BivalTyp

‘smell’

Argument frame: X (smell) like / of Y
Stimulus sentence: (I was mending my car.) My hands smell like / smell of gasoline .
Predicate label Ru: пахнуть
Argument frame Ru: X (пахнуть) Y -ом
Stimulus sentence Ru: (Я чинил машину). Мои руки] пахнут [бензином .

Abaza fʕʷə́ qə-ha

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
s-náṗ-kʷa benzín–fʕʷə r-qə́-h-əj-d
1 sg . io -hand- pl gasoline–smell 3 pl . io - loc -smell- prs - dcl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

Adyghe (West Circassian) pə-wə

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
s-ʔe-me bjenzinə-me-r q-a-p-e-wə
1 sg . pr -hand- obl gasoline-smell- abs csl -3 pl . io - loc : tip - dyn -come
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

Aghul niʔ qa-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ze χil-ar.i-q binzin.i niʔ qa-a
i : gen hand- pl - post gasoline( gen ) smell { post }be- prs
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Akhvakh (Northern) šwani bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: EL_POSS
X: EL
Y: POSS
Locus: XY
di-re reƛ’ili-gune bizi-ƛƛi koša šwani godi
1 sg . obl - npl hand. pl . obl - el oil- gen bad smell n . cop
‘My hands smell badly of gasoline.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

Andi (Zilo) ʃan (<b>-aχ-o)

Valency pattern: CONT.EL_GEN
X: CONT.EL
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
di-r-ul reʔoba-tʃ’u-kːu benzinu-tɬi zolo ʃan (b-aχ.o)
i . obl - inan 2( gen )- pl hand. pl . obl - cont - el benzine. obl - gen very odour[ inan 1][ nom ] inan 1-end_up. pst ( aor )
‘My hands smell of benzine very strongly.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) rīḥ- + COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
rīḥ-ət iday-ya benzīn
smell- cstr . f hand. du - poss .1 sg gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) rīḥ- + COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
rīḥ-et idayy zayy il-banzīn
smell- f . cs hand. pl . poss .1 sg like def -gasoline
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Arabic (standard) fāḥa rāɁiḥatu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tafūḥu min yad-ay=ya rāɁiḥat-u l-banzīn-i
emanate. ipf .3 f from hands( f )- gen . du = p .1 sg smell( f )- nom def -gasoline- gen
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Archi di ca-χas

Valency pattern: SUP.EL_GEN
X: SUP.EL
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
is kurʁul-če-tːi-š bənzin-ni-n di carχa-r-ši
npl . i . gen hand. pl - obl . pl - sup - el gas- obl - gen smell 4.< ipfv >throw- ipfv - advz (4.be)
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic rexa atə

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mən id-i rex=ət +nuyṭa bitay=əl
from hand( f )- p .1 sg smell( m )= rel oil( m ) come. prog =3 m
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Avar maħ buk’ize

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dir kwer-az-da benzad-ul maħ b-ugo
my hand- pl . obl - loc oil- gen smell n - cop
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Azerbaijani qoxumaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
mənim əl-lər-im benzin qoxu-yur
1. gen hand- pl - poss 1 sg gasoline smell- ipfv (3)
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: With this verb, the second argument does not trigger agreement and is never marked for the accusative case even if it is referentially salient (unlike with canonical transitive verbs). This verb belongs to the literary language (the more common alternative does not meet the inclusion criteria).

