela - poss .3 sg	leave- pst .3 sg
‘Petja left his native city.’

75. cover šobi̮rti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

palas	bi̮des	vi̮ž-ez	šobi̮rte
carpet. nom	whole	floor- acc	cover. prs .3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember tod-INE.POSS voźi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	korka-ze	tod-az	voź-e
pn . nom	house- poss .3 sg . acc	memory- ine . poss .3 sg	hold- prs .3 sg
‘Petja remembers his house.’

77. help jurtti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	jurtt-iz
pn . nom	pn - dat	help- pst .3 sg
‘Petja helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) valani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsamen

X: NOM

Y: NOMsamen

Locus: Y

Pet'a	francuz	śamen	vala
pn . nom	f rench	in	understand. prs .3 sg
‘Petja understands French.’

79. hit (target) šed'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

č́il'ektem	bibl'iot'eka-je	šed'-iz
lightning. nom	library- ill	hit- pst .3 sg
‘A lightning hit the library.’

80. cut oneself vandiśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	britva-jen	vandiśk-iz
pn . nom	razor- ins	cut_oneself- pst .3 sg
‘Petja cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck l'akiśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbordi

X: NOM

Y: NOMbordi

Locus: Y

stakan	ǯe̮k	bord-i̮	l'akiśk-iz
glass. nom	table. nom	surface- ill	stick- pst .3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) kel'ani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	kel'a-z
pn . nom	pn - dat	lose- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost to Misha.’

83. be glad šumpoti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	gožtet-li̮	šumpot-iz
pn . nom	letter- dat	rejoice- pst .3 sg
‘Petja rejoiced at the letter.’

84. speak veraśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-jen	veraśk-e
pn . nom	pn - ins	speak- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth vaji̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Maša	pi	vaj-iz
pn . nom	boy. nom	bring- pst .3 sg
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop uśki̮ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	stakan	uśki̮t-iz
pn . nom	glass. nom	drop- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

87. govern kivalti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	gurt-eni̮-mi̮	kivalt-e
pn . nom	village- ins - poss .1 pl	direct- prs .3 sg
‘Petja runs our village.’

88. miss me̮zmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-leś	me̮zm-e
pn . nom	pn - abl	miss- prs .3 sg
‘Petja misses Masha.’

89. follow mi̮ni̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMseri

X: NOM

Y: NOMseri

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša	śe̮r-i̮	mi̮n-e
pn . nom	pn . nom	behind- ill	go- prs .3 sg
‘Petja follows Masha.’

90. dismount vaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvilis

X: NOM

Y: NOMvilis

Locus: Y

Pet'a	val	vi̮l-i̮ś	vaśk-iz
pn . nom	horse. nom	upper_part- ela	dismount- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dismounted from the horse.’

91. listen ki̮lzi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	rad'io	ki̮lz-e
pn . nom	radio. nom	listen- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is listening to the radio.’

92. obey ki̮lziśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	anaj-ez-leś	ki̮lziśk-e
pn . nom	mother- poss .3 sg - abl	listen- prs .3 sg
‘Petja listens to his mother.’

93. hear ki̮li̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	kreźgur-ez	ki̮le
pn . nom	tune- acc	hear. prs .3 sg
‘Petja hears the tune.’

94. mix suraśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

č́eč́i̮	je̮l-i̮n	suraśk-iz
honey. nom	milk- ins	mix- pst .3 sg
‘The honey got mixed with the milk.’

95. look uč́ki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsori

X: NOM

Y: NOMsori

Locus: Y

Pet'a	pil'em-jos	šor-i̮	uč́k-e
pn . nom	cloud- pl	across- ill	look- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off ki̮l'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	derem-ze	ki̮l'-iz
pn . nom	shirt- poss .3 sg . acc	take_off- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) ve̮tani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	ve̮ta-z
pn . nom	pn - acc	dream_about- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dreamed of Masha.’

98. agree soglaš

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-jen	soglaš	lu-iz
pn . nom	pn - ins	agree	be- pst .3 sg
‘Petja agreed with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel kereti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-jen	keret-iz
pn . nom	pn - ins	quarrel- pst .3 sg
‘Petja had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost si̮li̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

ta	čaša	śu	mańet	si̮l-e
this	cup. nom	100	coin. nom	cost- prs .3 sg
‘This cup costs 100 rubles.’

101. shoot at i̮bi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsori

X: NOM

Y: NOMsori

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ti̮loburdo	šor-i̮	i̮b-iz
pn . nom	bird. nom	across- ill	shoot- pst .3 sg
‘Petja shot at the bird.’

