BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘take’

Argument frame:

X (take) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. took a book (from the shelf).

Predicate label Ru:

взять

Argument frame Ru:

X (брать) Y (-а)

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. взял книгу (с полки).

Abaza ʕa-χʷ

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

a-phʷə́spa	á-pχ’aga	ʕa-l-áχʷ-ṭ
def -girl	def -book	cisl -3 sg . f . erg -take( aor )- dcl
‘The girl took the book.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) šte

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

pŝaŝe-m	txəλə-r	q-ə-šta-ʁ
girl- obl	book- abs	csl -3 sg . erg -take- pst
‘The girl took the book.’

Aghul ʁuš.u-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

aslan.a	kitab	ʁuš.u-ne	(aškːaf.i-as)
pn ( erg )	book	take. pf - aor	bookshelf-( in ) elat
‘Aslan took a book (from the bookshelf).’

Alik Kryz ğvaynic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	raf-ul-ar	kitab	ğayn-ic
pn - erg	shelf- obl - inel	book	take. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan took a book from the shelf.’

Archi -χːes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patʼimat-li	qʼonqʼ	χːa
pn - obl ( erg )	book	4.take. pfv
‘Patimat took a book.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic šakəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

brata	škəl-la	ctava	mən	+ustol
girl( f )	take. pst - ls .3 f	book( m )	from	table( m )
‘The girl took the book from the table.’

Avar bosize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	t’ex	b-os-ana	polka-jal-dasa
pn - erg	book	n -take- aor	shelf- obl - el
‘Ali took a book.’

Azerbaijani götürmək

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Aslan	rǝf-dǝn	kitab	götür-dü
pn	shelf- abl	book	take- pst (3)
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

Bafut nlɔ̀gə̂

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

àmbɛ́	à	lɨ́	nlɔ̀gə̂	ŋwàʔànɨ̀
pn	sm	p 1	take	book
‘Ambe took a book.’

Bambara tà

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	ye	gáfe`	tà
pn	pfv . tr	book\ art	take
‘Seku took a book.’

Brazilian Portuguese pegar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	peg-ou	o	livro
pn ( m )	take-3 sg . pst	def . m	book( m )
‘Pedro took a book.’

Budugh ğonu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	ref-il-a'r	kita'b	ğevin-ci
pn - erg	shelf- obl - abl	book( a )	a .take. pf - aor
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

Catalan agafar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	agaf-ar	un	llibre
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	take- inf	indf . sg . m	book( m )
‘Pere took a book.’

Chechen hwa-ec-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	kinizhka	hwa-ec-na
pn - erg	book. abs	here-take- prf
‘Islam took a book.’

Chirag ha-b-alči

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

ʡa̰li-le	ustːul-la	qar-r-i-rka	žuz	ha-b-alč-un
pn - erg	table- gen	top- obl - super - elat	book( abs )	up- n . sg -take: pf - aor .3
‘Ali took the book from the table.’

Czech vzít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	vza-l	knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr took a book.’

Danish tage

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	tog	en	bog
pn	take. pst	indf . sg	book( c )
‘Peter took a book.’

Dutch pakken

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	heeft	een	boek	ge-pak-t
pn (С)	have.3 sg	art . indf	book( n )	ptcp -take- ptcp
‘Piet took a book.’

Eastern Maninka tà

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	kafa`	dó	tà	tàbali`	kàn.
pn	aor . tr	book\ art	indf	take	table\ art	on
‘Seku took a book from the table.’

English take

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	took	a	book	from	the	shelf.

Estonian võtma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	võtt-is	raamatu
pn . sg . nom	take- pst .3 sg	book. sg . gen
‘Peeter took a book.’

Finnish ottaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	ott-i	kirja-n	kirjahylly-ltä
pn . nom	take- pst .3 sg	book- gen	bookshelf- abl
‘Pekka took a book from the shelf.’