Bafut lúm

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
m̀-bô má lúm ŋ̀kxì-mᵼ̀wúrᵼ̂
pl -hand my smell water-oil
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Bambara kasa` bɛ́/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pètɔrɔli kasa` bɛ́ ń bólo` nɔ̀fɛ̀
oil smell\ art be 1 sg hand\ art on.trace
‘My hands smell like oil.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Belarusian pachnuć

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
maje ruk-i pachn-uć bienzin-am
my. nom . pl hand- nom . pl smell( ipfv )- prs .3 pl gasoline- ins . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Budugh neʕ qaşxar

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
za xabt'im-beʕar benzin-co neʕ qaşxar-a'vi
1. obl hand- pl . abl oil- obl . gen smell n .come. ipf - prog
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Bulgarian мириша

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
ръце-те ми миришат на бензин
hand. pl - def . pl i . dat smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl on gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Catalan fer olor

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
les meves man-s fan olor de benzina
def . pl . f poss .1 sg . f . pl hand( f )- pl make.3 pl . prs . ind smell( f ) of petrol( f )
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Chechen hwozha AGR-ooghu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
san kyjgashiex benzin-an hwozha j-ooghu
1 sg . gen hand. pl . lat gasoline- gen smell. abs j -go. prs
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Chinese (Mandarin) wén qǐlái

Valency pattern: SBJ_xiang
X: SBJ
Y: xiang
Locus: Y
wǒ-de shǒu wén qǐlái xiàng qìyóu
i - de hand smell up like gasoline
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’

Chirag tːa̰ħ-le

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
di-la na̰qː-be binzin-na tːa̰ħ-le
i - gen hand- pl ( abs ) gasoline- gen smell- adv . prs .3
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Croatian smrdjeti

Valency pattern: NOM_poLOC
X: NOM
Y: poLOC
Locus: Y
ruk-e mi smrde po benzin-u
hand- nom . pl i . dat smell. prs .3 pl along gasoline- loc . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Czech smrdět

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ruc-e mi smrdí benzín-em
hand( f )- nom . pl i . dat smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl gasoline( m )- ins . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Danish lugte

Valency pattern: SBJ_af
X: SBJ
Y: af
Locus: Y
Min-e hænder lugte-r af benzin
my- pl hand( c ). pl smell- prs of gasoline( c ). sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Dargwa (Itsari) kːʷaˤʕ le-B

Valency pattern: POSTtti_GEN
X: POSTtti
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
di-la naˤqː-b-a-ha tːi-b binzin-na kːʷaˤʕ le-b
i - gen hand- pl - obl - post behind - n gasoline- gen smell( abs ) exist - n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. Non-trivial citation form.

Dargwa (Kadar) waʡ CL-ik-es / CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dija naˤq'-b-a-zaka binzi-ja waʡ b-irk-ur
i . gen hand- pl - obl . pl - el petrol- gen smell n -fall. ipfv - th
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Dargwa (Kaytag) k:vaˁʕdik’wara

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG
X: NOM
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
dila naˁq:-bi k:vaˁʕdik’-ul=ca binzin-ni
my hand- pl . nom npl .smell. ipf - prog . cvb = cop (3) oil- erg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dila nuˤqbe binzin-na kʷaˤʡ d-uχ-ub=sad
1. gen hand. pl oil- gen smell npl -be. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : n (3)
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) kːʷaˤʡ b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
dila nuqbe benzin-na kːʷaˤʡ d-ik'-ule=sade
1. gen hand. pl . obl oil- gen smell npl -say- prog . cnv = cop . npl (3)
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Dargwa (Tsugni) kːʷaˤʡ + COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
nuqba-cːe-rka nabt-la kːʷaˤʡ leb
hand. pl . obl - inter - abl : down oil- gen smell cop . exst : n (3)
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Dutch ruiken

Valency pattern: SBJ_naar
X: SBJ
Y: naar
Locus: Y
mijn hand-en ruik-en naar benzine
poss .1 sg hand( c )- pl smell-3 pl to gasoline( c )
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Enets (Forest) ɔtis

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
modʲi uzi-nʲiʔ kare-xon ɔtiʔɛ-ʔ
i hand- pl .1 sg fish- loc . sg smell( ipfv )-3 pl . s
‘My hands smell of fish’.

English smell

Valency pattern: SBJ_like
X: SBJ
Y: like
Locus: Y
My hands smell like gasoline.

