BivalTyp

Kryz (proper)

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile) and Monika Rind-Pawlowski

G.A.'s photo M.R-P.'s photo

How to cite

Authier, Gilles & Monika Rind-Pawlowski. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Kryz (proper). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on September 29, 2024; last revised on October 8, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-nominative alignment, except on personal pronouns, which have non-ergative morphology. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the ergative, and the P-argument, in the (unmarked) nominative. The oblique stem corresponds to the genitive case and the ergative case is added to it. The verb takes gender-number prefixes, infixes and/or suffixes agreeing with the S/P argument in the nominative. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers or by postpositions (in combination with the genitive case).

Case system

There are 14 case forms in Proper Kryz. The 4 original grammatical cases are nominative, genitive, ergative, dative. The system of spatial cases consists of two layers, involving 4 localizations and 3 directions (the unmarked essive, the lative and the elative). The apudelative and the sublative are lacking, which yields 10 spatial combinations. Case paradigms are illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1. Case paradigm of Kryz (proper)

case label form ‘house’ ‘man’
NOM -Ø k’ul furi
ERG -r k’ul-ci-r fura-ʕar
GEN -ci, -a, etc. k’ul-ci fura
DAT -s k’ul-ci-s fura-s
IN/GEN2 -a(ʕ) k’ul-ca -
INEL -ʕ-ar k’ul-caʕar -
INLAT -ʕ-an k’ul-caʕan -
AD -v k’ul-ci-v fura-v
ADR -v-an - fura-van
ADEL -v-ar k’ul-ci-var fura-var
APUD -ux k’ul-cox furo-x
DIR -x-un k’ul-co-xun furo-xun
SUB -k k’ul-ci-k -
SUBEL -k-ir k’ul-ci-kir fura-kir

The subelative case is also used in the function of a partitive.

Glossing abbreviations

AD — adlocative (= essive/lative); ADEL — adelative; ADJ — adjective; ADR — addressee case; AOR — aorist; APUD — apudlocative (= essive/lative); ATTR — attributive; COP — copula; DAT — dative; DIR — directive; ERG — ergative; EXCL — exclusive; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; HPL — human plural; IMP — imperative; IN/GEN2 — inessive / second genitive; INEL — inelative; INLAT — inlative; IPF — imperfective; M — masculine; N — neuter; NEG — negation; NOM — nominative; OBL — oblique; PERF — perfect; PF — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; PTCP — participle; PV — preverb; REFL — reflexive; SEQ — sequential; SIMUL — simultaneous; SUB — sublocative (= essive/lative); SUBEL — subelative.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain tit xhiyic

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan q'il yamanca tişa-ra ʕacu
pn ( gen ) head( f ) terribly ache. ipf - simul be_in. f
‘Aslan has a terrible headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) yü

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
aslan ts'ukam i
pn flu cop . m
‘Aslan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid kiç' i

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBEL
X: DAT
Y: SUBEL
Locus: XY
aslan-is xor-kir kiç' i
pn - dat dog- subel fear cop . n
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw tsavʕac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir dahar tsaʕa-c
pn - erg stone n .throw. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan threw the stone.’

5. have enough tsurq'uc

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
hal saʕat aslan pul tsurq'or-ü
this hour pn ( gen ) money( f ) reach. ipf - prs . f
‘Now Aslan has enough money.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

6. resemble qoxhric

Valency pattern: NOM_INLAT
X: NOM
Y: INLAT
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-aʕan qaxhir-ci
pn pn - inlat come_up. pf - prf . m
‘Aslan resembles Rasul.’

7. believe vubğurıc

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-ux vurğa-ri
pn pn - apud believe. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’

8. take qaynic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ç'ara-car kitab qayin-c
pn - erg shelf- obl . inel book take. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’
Note: A "ç'ara" is actually a long horizontal niche close to the ceiling, where people keep items like expensive vases and sometimes books.

9. see ipqhac

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is k'ul irqh-ürü
pn - dat house m .see. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan sees a house.’

10. influence tasir yaric

Valency pattern: INEL_DAT
X: INEL
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
yaş-il-ar yaddaş-cis tasir yi-ri
age- obl - inel memory- obl . dat effect n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: Probably an impersonal construction.

11. encounter rast xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_INLAT
X: NOM
Y: INLAT
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-aʕan rast xhi-yid
pn pn - inlat meet be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan encountered Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter ʕabç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INLAT
X: NOM
Y: INLAT
Locus: Y
aslan k'ul-can ʕaç'-id
pn house- obl . inlat go_in. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan entered the house.’