Forest Enets mu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	kirba	mu	ɔ	stɔl nʲi-z
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	bread	take( pfv ).3 sg . s	table	surface- abl
‘My friend took bread from the table’.

French prendre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	pris	un	livre	sur	le	rayon
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	take. pst . ptcp . m	indf . sg . m	book( m )	on	def . sg . m	shelf( m )
‘Paul took a book from the shelf.’

Georgian a-Ø-i-γ-eb-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

p'et're-m	taro-dan	c'ign-i	a-Ø-i-γ-o
pn - erg	shelf- pstp : ins . abl	book- nom	prv :upward- do 3- ver : s -take- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre took a book from the shelf.’
Note: Upward motion is implied.

German nehmen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: TR

Karl	nahm	ein	Buch	aus	dem	Regal
pn [ nom . sg ]	take. pst .3 sg	indf [ n . acc . sg ]	book[ acc . sg ]	from	def . n . dat . sg	shelf[ dat . sg ]
‘Karl took a book from the shelf.’

Guinean Kpelle hěɣe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pépèe	àa	hɛ́ɓɛ̂	hèɣé	dàɓálî	ɲɛ́
pn	3 sg . prf	book	take	def \table	on3
‘Pepee took a book from the table.’

Hindi lenā

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pratīk	ne	tāk	par	se	ek	kitāb	lī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl	erg	ledge( m ). sg . obl	on	abl	one	book( f ). sg . dir	take. pfv . f . sg
‘Prateek took a book from the shelf.’

Icari Dargwa hatː-asː-uj

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-il	žuz	hatː-asː-ib
pn - erg	book. abs	up -take: pf - aor
‘Islam took a book.’

Irish tóg

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Do=thóg	Pól	leabhar	do-n	seilf.
pst =take	pn	book	for- def	shelf
‘Pól took a book from the shelf.’

Ismayilli Kryz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	irexhv-ciğar	kitab	ğayin-c
pn - erg	shelf- superel	book	take. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

Italian prendere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	preso	un	libr-o
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	take. pst . ptcp	indf . sg . m	book- sg . m
‘Leo took a book.’

Kadar Dargwa ar-as-es / ir-is-es

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

meħamad-li	kitap	ar-as-ib
pn - erg	book	away -take. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad took a book.’

Kalderash Romani lel

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	ľ-a	ə	knišk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	take- pst .3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	book- acc . sg
‘Murša took a book.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

maˁhaˁmed-ǯi	polka.ji-l-a	pul	ʁada<b>ʁ-nu
pn - erg	shelf- super - elat	money( abs )	< n . sg >take- pst
‘Mahamad took money from the shelf.’

Karata bahaɬa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-l	polk-agal	qoča	b-eh-e
pn - erg	shelf- el	book	n -take- pf
‘Ali took a book from the shelf.’

Kaytag Dargwa has:ara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	kiniga	has:-iv	q’as:e-jt:ar
pn - erg	book	take. pf - aor	shelf. obl - superel
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’

Kazakh al

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	kіtap-tï	al-dï
pn	book- acc	take- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya took the book.’

Kazym Khanty wŭti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

petˊa-j-en	(nŏrǝm	ewǝλt)	kinška	wŭ-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	(shelf	from)	book	take- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’

Khoekhoe ū

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Sara-s	ge	tā-b-a	xu	ǂkhani-s-a	go	ū
pn -3 f . sg	decl	shelf-3 m . sg - obl	from	book-3 f . sg - obl	rpst	take
‘Sara took a book from the shelf.’

Khwarshi j/aha

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

šamil-i	b-ajsa	hĩše	ƛen-ƛ'o-žo
pn - erg	iii -take\ pst . w	book( iii )	shelf( iv )- super - el
‘Shamil took a book from the shelf.’

Kina Rutul lešur

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	l-ešu-r	kitab
pn - erg	pv -1.take. pfv - cvb	book( nom )
‘Rasul took a book.’