102. pour pi̮źnani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	čaša-je	saki̮r	pi̮źna-z
pn . nom	cup- ill	sugar. nom	pour- pst .3 sg
‘Petja poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose i̮šti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	uśton-ez	i̮št-iz
pn . nom	key- acc	lose- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost the key.’

104. sink vi̮ji̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

kor	vu-e	vi̮j-iz
log. nom	water- ill	drown- pst .3 sg
‘The log drowned in the water.’

105. kill vii̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Miša-jez	vi-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	kill- pst .3 sg
‘Petja killed Misha.’

106. hit šukki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Miša-jez	šukk-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	hit- pst .3 sg
‘Petja hit Misha.’

107. kiss č́upani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	č́upa-z
pn . nom	pn - acc	kiss- pst .3 sg
‘Petja kissed Masha.’

108. read li̮dʒ́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	int'eresnoj	kńiga-jez	li̮dʒ́-iz
pn . nom	interesting	book- acc	read- pst .3 sg
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) vi̮r(je)ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	č́ińi̮-ze	vi̮rt-iz
pn . nom	finger- poss .3 sg . acc	move- pst .3 sg
‘Petja moved his finger.’

110. respect gažani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Miša-jez	gaža
pn . nom	pn - acc	respect. prs .3 sg
‘Petja respects Misha.’

111. be squeamish jurdi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	kurmem	tuśti̮-puńi̮-leś	jurd-e
pn . nom	dirty	cup-spoon- abl	be_squeamish- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content danjaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet'a	pi-jen-i̮z	danjaśk-e
pn . nom	son- ins - poss .3 sg	be_proud- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is content with his son.’

113. fall in love śinmaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	śinmaśk-iz
pn . nom	pn - dat	fall_in_love- pst .3 sg
‘Petja fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust oski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	osk-e
pn . nom	pn - dat	trust- prs .3 sg
‘Petja trusts Masha.’

115. sympathise žal'ani̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	anaj-ze	žal'a
pn . nom	mother- poss .3 sg . acc	sympathize. prs .3 sg
‘Petja sympathizes with his mother.’

116. envy vožjaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	vožjaśk-e
pn . nom	pn - dat	envy- prs .3 sg
‘Petja envies Masha.’

117. be angry ji̮r-POSS kur

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT

X: GEN

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

Pet'a-len	Maša-li̮	ji̮r-i̮z	kur
pn - gen	pn - dat	head- poss .3 sg	angry
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised abdrani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ta	kuźi̮m-li̮	abdra-z
pn . nom	this	gift- dat	be_surprised- pst .3 sg
‘Petja was surprised with this gift.’

119. love (tea) jarati̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	č́aj	jarat-e
pn . nom	tea. nom	love- prs .3 sg
‘Petja loves tea.’

120. enjoy kuani̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	pe̮ś	č́aj-leś	kun-e
pn . nom	hot	tea- abl	savour- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is savouring hot tea.’

121. want poti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pet'a-len	vi̮l'	mobil'noj	pot-e
pn - gen	new	mobile_phone. nom	want- prs .3 sg
‘Petja wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

122. have a grudge ji̮r-POSS kur

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT

X: GEN

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

Pet'a-len	Maša-li̮	ji̮r-i̮z	kur
pn - gen	pn - dat	head- poss .3 sg	angry
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

123. take offence kwataśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvile

X: NOM

Y: NOMvile

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša	vi̮l-e	kwataśk-iz
pn . nom	pn . nom	upper_part- ill	take.offence- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took offence at Masha.’

124. upset ǯožomi̮ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	ǯožomi̮t-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	upset- pst .3 sg
‘Petja greatly upset Masha.’

125. marvel pajmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ta	kar-li̮	pajm-iz
pn . nom	this	city- dat	be_impressed- pst .3 sg
‘Petja marvelled at this town.’

126. despise kuletem kari̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	kuletem	kar-e
pn . nom	pn - acc	unnecessary	do- prs .3 sg
‘Petja despises Misha.’

127. get upset ǯože uśi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INSseren

X: NOM

Y: INSseren

Locus: Y

Pet'a	pi-jen-i̮z	seren	ǯože	uś-iz
pn . nom	son- ins - poss .3 sg	because_of	upset	fall- pst .3 sg
‘Petja became upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated kerʒ́egjaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvile

X: NOM

Y: NOMvile

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ni̮l-i̮z	vi̮l-e	kerʒ́egjaśk-e
pn . nom	sister- poss .3 sg	upper_part- ill	get_irritated- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond •

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

•

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy voźdaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pet'a	ǯuždala-jez-leś	voźdaśk-e
pn . nom	height- poss .3 sg - abl	be_ashamed- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is ashamed of his height.’