13. win qalib xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-is qalib xhi-yid
pn pn - dat victorious be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

14. go out qabç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
aslan k'ul-car qaç'-id
pn house- obl . inel go_out. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan went out of the house.’

15. drive yavʕac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ug zar yürüş-can yiʕ-rü
pn - erg refl . m cow pasture- obl . inlat chase. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan is driving his cow to the pasture.’

16. bend akir varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ts'ili akir aac
pn - erg branch bent do. aor . n
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

17. tell ʕuxhric

Valency pattern: ERG_ADR
X: ERG
Y: ADR
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-van leyir ja-xun ʕuşa
pn - erg pn - adr say. prs 1 pl . excl . obl - dir come_level. imp
‘Aslan told Rasul: "Come and visit us!"’

18. hold üqhric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ug xab-a sad kitab iqh yaʕa
pn - erg refl . m hand- in / gen 2 one. n book hold. pf exist. pf . ptcp
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up tsurq'uc

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
aslan leylox tsurq'-ud
pn pn . apud reach. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan caught up with Leyla.’

20. milk vazac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir zar v-aza-du
pn - erg cow f -milk. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

21. reach tsurq'uc

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
aslan qirxac-ux tsurq'-ud
pn shore. obl - apud reach. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan reached the bank.’

22. touch kekoc

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB
X: NOM
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
aslan divar-a-k keka-d
pn wall- obl - sub touch. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

23. fight davʕa varic

Valency pattern: ERG_GENqan
X: ERG
Y: GENqan
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-q'an davʕa vi-ra ʕacu
pn - erg pn -with battle( f ) f .do. ipf - simul be_in. f
‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends dustluğival yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_GENqan
X: ERG
Y: GENqan
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-q'an dustluğival yi-ra ʕaci
pn - erg pn -with friendship n .do. ipf - simul be_in. n
‘Aslan is friends with Rasul.’

25. think düşünmiş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_GENhaqhina
X: NOM
Y: GENhaqhina
Locus: Y
aslan leyla haqhina düşünmiş şa-ri
pn pn ( gen ) about think be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat ʕulic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir yeç ʕul-du
pn - erg apple eat. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan ate an apple.’

27. fry ürü varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir baluğ ürü va-du
pn - erg fish red f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan fried the fish.’

28. wait guzat varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir rasul guzat yi-ra ʕaci
pn - erg pn wait m .do. ipf - simul be_in. m
‘Aslan is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget yik'aʕar soxono varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ciraʕa rix yik'-aʕar soxono vaa yaʕo
pn - erg other road heart- inel f .forget f .do. pf exist. f
‘Aslan forgot about the other road.’

30. depend asili yü

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
yaddaş yaş-ina-var asili yi
memory age- obl - adel depending cop . n
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call xokric

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-ux xokur-c
pn - erg pn - apud call. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan called Rasul.’

32. get to know taniş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_GENqan
X: NOM
Y: GENqan
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-q'an sad san u-c-var ʕuran taniş xhi-ci
pn pn -with one. n year this- obl - adel before known be. pf - prf . m
‘Aslan got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know vats'ar xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is rasul ats'a-ci
pn - dat pn know. pf - prf . m
‘Aslan knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) çet'ic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir gitara çat'-rü
pn - erg guitar( f ) play. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid kebt'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL
X: NOM
Y: SUBEL
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-kir köt'ar-i
pn pn - subel avoid. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan avoids Rasul.’

36. make dixhoc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir q'al-ir q'ap' dixha-c
pn - erg mouse- gen trap make. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun sataşmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB
X: NOM
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-ik sataşmiş şa-ri
pn pn - sub mess be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

38. have yaʕa

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM
X: APUD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ux hal saʕat maşin yaʕa
pn - apud this hour car exist. n
‘Aslan now has a car.’

39. look for ʕoyta

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
aslan-ir haçar-böx ʕaytar-a ʕaci
pn - erg key- pl . obl . apud explore. ipf - simul be_in. n
‘Aslan is looking for his keys.’

40. paint ranglamiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir hasar ranglamiş aac
pn - erg fence paint do. aor . n
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

41. bite qatac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
xor-ir aslan qata-d
dog- erg pn snatch. pf - aor . m
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

42. forfeit mahrum xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL
X: NOM
Y: SUBEL
Locus: Y
aslan ug k'ul-ci-kir mahrum xhi yaʕa
pn refl . m house- obl - subel deprived be. pf exist. m
‘Aslan lost his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

43. try to catch üqhric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir gaç ürqhu-ra ʕacu
pn - erg cat f .hold. ipf - simul be_in. f
‘Aslan is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break xoal varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir t'il xoal aac
pn - erg stick broken do. aor . n
‘Aslan broke the stick.’