Estonian lõhnama

Valency pattern: NOM_GENjarele
X: NOM
Y: GENjarele
Locus: Y
mu käe-d lõhna-vad bensiini järele
1 sg . gen hand- pl . nom smell- prs .3 pl gasoline. sg . gen after
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Finnish haista

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
käte-ni hais-e-vat bensiini-ltä
hand. nom . pl - poss .1 sg smell- prs -3 pl gasoline- abl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

French sentir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mes main-s sentent l’ essence
my. pl hand( f )- pl smell. prs .3 pl def . sg . f gasoline( f )
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Gban sȁ̰ … bɔ̀

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
sá̰sȅ sȁ̰ ‶ bɔ̏ ḭ̀ kpɔ̰̀ nɛ̰̏
gasoline smell 3 sg ipfv \arrive i hand on
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Georgian Ø-q'ar-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
čem-i xel-eb-i benzin-it Ø-q'ar-s
my- nom hand- pl - nom gasoline- ins s 3-reek- s 3 sg
‘My hands reek of gasoline.’

German riechen

Valency pattern: NOM_nachDAT
X: NOM
Y: nachDAT
Locus: Y
mein-e Hände riech-en nach Benzin
my- nom . pl hand. nom . pl smell- prs .3 pl after gasoline[ dat . sg ]
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Hebrew (modern) meriχ-ot

Valency pattern: SBJ_mi
X: SBJ
Y: mi
Locus: Y
ha jad-ajim ʃel-i meriχ-ot mi delek
def hand- pl poss -1 sg smell[ ptcp ]- pl . f from gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Hindi mahaknā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLki.tarah
X: DIR
Y: OBLki.tarah
Locus: Y
mer-e hāth miṭṭī ke tel kī tarah mahak rah-e hɛṁ
my- m . pl . dir hand( m ). pl . dir soil( f ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl oil( m ). sg . obl adjz . f manner( f ). sg . dir smell dur - m . pl prs . pl
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’

Indonesian (standard) ber-bau

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tangan saya ber-bau bensin
hand i ber -smell gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Irish bí boladh

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Tá boladh gásailín ó mo láimh.
be. prs smell fuel( gs ) from poss .1 sg hand. pl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Italian sapere

Valency pattern: SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
le mi-e man-i sanno di benzin-a
def . pl . f poss .1 sg - pl . f hand- pl . f smell.3 pl . prs . of gasoline- sg . f
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Karata xwanj bik’waɬa

Valency pattern: EL_POSS
X: EL
Y: POSS
Locus: XY
di-raj reƛ’a-ba-gal binzin-i-ƛ xwanj idja
1. obl - attr . pl hand- pl . obl - el gasoline- obl - gen smell cop
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Kazakh sas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Menіŋ qol-ïm benziyn sas-ïp tur
i . gen hand- poss 1 sg gasoline smell- cvb stand.3 sg
‘My hands smell of this gasoline.’

Khanty (Kazym) awti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
maša-j-en jɔš-ŋəλ ԑsǝm jiŋ(k)-ǝn awə-λ-əŋən
pn - ep - poss .2 sg hand- poss [ du ] udder water- loc smell- npst -3 du
‘Maša’s hands smell of gasoline.’

Khoekhoe ham

Valency pattern: SBJ_khami
X: SBJ
Y: khami
Locus: Y
ti ǃom-di ge petrol-i khami ra ham
1 sg . poss hand-3 f . pl decl petrol-3 c . sg like ipfv smell
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Khwarshi muša gołe

Valency pattern: INTER.EL_GEN1
X: INTER.EL
Y: GEN1
Locus: XY
di-lo leła-za-š-šo lija-s muša gołe
1 sg . o - gen 2 hand( iv )- pl . o - inter - el garlic( iv )- gen 1 smell( iii ) be. prs
‘My hands smell of garlic.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

Kpelle (Guinean) kúŋ káa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
èsáns kùŋ gáa ɲée-ɣáà dìê
gazoline smell\ l be 1 sg \hand- pl 3 pl .on1
‘My hands smell of gazoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kryz (Alik) neʕ ʕaxhric

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
za xab-rime-ğar benzin-ci neʕ ʕaşxha-re
1. gen hand- pl . obl - superel gazoline- gen smell come. ipfv - prs . n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is arguably expressed as an NP-internal modifier. To be checked.

