Kryz Proper

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile) and Monika Rind-Pawlowski

G.A.'s photo

How to cite

Authier, Gilles & Monika Rind-Pawlowski. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Kryz Proper. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on September 29, 2024; last revised on September 29, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.22, 48.25.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aslan	q'il	yamanca	tişa-ra	ʕacu
pn ( gen )	head( f )	terribly	ache. ipf - simul	be_in. f
‘Aslan has a terrible headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

aslan	ts'ukam	i
pn	flu	cop . m
‘Aslan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBEL

X: DAT

Y: SUBEL

Locus: XY

aslan-is	xor-kir	kiç'	i
pn - dat	dog- subel	fear	cop . n
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	dahar	tsaʕa-c
pn - erg	stone	n .throw. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan threw the stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

hal	saʕat	aslan	pul	tsurq'or-ü
this	hour	pn	money( f )	reach. ipf - prs . f
‘Now Aslan has enough money.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NOM_INLAT

X: NOM

Y: INLAT

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-aʕan	ğaxhir-ci
pn	pn - inlat	go_back- perf
‘Aslan resembles Rasul.’

7. believe

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-ux	vurğa-ri
pn	pn - apud	believe. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’

8. take

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ç'ar-acar	kitab	ğayin-c
pn - erg	hair- obl . inel	book	take. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

9. see

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	k'ul	irqh-ürü
pn - dat	house	m .see. pf - prs . f
‘Aslan sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: INEL_DAT

X: INEL

Y: DAT

Locus: XY

yaş-il-ar	yaddaş-cis	tasir	yi-ri
age- obl - inel	memory- obl . dat	effect	n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: Probably an impersonal construction.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: NOM_INLAT

X: NOM

Y: INLAT

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-aʕan	rast	xhi-yid
pn	pn - inlat	meet	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan encountered Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter

Valency pattern: NOM_INLAT

X: NOM

Y: INLAT

Locus: Y

aslan	k'ul-can	ʕaç'-id
pn	house- obl . inlat	go_in. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-is	ğalib	xhi-yid
pn	pn - dat	victorious	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

14. go out

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

aslan	k'ul-car	ğaç'-id
pn	house- obl . inel	go_out. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan went out of the house.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ug	zar	yürüş-can	yiʕ-rü
pn - erg	refl	cow	pasture- obl . inlat	chase. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ts'ili	akir	aac
pn - erg	branch	bent	do. aor . n
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ERG_ADR

X: ERG

Y: ADR

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-van	leyir	ja-xun	ʕuşa
pn - erg	pn - adr	say. prs	1 pl . excl . obl - dir	come. imper
‘Aslan told Rasul: "Come and visit me!"’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ug	xab-a	sad	kitab	iqh	yaʕa
pn - erg	refl	hand- iness	one. n	book	hold. pf	exist. pf . ptcp
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

aslan	leylox	tsurq'-ud
pn	pn . apud	reach. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan caught up with Leyla.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	zar	v-aza-du
pn - erg	cow	f -milk. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

aslan	ğirxac-ux	tsurq'-ud
pn	shore. obl - apud	reach. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

aslan	divar-a-k	keka-d
pn	wall- obl - sub	touch. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: ERG_GENqan

X: ERG

Y: GENqan

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-q'an	davʕa	vi-ra	ʕacu
pn - erg	pn -with	battle( f )	f .do. ipf - simul	be_in. f
‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: ERG_GENqan

X: ERG

Y: GENqan

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-q'an	dustluğival	yi-ra	ʕaci
pn - erg	pn -with	friendship	n .do. ipf - simul	be_in. m
‘Aslan is friends with Rasul.’

25. think

Valency pattern: NOM_GENhaqhina

X: NOM

Y: GENhaqhina

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla	haqhina	düşünmiş	şa-ri
pn	pn ( gen )	about	think	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	yeç	ʕul-du
pn - erg	apple	eat. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	baluğ	ürü	va-du
pn - erg	fish	red	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan fried the fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	rasul	guzat	yi-ra	ʕaci
pn - erg	pn	wait	m .do. ipf - simul	be_in. m
‘Aslan is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ciraʕa	rix	yik'-aʕar	soxono	vaa	yaʕo
pn - erg	other	road	heart- inel	f .forget	f .do. pf	exist. f
‘Aslan forgot about the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

yaddaş	yaş-ina-var	asili	yi
memory	age- obl - adel	depending	cop . n
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-ux	xokur-c
pn - erg	pn - apud	call. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan called Rasul.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: NOM_GENqan

X: NOM

Y: GENqan

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-q'an	sad	san	u-c-var	ʕuran	taniş	xhi-ci
pn	pn -with	one. n	year	this- obl - adel	before	known	be. pf - perf . m
‘Aslan got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	rasul	ats'a-ci
pn - dat	pn	know. pf - perf . m
‘Aslan knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	gitara	çat'-rü
pn - erg	guitar( f )	play. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL

X: NOM

Y: SUBEL

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-kir	köt'ar-i
pn	pn - subel	stick. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan avoids Rasul.’