45. flatter yaltaxlamiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan leyla-s yaltaxlamiş şa-ra ʕaci
pn pn - dat flatter be. ipf - simul be_in. m
‘Aslan is flattering Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

46. love (person) ük xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is leyla üko-cu
pn - dat pn f .want. pf - prf . f
‘Aslan loves Leyla.’

47. wave qaraʕulim qiykuric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ug dasmal qaraʕulim qürku-ra ʕaci
pn - erg refl . m handkerchief around wave. ipf - simul be_in. n
‘Aslan is waving his handkerchief.’

48. dream arzulamiş yaric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir sad ts'iy-a maşin arzulamiş yi-ri
pn - erg one. n new- attr car desire n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash zimic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir sila suk'ra zim-du
pn - erg small pitcher( f ) wash. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

50. put on qixhac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ug şalvar qixha-c
pn - erg refl . m trousers put_on- aor . n
‘Aslan put on his trousers.’

51. be called tir ... qici

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: GEN
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
li zat'-ci tir kompas qici
this thing- gen name compass be_on. n
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

52. punish caza vuyic

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir ug duxar-is caza vu-yic
pn - erg refl . m son. obl - dat punishment give. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan punished his son.’

53. attack tuxuş yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_INLAT
X: ERG
Y: INLAT
Locus: Y
sar-ir baluxçi-ʕan tuxuş aaci
bear- erg fisherman- inlat attack( n ) do. prf . n
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ʕats' ü

Valency pattern: NOM_GENqan
X: NOM
Y: GENqan
Locus: Y
vadra xhic-q'an ʕats' ü
bucket( f ) water. gen -with full cop . f
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

55. find ipkac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir haçar-bi itka-c
pn - erg key- pl . nom n .find. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan found his keys.’

56. be short tsurq'uc + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is sab dullar tsurq'a-düb
pn - dat one. f dollar( f ) reach. ipf - neg . prs . f
‘Aslan is one dollar short.’

57. hate nifrat yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-is nifrat yi-ri
pn - erg pn - dat hate( n ) n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’

58. like quxhric

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is li bihram xuş quşxha-rü
pn - dat this shirt( f ) pleasure f .come. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan likes this shirt.’

59. need lazim ü

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is pul lazim ü
pn - dat money( f ) necessary cop . f
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ehate varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
divar-be-r şahar ehate vi-rü
wall- pl . obl - erg town( f ) surrounding f .do. ipf - prs . f
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain iknuc

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM
X: APUD
Y: NOM
Locus: X
qhattayecis aslan-ux vari yits'ib dullar ik yaʕo
tomorrow. dat pn - apud all ten. f dollar( f ) remain. pf exist. f
‘Aslan has ten dollars left for tomorrow.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

62. answer cavab vuyic

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir maʕlim-ci-s cavab vu-du
pn - erg teacher- obl - dat answer( f ) give. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan answered the teacher.’

63. open açux varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir sab sila suk'ra açux va-du
pn - erg one. f small pitcher( f ) open f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan opened a jar.’

64. be different farğli yu

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL
X: NOM
Y: SUBEL
Locus: Y
za bihram va bihram-ci-kir farğli yu
1. gen shirt( f ) 2. gen shirt- obl - subel different cop . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind tsiran iknuc

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-var tsiran ikin-d
pn pn - adel back remain. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough qavʕac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir nik qiʕ-ra ʕaci
pn - erg field n .till. ipf - simul be_in. n
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell naʕ qaxhric

Valency pattern: INEL_GEN
X: INEL
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
za xab-rime-ʕar benzin-a naʕ qaşxha-ra ʕaci
1. gen hand- obl . pl - inel gasoline- gen smell come_up. ipf - simul be_in. n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross yebç'ic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan rix yeç'-i kapretil-an ʕaç'-id
pn road pass. pf - seq shop- inlat go_in. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’
Note: The case marking of X in this example is triggered by the second VP in the sequence. In isolation, the verb "to cross" is a regular transitive pattern (ERG + NOM).

69. sing uxac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ʕayara sab şarği uxa-du
pn - erg good one. f song( f ) recite. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write çivac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir maktub çiva-du
pn - erg letter( f ) f .write. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan wrote a letter.’

71. drink qiric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir yux qir-ic
pn - erg milk drink. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan drank the milk.’