Kryz Proper

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ç'ar-acar	kitab	ğayin-c
pn - erg	hair- obl . inel	book	take. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

Kumyk almaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	kitap-nɨ	al-d-ɨ	taχča-dan
pn	book- acc	take- pst -3 sg	shelf- abl
‘Basir took the book from the shelf.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) birin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

zilam	pirtûk-ek	bir
man	book( f )- indef	take. pfv . sg
‘The man took a book.’

Latin capio

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

(Attis)	nive-is	citat-a	cep-it	man-ibus	leve	typan-um
pn ( f )[ nom . sg ]	white- abl . pl	fast- nom . sg . f	take[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg	hand( f )- abl . pl	lightly	tambour( n )- acc . sg
‘(Attis) hastily took a lightweight tambour with her white hands.’
Note: (Cat. Carm. 63,8)

Laz o-zd-im-u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Käzim-i-k	ferd-išen	kitab-i	k-e-Ø-zd-u
pn - b - erg	shelf- abl	book- nom	aff - prv - do 3-take- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim took a book from the shelf.’

Mandarin Chinese ná

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	cóng	jiàzi	shàng	ná	le	yì-běn	shū
pn	from	shelf	on	take	pfv	one- clf	book
‘Zhangsan took a book from the shelf.’

Mano sí

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pèé	ē	sɛ́ɓɛ̀	sí
pn	3 sg . pst	book	take
‘Pe took a book.’

Mehweb ases

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-ni	pоlka-li-če-la	kung	as-ib
pn - erg	shelf- obl - super - el	book	take: pfv - pst
‘Pajzula took a book from the shelf.’

Mingrelian gil-Ø-i-γ-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	c'ing-i	ge-gl-Ø-i-γ-u
pn - erg	book- nom	pfv - prv - do 3- ver : s -take- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo took a book from the shelf.’
Note: The book is either at Chelo's eye level or above.

Modern Hebrew lakaχ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	lakaχ	sefer
pn	take[ pst .3 sg . m ]	book
‘Pinchas took a book.’

Mukhad Rutul lešuˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	kitab	lešuˤ-ri
pn - erg	book	( n )take. pf - aor
‘Murad took a book.’

Nanai ǯapa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	polka-ǯea	daŋsa-wa	ǯapa-xa-ni
pn	shelf- abl	book- obl	take- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took a book from the shelf.’

Nivkh ɣеd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	pitɣəŋ	ɣе-d
pn	book	take- ind
‘Kaskazik took a book.’

Northern Akhvakh beχuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

patħudi-de	ʁoča	b-eχ-ari
pn - erg	book	n -take- aor
‘Pathudi took a book.’

Northern Mansi wis

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

āji-riɕ	wi-s	nēpak	pasan-əl
girl- dim	take- pst .3 sg	book	table- el
‘The girl took a book from the table.’

Northern Yukaghir mǝnˈ=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	kinigǝ-lǝ	mǝnˈ-mǝ-lǝ
pn	book- acc	take- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien took a book.’

Norwegian Bokmål å ta

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	tok	ei	bok	fra	hyll-a
pn	take. pst	indf . f . sg	book	from	shelf- def . f . sg
‘Per took a book from the shelf.’

Polish wziąć

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Ewaryst	wzią-ł	książk-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	take: pfv \ m - pst [ m .3 sg ]	book- acc . sg
‘Ewaryst took a book.’

Russian vzjatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	vzja-l	knig-u	s	polk-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	book( f )- acc . sg	from	shelf( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’

Serbian uzeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	uze-o	knjig-u
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	take- part . perf . m . sg	book- acc . sg
‘Petar took a book.’

Shinaz Rutul lijši-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	lijši-r	kitab
pn ( erg )	n .take. pf - aor	book
‘Basir took a book.’

Shughni zêx̌tow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	kitob	as	tažerka-ti	zox̌-t
pn =3 sg	book	el	shelf- sup	take- pst
‘Azim took a book from the shelf.’

Skolt Saami väʹldded

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	vaaʹld-i	ǩeeʹrj
pn . sg . nom	take- pst .3 sg	book. sg . acc
‘Pete took a book.’