36. make

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	q'al-ir	q'ap'	dixha-c
pn - erg	mouse- pl ( nom )	trap	make. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-ik	sataşmiş	şa-ri
pn	pn - sub	mess	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ux	hal	saʕat	maşin	yaʕa
pn - apud	this	hour	car	exist. n
‘Aslan now has a car.’

39. look for

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	haçar-böx	ʕaytar-a	ʕaci
pn - erg	key- pl . obl . apud	explore. ipf - simul	be_in. n
‘Aslan is looking for his keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	hasar	renglemiş	aac
pn - erg	fence	paint	do. aor . n
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

xor-ir	aslan	ğata-d
dog- erg	pn	snatch. pf - aor . m
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL

X: NOM

Y: SUBEL

Locus: Y

aslan	ug	k'ul-ci-kir	mahrum	xhi	yaʕa
pn	refl	house- obl - subel	deprived	be. pf	exist. pf . ptcp
‘Aslan lost his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	gaç	ürqhu-ra	ʕacu
pn - erg	cat	f .hold. ipf - simul	be_in. f
‘Aslan is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	t'il	xola-c
pn - erg	stick	break. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan broke the stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla-s	yaltaxlamiş	şa-ra	ʕaci
pn	pn - dat	flatter	be. ipf - simul	be_in. m
‘Aslan is flattering Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	leyla	üko-cu
pn - dat	pn	f .want. pf - perf . f
‘Aslan loves Leyla.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ug	dasmal	ğaraʕulim	ğürku-ra	ʕaci
pn - erg	refl	handkerchief	around	wave- simul	be_in. n
‘Aslan is waving a towel.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	sad	ts'iy-a	maşin	arzulamiş	yi-ri
pn - erg	one. n	new- attr	car	desire	n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	sila	suk'ra	zim-du
pn - erg	small	pitcher( f )	wash. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ug	şalvar	ğixha-c
pn - erg	refl	trousers	put_on- aor . n
‘Aslan put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: GEN

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

li	zat'-ci	tir	kompas	ğici
this	thing- gen	name	compass	be_on. n
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

52. punish

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	ug	duxar-is	caza	vu-yic
pn - erg	refl	son. obl - dat	punishment	give. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: ERG_INLAT

X: ERG

Y: INLAT

Locus: Y

sar-ir	baluxçi-ʕan	tuxuşa-ci
bear- erg	fisherman- inlat	attack. pf - perf . n
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: NOM_GENqan

X: NOM

Y: GENqan

Locus: Y

vadra	xhic-q'an	ʕats'	ü
bucket( f )	water. gen -with	full	cop . f
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	haçar-bi	itka-c
pn - erg	key- pl . nom	n .find. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	sab	dullar	tsurq'a-düb
pn - dat	one. f	dollar( f )	arrive. ipf -neg. prs . f
‘Aslan is one dollar short.’

57. hate

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-is	nifrat	yi-ri
pn - erg	pn - dat	hate	n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’

58. like

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	li	bihram	xuş	ğuşxha-rü
pn - dat	this	shirt( f )	pleasure	f .come. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan likes this shirt.’

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	pul	lazim	ü
pn - dat	money( f )	necessary	cop . f
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

divar-be-r	şahar	ahata	vi-rü
wall- pl . obl - erg	town( f )	surround	f .do. ipf - prs . f
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

qhattayecis	aslan-ux	vari	yits'ib	dullar	ik	yaʕo
tomorrow. dat	pn - apud	all	ten. f	dollar( f )	want	exist. f
‘Aslan has ten dollars left for tomorrow.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

62. answer

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	maʕlim-cis	cavab	vu-du
pn - erg	teacher- obl . dat	answer( f )	give. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	sab	sila	suk'ra	açux	va-du
pn - erg	one. f	small	pitcher( f )	open	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan opened a jar.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL

X: NOM

Y: SUBEL

Locus: Y

za	bihram	va	bihram-ci-kir	farğli	yu
1. gen	shirt( f )	2. gen	shirt- obl - subel	different	cop . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-var	tsiran	ikin-d
pn	pn - adel	back	remain. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	nik	ğiʕ-ra	ʕaci
pn - erg	field	n .till. ipf - simul	be_in. n
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: INEL_GEN

X: INEL

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

za	xab-rime-ʕar	benzin-a	naʕ	ğaşxha-ra	ʕaci
1. gen	hand- obl . pl - inel	gasoline- gen	smell	come_out. ipf - simul	be_in. n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	rix	yeç'-i	kapretil-an	ʕaç'-id
pn	road(loc)	pass. pf - seq	shop- inlat	go_in. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’
Note: “LOC” a separate case that normally has a dedicated marker. However, the word for “road” happens to have a syncretic form that happens to functions as either NOM or LOC.