Kryz (Ismayilli) neʕ ʕaxhric

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
za xab-rim-ovar benzin-ci neʕ ʕaşxha-re
1. obl hand- pl - adel oil- gen smell come. ipf - prs . n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kryz (proper) naʕ qaxhric

Valency pattern: INEL_GEN
X: INEL
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
za xab-rime-ʕar benzin-a naʕ qaşxha-ra ʕaci
1. gen hand- obl . pl - inel gasoline- gen smell come_up. ipf - simul be_in. n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Kumyk ijis gelmek

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
qol-lar-ɨm-dan ot ijis gel-e
hand- pl -1 sg - abl grass smell come-3 sg
‘My hands smell of grass.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kurdish (Sorani) bon lêhatin

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dest-ek-an=im bon-î gazoɫ=yan lê-d-ê
hand- def - pl =1 sg . pc smell- izf gasoline=3 pl . pc prev - ind -come. prs .3 sg
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) bîhn hatin (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
bîhn-a benzîn-ê ji dest-ên min tê
smell- ez . f gasoline- obl . f from hand- ez . pl 1 sg . obl prs .come. ipfv .3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tːu-l ka-ru-ndi-c'-a benzin-dal-ul qʼanqʼ x-und-i
i . obl - gen hand- pl - obl - ad - el gas[ ru ]- obl - gen smell become- aor -3 p
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Latin oleo

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
per-que lac-us alt-os et ole-nt-ia sulphur-e fer-tur stagn-a Palic-orum
through-and lake( m )- acc . pl deep- acc . pl . m and smell- ptcp . prs . act - acc . pl . n sulphur( n )- abl . sg carry[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 sg swamp( n )- acc . pl p alici( m )- gen . pl
‘... and through deep lakes and sulphur-smelling swamps of the Palici...’
Note: (Ov. Met. V, 405)

Laz o-l-u

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
xe-čkim-i-s benzin-iš šu(r)-i Ø-a-l-em-s
hand- poss 1- b - dat gasoline- gen smell- nom io 3- ver : r -go- sm - s 3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Lezgian (Yargun) ni qven

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zu ǧil-er-i-kaa benzin-di-n ni qve-zva
1 sg . gen hand- pl - obl - sub / postel gasoline- obl - gen smell come. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Macedonian mirisa

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
race-te mi mirisaat na benzin
hand. pl - art . pl pro .1 sg . dat smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl on gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Maninka (Eastern) yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sánsi-suma` yé ń bólo` fɛ̀.
gasoline-smell\ art be 1 sg hand\ art by
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound).

Mano gḭ̄ḭ̄ be

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tíéyíí gḭ̄ḭ̄ lɛ̄ ŋ̄ kɔ̀ mɔ̀
gasoline smell 3 sg . exi 1 sg arm on
‘My arms smell of gazoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Mansi (Northern) at pasi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
am kāt-aɣ-um xūl at pas-ē-ɣ
1 sg hand- du - poss .1 sg fish smell smell- npst -3 du
‘My hands smell of fish.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Mehweb deħle le-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
di-la nuʁ-e benzija deħ-le le-r
i . obl - gen hand- pl gaz. gen smell- advz be- npl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Mingrelian šur-i Ø-u-ntx-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
čkim xe-s benʒil-iš šur-(i) Ø-u-ntx-an-s
my hand- dat gasoline- gen smell- nom io 3- ver : o -smell- sm - s 3 sg
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Nanai puni ənə-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mi ŋaala-ǯea-i benzin pu-ni ənə-j-ni
1 sg hand- abl - p . refl . sg gasoline smell- p .3 sg go- npst - p .3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Nivkh nоʁd