Slovak zobrať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	zobra-l	knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	book( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter took a book.’

Slovenian vzeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	je	vze-l	knjig-o
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	take: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	book- acc . sg
‘Peter took a book.’

Sorani Kurdish heɫ girtin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	kitêb-êk=î	le-ser	taq-eke	heɫ-girt-Ø
pn	book- indf =3 sg . pc	from-head	shelf- def	prev -catch. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa took a book from the shelf.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Southern Rutul laˤşuˤn

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	kitab	laˤşuˤ-r
pn - erg	book	( n )take. pf - aor
‘Murad took a book.’

Spanish coger

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ha	cogi-do	un	libro	de=l	estante
pn [ sg . m ]	aux .3 sg	take- ptcp : prf	art . ndef . sg . m	book[ sg . m ]	from= art . def . sg . m	shelf[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro took a book from the shelf.’

Standard Arabic Ɂaḫaḏa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	Ɂaḫaḏa	kitāb-a-n
pn - nom	take. pf .3 m	book- acc - indef
‘Badr took a book.’

Svan i-k'ed (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

maizer-d	taro-xen	lǝir-Ø	än-Ø-k'id
pn - erg	shelf- abl	book- nom	prv : prox - do 3-take
‘Maizer took a book from the shelf.’

Swedish att ta

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	tog	en	bok	från	hylla-n
pn	take. pst	indf . c . sg	book	from	shelf- def . c . sg
‘Björn took a book from the shelf.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

k<um>uha	si	Pedro	ng	libro
< av > pfv .take	pers . subj	pn	gen	book
‘Pedro took a book.’

Telugu tīsukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	oka	pustakamu	tīsukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	one	book( n ). sg . nom	take. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen took a book.’

Tsakhur alyaat’iy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	kitab	alyaat’u
pn - erg	book( a )	a .take. pf
‘Murad took a book.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa h-asː-iz/h-ajsː-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	kniža	h-asː-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	book	up -take. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy took a book.’

Tsugni Dargwa k-asː-i / ka-jsː-i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

durħaˤ-li	žuz	ka-sː-ib
boy- erg	book	down -take. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy took a book.’

Turkish almak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	kitab-ı	raf-tan	al-dı
pn	book- acc	shelf- abl	take- pst
‘Mehmet took the book from the shelf.’

Turoyo moyəd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Gabriyel	məd-le	u	kṯowo	m-u	rafo
pn	take. pfv - ls .3 m	art . m	book( m )	from- art . m	shelf( m )
‘Gabriyel took the book from the shelf.’

Twi fa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kofi	fa-a	nwoma	bi
pn	take- pst	book	indef
‘Kofi took a book.’

Udmurt басьтыны

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Петя	книга	басьт-ӥз
pn . nom	book. nom	take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took a book.’

Ulcha ǯapa-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

əj	xusə	piktə	pēŋga-ǯi	daŋsa-wa	ǯapa-xa-ni
this	male	child	shelf- ins	book- acc	take- pst -3 sg
‘This boy took a book from the shelf.’

Uzbek olmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	kitob-ni	ol-di
pn	book- acc	take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took a book.’

West Central Oromo fuɗata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	kitaaba	fuɗat-e
pn - nom	book. abs	take-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa took a book.’

Wolof jél

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

dama-y	jél	sama	caabi
f oc v .s i :1 sg - incpl	take	poss :1 sg	key( j )
‘I am taking my key.’

Yargun Lezgian qaçun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	kittab	qaçu-na
pn - erg	book	take- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib took a book.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	kɨtab-e	ɡirɛwt.
pn - m . obl	book- indf	take. pst
‘Oxir took a book.’

Zilo Andi <r>-iχ.i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ali-di	χutʃa	r-iχ.i
pn - erg	book[ inan 2][ nom ]	inan 2-take. pst ( aor )
‘Ali took a book.’