72. melt yubts'ara varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir sa-d luhum-ci parça yuts'ara yaa-c
pn - erg one- n lead- gen piece melt. adj n .do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’

73. match vafnic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
li t'asma za halavar-is valfan-i
this belt 1. gen clothes- dat suit. ipf - prs . n
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave tark varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ug xhi-yi şahar tark va-du
pn - erg refl . m be. pf - ptcp town( f ) leave f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan left his native town.’

75. cover k'uvu varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
q'alança-cir tul vari k'uvu yi-ri
carpet- obl . erg floor all closed n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember yik'ü qücu

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan yik'ü ug bu-d xhi yaʕa k'ul ʕayara qücu
pn ( gen ) heart. obl . ad refl . m big- f . nom be. pf exist. pf . ptcp house( f ) good be_on. f
‘Aslan remembers the house where we grew up well.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

77. help kumak varic

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-is kumak va-du
pn - erg pn - dat help( f ) f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) q'all-e ʕaxhric

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
aslan fransiz-a mez q'all-e ʕaxha-ri
pn f rench- attr tongue( f ) head. obl - in / gen 2 come_down. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan understands French.’
Note: The verb agrees with the person name.

79. hit (target) qebt'ic

Valency pattern: ERG_INEL
X: ERG
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
ildirim-cir k'ul-c-aʕar qet'-ic
lightning- obl . erg house- obl - inel beat. pf - aor . n
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself xir qiyac

Valency pattern: AD_ERG(NON.CORE)
X: AD
Y: ERG(NON.CORE)
Locus: XY
aslan-u q'il roxu kant'-il-ir xir qiya-c
pn - ad head shave. ipf knife- obl - erg wound n .put. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck qikoc

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2
Locus: Y
istikan stul-a qüko-du
glass( f ) table- in / gen 2 f .stick_on. pf - aor . f
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) tuğac

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
rasul-ur aslan tuğa-ci
pn - erg pn take_away. pf - prf . m
‘Rasul beat Aslan.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

83. be glad nöğ xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_INLAT
X: NOM
Y: INLAT
Locus: Y
aslan maktub-caʕan nöğ xhi-yid
pn letter- obl . inlat glad be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak uxac

Valency pattern: NOM_GENqan
X: NOM
Y: GENqan
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-q'an uxa-ra ʕaci
pn pn -with speak. ipf - simul be_in. m
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth xuyic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
leyla-r sa-r dix xu-yid
pn - erg one- m son bear. pf - aor . m
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

86. drop q'um-aʕan tsavʕac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir istikan q'um-aʕan tsavʕa-du
pn - erg glass( f ) ground- inlat f .throw. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

87. govern budval yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir je qasaba-cis budval yi-ri
pn - erg 1 pl . excl . gen village- obl . dat rule n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan runs our place.’

88. miss darixmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DATqali
X: NOM
Y: DATqali
Locus: Y
aslan leyla-s q'ali darixmiş şa-ri
pn pn - dat for bored be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan misses Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow ixhic

Valency pattern: NOM_cixe
X: NOM
Y: cixe
Locus: Y
aslan rasul çixe ça-ri
pn pn behind go. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan follows Rasul.’

90. dismount ʕabç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
aslan balkan-c-aʕar ʕaç'-id
pn horse- obl - inel go_down. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan got down from the horse.’

91. listen ibur qiyac

Valency pattern: ERG_AD
X: ERG
Y: AD
Locus: Y
aslan-ir radyu-cu ibur qits'-na ʕaci
pn - erg radio- obl . ad ear put_on. ipf - simul be_in. n
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

92. obey ç'ilaʕan köptsilic

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan gi day ç'il-aʕan költsa-li
pn refl . hpl . gen mother( gen ) word. obl - inlat look. ipf - prs
‘Aslan listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear ixhac

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is musiği ixh-ra ʕaci
pn - dat music hear. ipf - simul be_in. n
‘Aslan hears the music.’

94. mix çixar xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB
X: NOM
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
yit yux-a-k çixar xhi-yic
honey milk- obl - sub mix be. pf - aor . n
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

95. look köptsilic

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
aslan bultime-xun költsa-la ʕaci
pn cloud. pl . obl - dir look. ipf - simul be_in. m
‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off yavhac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ug bihram yavha-du
pn - erg refl . m shirt( f ) f .take_off. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) ipqhac neq'iraş-kir

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is leyla neq'iraş-kir ipqha-cu
pn - dat pn dream. obl - subel f .see. pf - prf . f
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’

98. agree razilaşmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_GENqan
X: NOM
Y: GENqan
Locus: Y
aslan leyla-q'an razilaşmiş xhi-yid
pn pn -with agree be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan agreed with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel davʕa varic

Valency pattern: ERG_GENqan
X: ERG
Y: GENqan
Locus: Y
aslan-ır leyla-q'an davʕa va-du
pn - erg pn -with battle( f ) f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan had a quarrel with Leyla.’