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ʕayara	sab	şarği	uxa-du
pn - erg	good	one. f	song( f )	read. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	maktub	çiva-du
pn - erg	letter( f )	f .write. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	yux	ğir-ic
pn - erg	milk	drink. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	sa-d	luhum-ci	parça	yuts'ara	yaa-c
pn - erg	one- n	lead- gen	piece	melt. adj	n .do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

li	t'asma	za	halavar-is	valfan-i
this	belt	1. gen	clothes- dat	suit. ipf - prs . n
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ug	xhi-yi	şahar	tark	va-du
pn - erg	refl ( gen )	be. pf - ptcp	town( f )	leave	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan left his native town.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

q'alança-cir	tul	vari	k'uvu	yi-ri
carpet- obl . erg	floor	all	cover	n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan	yik'ü	ug	bu-d	xhi	yaʕa	k'ul	ʕayara	ğücu
pn	heart. obl . ad	refl	big- nn . nom	be. pf	exist. pf . ptcp	house( f )	good	be_on. f
‘Aslan remembers the house where we grew up well.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

77. help

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-is	kumak	va-du
pn - erg	pn - dat	help	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

aslan	fransiz-a	mez	q'all-e	ʕaxha-ri
pn	f rench- attr	tongue( f )	head. obl - iness	enter. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan understands French.’
Note: The verb agrees with the person name.

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

ildirim-cir	k'ul-c-aʕar	ğet'-ic
lightning- obl . erg	house- obl - inel	beat. pf - aor . n
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: AD_ERG

X: AD

Y: ERG

Locus: XY

aslan-u	q'il	roxu	kant'-il-ir	xir	ğiya-c
pn - ad	head	shave. ipf	knife- obl - erg	wound	n .put. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: NOM_INESS

X: NOM

Y: INESS

Locus: Y

istikan	stul-a	ğüko-du
glass( f )	table- iness	f .stick_on. pf - aor . f
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rasul-ur	aslan	tuğa-ci
pn - erg	pn	bring. pf - perf . m
‘Aslan lost to Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

83. be glad

Valency pattern: NOM_INLAT

X: NOM

Y: INLAT

Locus: Y

aslan	maktub-caʕan	nöğ	xhi-yid
pn	letter- obl . inlat	glad	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak

Valency pattern: NOM_GENqan

X: NOM

Y: GENqan

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-q'an	uxa-ra	ʕaci
pn	pn -with	sing. ipf - simul	be_in. m
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

leyla-r	sa-r	dix	xu-yid
pn - erg	one- m	son	bear. pf - aor . m
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	istikan	q'um-aʕan	tsavʕa-du
pn - erg	glass( f )	ground- inlat	f .throw. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	je	ğasaba-cis	budval	yi-ri
pn - erg	1 pl . excl . gen	village- obl . dat	rule	n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan runs our place.’

88. miss

Valency pattern: NOM_DATqali

X: NOM

Y: DATqali

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla-s	q'ali	darixmiş	şa-ri
pn	pn - dat	for	bored	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan misses Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow

Valency pattern: NOM_cixe

X: NOM

Y: cixe

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul	çixe	ça-ri
pn	pn	behind	go. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan follows Rasul.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL

X: NOM

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

aslan	balkan-c-aʕar	ʕaç'-id
pn	horse- obl - inel	go_down. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: ERG_AD

X: ERG

Y: AD

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	radyu-cu	ibur	ğits'-na	ʕaci
pn - erg	radio- obl . ad	ear	put_on. ipf - simul	be_in. n
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aslan	gi	day	ç'il-aʕan	költsa-li
pn	refl . hpl . gen	mother	word. obl - inlat	look. ipf - prs
‘Aslan listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	musiği	ixh-ra	ʕaci
pn - dat	music	hear. ipf - simul	be_in. n
‘Aslan hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

yit	yux-a-k	çixar	xhi-yic
honey	milk- obl - sub	mix	be. pf - aor . n
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

aslan	bultime-xun	költsa-la	ʕaci
pn	cloud. pl . obl - dir	look. ipf - simul	be_in. n
‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ug	bihram	yavha-du
pn - erg	refl	shirt( f )	f .take_off. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	leyla	neq'iraş-kir	ipqha-cu
pn - dat	pn	dream. obl - subel	f .see. pf - perf . f
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: NOM_GENqan

X: NOM

Y: GENqan

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla-q'an	razilaşmiş	xhi-yid
pn	pn -with	agree	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan agreed with Leyla.’