Valency pattern: SBJ_INS
X: SBJ
Y: INS
Locus: Y
ɲ-ramk-ɣun bеnzin-ɣir̥ nоʁ-d
1 sg . poss -hand- pl gasoline- ins smell- ind
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Norwegian Bokmål å lukte

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
hend-ene mine lukte-r bensin
hand- def . pl my. pl smell- prs gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Oromo (West Central) dʒeɗa

Valency pattern: NOM_RDP
X: NOM
Y: RDP
Locus: Y
hark-i=koo benzina benzina dʒeɗ-a
hand- nom =1 sg . poss gasoline gasoline say-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’

Persian bū dādan

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dast-ān-am bū-ye gāzōlīn mī-deh-ad
hand- pl - encl .1 sg smell- izaf gasoline pr -give-3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Polish pachnąć

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
moj-e ręc-e pachną benzyn-ą
my- f . nom . pl hand- nom . pl smell: ipfv . prs .3 pl gasoline- ins . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) cheirar

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
minha-s mão-s cheir-am a gasolina
poss .1 sg . f - pl hand( f )- pl smell-3 pl . prs to petrol( f )
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Romani (Kalderash) khandel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
muř-ə vast khand-en kata binzin-o
my- pl hand. nom smell- prs .3 pl from gasoline- nom . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

Russian paxnutʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
mo-i ruk-i paxn-ut benzin-om
my- nom . pl hand( f )- nom . pl smell( pfv )- prs .3 pl gasoline( m )- ins . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Rutul (Kina) il rɨˁχaˁra

Valency pattern: INTER.EL_ATTR
X: INTER.EL
Y: ATTR
Locus: XY
ɨz-dɨ χɨla-bɨr-mɨ-k-la benzin-ad il rɨˁχaˁ-r=a
i - attr hand- pl - obl . pl - inter - el petrol- attr smell( nom ) 4.go. ipfv - cvb =be
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Rutul (Mukhad) il jišin

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
iz-dı χıl-abırmı-k benzin-e-d il ki
my- attr hand- pl . obl - cont oil- obl - gen smell be_at
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Rutul (Shinaz) il h-iši-n

Valency pattern: CONTEL_ATTR
X: CONTEL
Y: ATTR
Locus: XY
iz-dɨ χɨlab-a-kila il ruʔu-j benzin-a-d
my- attr hand. pl - obl - contel smell ipf .go- evt . n oil- obl - attr
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Rutul (Southern) il yidq’ın

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
xıl-amı-kla benzin-e-d il aˤğuˤ-r
hand- pl . obl - contel gas- obl - n smell ( n )go. ipf - prs
‘The hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Saami (Skolt) âʹpssed

Valency pattern: NOM_mate
X: NOM
Y: mate
Locus: Y
muu ǩiõđ âʹpsse mâte beʹnsin
1 sg . gen hand. pl . nom smell. prs .3 pl like gasoline. sg . nom
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Serbian mirisati

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC
X: NOM
Y: naACC
Locus: Y
moj-e ruk-e miriš-u na benzin
my- nom . pl . f hand- nom . pl smell- prs .3 pl on gasoline. acc . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Shughni bůy δêdow2

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
wi δust-en benzin bůy δiy-en
d 3. m . sg . obl hand- pl oil smell fall-3 pl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Slovak smrdieť

Valency pattern: NOM_poLOC
X: NOM
Y: poLOC
Locus: Y
Moj-e ruk-y smrdia po benzín-e
my- nom . pl hand( f )- nom . pl smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl after gasoline( m )- loc . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Slovenian dišati

Valency pattern: NOM_poLOC
X: NOM
Y: poLOC
Locus: Y
moj-e rok-e dišijo po bencin-u
my- nom . pl . f hand- nom . pl smell: ipfv . prs .3 pl by gasoline- loc . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Spanish oler