100. cost yü

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
li suk'ra sinci dullar-ci-d ü
this pitcher( f ) one. obl dollar- gen - attr . f cop . f
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at k'ik'al tsavʕac

Valency pattern: ERG_INLAT
X: ERG
Y: INLAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir quş-il-aʕan k'ik'al tsavʕa-du
pn - erg bird- obl - inlat bullet( f ) f .throw. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan shot at the bird.’

102. pour ʕoyts'ac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir şakar suk'ra-can ʕayts'a-du
pn - erg sugar pitcher- obl . inlat pv .pour_in. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose gul varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ug haçar-bi gul aac
pn - erg refl . m key- pl . nom lose. pf do. aor . n
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

104. sink çebç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB
X: NOM
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
girdin xhic-ik çep-du
log( f ) water. obl -sub f .sink. pf - aor . f
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill q'ayic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir rasul q'ay-id
pn - erg pn kill. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

106. hit qebt'ic

Valency pattern: ERG_INEL
X: ERG
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-aʕar qet'-ic
pn - erg pn - inel beat. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan hit Rasul.’

107. kiss k'uf vuyic

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir leyla-s k'uf vu-yic
pn - erg pn - dat kiss give. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

108. read uxac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir sad marağlaʕa kitab uxa-c
pn - erg one. n interesting. attr book read. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) köykuric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ug t'il köykur-du
pn - erg refl . m finger( f ) f .move. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan moved his finger.’

110. respect hürmat yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-is hürmat yi-ri
pn - erg pn - dat respect n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish dak xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBEL
X: DAT
Y: SUBEL
Locus: XY
aslan-is atha yaʕa qab-ra-kir dak şa-ri
pn - dat n .be_dirty. pf exist. pf . ptcp plate- pl . obl - subel disgust be. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content razi yü

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL
X: NOM
Y: SUBEL
Locus: Y
aslan ug duxar-kir razi yi
pn refl . m son. obl - subel agreed cop . m
‘Aslan is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love ik xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is leyla ik xhi-cu
pn - dat pn want be. pf - prf . f
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust ehtibar varic

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
aslan-ir leylox ehtibar vi-rü
pn - erg pn . apud trust( f ) f .do. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’

115. sympathise yazux quxhric

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is gi day yazux quşxa-rü
pn - dat refl . hpl . gen mother pitiful f .come. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy paxilival yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-is paxilival yi-ri
pn - erg pn - dat envy n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

117. be angry ʕasi xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-is ʕasi xhi-yid
pn pn - dat angry be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised mahtal xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
aslan li pay-cux mahtal xhi-yid
pn this share- obl . apud surprised be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) ik xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is çay ik şa-ri
pn - dat tea want. ipf be- prs . n
‘Aslan loves tea.’

120. enjoy haz qaynic

Valency pattern: ERG_SUBEL
X: ERG
Y: SUBEL
Locus: Y
ghira çay-ci-kir aslan-ir haz qan-i
hot tea- obl - subel pn - erg pleasure take. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan enjoys hot tea.’

121. want ik xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is ts'iy-a cib-il telefun ika-ci
pn - dat new- attr pocket- gen phone want- prf . n
‘Aslan wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge acuğli yü

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL
X: NOM
Y: SUBEL
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-kir acuğli yi
pn pn - subel angry cop . m
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence incimiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL
X: NOM
Y: SUBEL
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-kir incimiş xhi-yid
pn pn - subel vexed be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan took offence at Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

124. upset mayus varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir rasul para mayus aad
pn - erg pn much grieved do. aor . m
‘Aslan greatly upset Rasul.’

125. marvel hayran xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan li şahar-cis hayran xhi-yid
pn this town- obl . dat in_awe be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise atsan köptsilic

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-uxun varcar atsan költsa-li
pn pn - dir from_up downwards look. ipf - prs
‘Aslan despises Rasul.’

127. get upset pert xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_gura
X: NOM
Y: gura
Locus: Y
aslan ug duxar güra pert xhi-yid
pn refl . m son. gen considering upset be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated ʕasi xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan ug riş-is ʕasi şa-ri
pn refl . m daughter- dat angry be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond rağbat yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-is rağbat yi-ri
pn - erg pn - dat friendship n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is fond of Rasul.’

130. be shy reh xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBEL
X: DAT
Y: SUBEL
Locus: XY
aslan-is ug buy-una-kir reh şa-ri
pn - dat refl . m size- obl - subel shame be. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is embarrassed about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.