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: ERG_GENqan

X: ERG

Y: GENqan

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	leyla-q'an	davʕa	va-du
pn - erg	pn -with	battle( f )	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan had a quarrel with Leyla.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

li	suk'ra	sinci	dullar-cid	ü
this	pitcher( f )	one. obl	dollar- gen . f	cop . f
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: ERG_INLAT

X: ERG

Y: INLAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	ğuş-il-aʕan	k'ik'al	tsavʕa-du
pn - erg	bird- obl - inlat	pebble	f .throw. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	şakar	suk'ra-can	ʕayts'a-du
pn - erg	sugar	pitcher- obl . inlat	pv .pour_in. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ug	haçar-bi	gula-c
pn - erg	refl	key- pl . nom	lose. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

girdin	xhic-ik	çep-du
log( f )	water. obl -sub	f .sink. pf - aor . f
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	rasul	q'ay-id
pn - erg	pn	die. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: ERG_INEL

X: ERG

Y: INEL

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-aʕar	ğet'-ic
pn - erg	pn - inel	beat. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan hit Rasul.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	leyla-s	k'uf	vu-yic
pn - erg	pn - dat	kiss	give. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	sad	marağlaʕa	kitab	uxa-c
pn - erg	one. n	interesting	book	read. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ug	t'il	köykur-du
pn - erg	refl	finger( f )	f .move. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-is	hürmat	yi-ri
pn - erg	pn - dat	respect	n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBEL

X: DAT

Y: SUBEL

Locus: XY

aslan-is	atha	yaʕa	ğab-ra-kir	dak	şa-ri
pn - dat	n .be_dirty. pf	exist. pf . ptcp	plate- pl . obl - subel	disgust	be. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL

X: NOM

Y: SUBEL

Locus: Y

aslan	ug	duxar-kir	razi	yi
pn	refl	son. obl - subel	agreed	cop . m
‘Aslan is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	leyla	ik	xhi-cu
pn - dat	pn	want	be. pf - perf . f
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	leylox	ehtibar	vi-rü
pn - erg	pn . apud	trust( f )	f .do. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	gi	day	yazux	ğuşxa-rü
pn - dat	refl . hpl . gen	mother	pitiful	f .come. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-is	paxilival	yi-ri
pn - erg	pn - dat	envy	n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

117. be angry

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-is	ʕasi	xhi-yid
pn	pn - dat	angry	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

aslan	li	pay-cux	mahtal	xhi-yid
pn	this	share- obl . apud	surprised	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	çay	ikşa-ri
pn - dat	tea	want. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan loves tea.’

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: ERG_SUBEL

X: ERG

Y: SUBEL

Locus: Y

ghira	çay-ci-kir	aslan-ir	haz	ğan-i
hot	tea- obl - subel	pn - erg	pleasure	take. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan enjoys hot tea.’

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-is	ts'iy-a	cib-il	telefun	ika-ci
pn - dat	new- attr	pocket- gen	phone	want- perf . n
‘Aslan wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL

X: NOM

Y: SUBEL

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-kir	acuğli	yi
pn	pn - subel	angry	cop . m
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL

X: NOM

Y: SUBEL

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-kir	incimiş	xhi-yid
pn	pn - subel	vexed	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan took offence at Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

124. upset

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	rasul	para	mayus	aad
pn - erg	pn	much	grieved	do. aor . m
‘Aslan greatly upset Rasul.’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	li	şahar-cis	hayran	xhi-yid
pn	this	town- obl . dat	in_awe	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise

Valency pattern: NOM_AD

X: NOM

Y: AD

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-u	varcar	atsan	költsa-li
pn	pn - ad	from_up	lower	look. ipf - prs
‘Aslan despises Rasul.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NOM_gura

X: NOM

Y: gura

Locus: Y

aslan	ug	duxar	güra	pert	xhi-yid
pn	refl	son. gen	considering	upset	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	ug	riş-is	ʕasi	şa-ri
pn	refl	daughter- dat	angry	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-is	reğbet	yi-ri
pn - erg	pn - dat	friendship	n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is fond of Rasul.’

130. be shy

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBEL

X: DAT

Y: SUBEL

Locus: XY

aslan-is	ug	buy-una-kir	reh	şa-ri
pn - dat	refl	size- obl - subel	shame	be. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.