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
mi-s mano-s huele-n a gasolina
my- pl hand[ sg . f ]- pl smell- prs .3 pl to gasoline[ sg . f ]
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Svan kwin-Ø x-o-qan (PRS)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mišgu ši-är-s benzin-i kwin-Ø x-o-qan
poss 1 hand- pl - dat gasoline- gen smell- nom io 3- ver : o -hit
‘My hands reek of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Swedish att lukta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mina händ-er lukta-r bensin
my. pl hand- pl smell- prs gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: POST_GEN
X: X
Y: Y
Locus: XY
χl-ar.i-q benzin.ǯi-n niʔ q-a
hand- pl - post bezine- gen smell( abs ) post -be( prs )
‘(My) hands smell of benzine.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Tagalog mangamoy

Valency pattern: ACT_BARE
X: ACT
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
na-nga~ngamoy gasolina ang kamay ko
av . stem . ipfv ~ ipfv -smell gasoline subj hands 1. sg . gen
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The label BARE is used because there is no overt flagging associated with this argument.

Telugu vaccu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
nā cētu-la-nuṁci gyās vāsana vastuṁdi
1 sg . obl hand( n )- pl . obl - abl gas( n ). sg . obl smell( n ). sg . nom come. npst .3 sg . nm
‘The gasoline smell comes from my hands.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

Tsakhur evaхhay

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
yizdi хulyoppu-šı-k benzin-in eva vo-d
my. obl hand. pl . nom - pl . obl - cont oil- n smell cop - n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Tswana nkga

Valency pattern: SBJ_OBL
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: Y
mo-nna yo o-nkg-a bo-jalwa
sg -man(1) cl1. dem s i :cl1-smell- fv sg -alkohol(14)
‘This man smells like alcohol.’

Turkish kokmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
el-ler-im bu benzin-den kok-uyor
hand- pl - p .1 sg this gasoline- abl smell- prs
‘My hands smell of this gasoline.’

Turoyo oṯe reḥo

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
k-oṯe reḥ-e d-u banzin me iḏ-oṯ-i
prs -come. ipfv .3 m smell- p .3 m rel - art . m gasoline( m ) from hand( f )- pl - p .1 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Twi hwa

Valency pattern: SBJ_tese
X: SBJ
Y: tese
Locus: Y
me nsa hwa tesε fagoo
1 sg ( poss ) hands smell like gasoline
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’

Udmurt zi̮n

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
mi̮nam ki-i̮ muvöj zi̮n
1 sg . gen hand- poss .1 sg petrol. nom smell. nom
‘My hands smell of petrol.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Ukrainian paxnuty

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
moj-i ruk-y paxn-ut’ benzyn-om
my- nom . pl hand( f )- nom . pl smell( pfv )- prs .3 pl gasoline( m )- ins . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Ulcha waqisi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
tara əsi min ŋāla-j benzin-ǯi waqis-i-ni
then now my hand-1 sg petrol- ins stink- prs -3 sg
‘And now my hands stink of gasoline.’

Uzbek hidi kelmoq

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
meniŋ kol-lar-im-dan benzin-niŋ hid-i kel-yab-ti
my hand- pl - poss .1 sg - abl gasoline- gen smell- poss .3 sg come- prs 1-3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Wolof xeeñ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
robb bii sama parfoŋ-u yaay la-y xeeñ
dress( b / y ) cl b - dem my perfume-of mother( j / y ) f oc o - incpl smell
‘This dress smells of my mother’s perfume.’

Yukaghir (Northern) pödˈǝlnˈǝ=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mǝt čаldˈǝ-pul bjenzin pödˈǝl-nˈǝ-ŋi
1 sg . poss hand- pl gasoline smell- prop - intr .3 pl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Zazaki

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
boj-a ɡaz-i jɛ-n-a dɛst-an-e mɨ=ra
smell- ez . f gas- m . obl come. prs - aug -3 sg . f hand- pl . obl - ez . pl 1 sg . obl =from
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.