BivalTyp

‘take’

Argument frame: X (take) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. took a book (from the shelf).
Predicate label Ru: взять
Argument frame Ru: X (брать) Y (-а)
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. взял книгу (с полки).

Abaza ʕa-χʷ

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
a-phʷə́spa á-pχ’aga ʕa-l-áχʷ-ṭ
def -girl def -book cisl -3 sg . f . erg -take( aor )- dcl
‘The girl took the book.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) šte

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pŝaŝe-m txəλə-r q-ə-šta-ʁ
girl- obl book- abs csl -3 sg . erg -take- pst
‘The girl took the book.’

Aghul ʁuš.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a kitab ʁuš.u-ne (aškːaf.i-as)
pn ( erg ) book take. pf - aor bookshelf-( in ) elat
‘Aslan took a book (from the bookshelf).’

Akhvakh (Northern) beχuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patħudi-de ʁoča b-eχ-ari
pn - erg book n -take- aor
‘Pathudi took a book.’

Andi (Zilo) <r>-iχ.i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ali-di χutʃa r-iχ.i
pn - erg book[ inan 2][ nom ] inan 2-take. pst ( aor )
‘Ali took a book.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) ˀxḏ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām axaḏ ᵊktāb mn-ǝl-ġaff
pn take. pf .3 ms book from- art -shelf
‘Abraham took a book from the shelf.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) xaḏ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Aḥmad xad ktāb m=ar-raff
pn take. pfv .3 book from= def -shelf
‘Ahmad took a book from the shelf.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ʾ.x.d

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi ʾaxad ktab
pn take. pst .3 m . sg book
‘Shadi took a book.’

Arabic (standard) Ɂaḫaḏa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un Ɂaḫaḏa kitāb-a-n
pn - nom take. pf .3 m book- acc - indef
‘Badr took a book.’

Archi -χːes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patʼimat-li qʼonqʼ χːa
pn - obl ( erg ) book 4.take. pfv
‘Patimat took a book.’

Armenian (Eastern) verc’nel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə girk’ verc’rec’
pn [ nom ]- def book[ nom ] take: aor :3 sg
‘Petros took a book.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic šakəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata škəl-la ctava mən +ustol
girl( f ) take. pst - ls .3 f book( m ) from table( m )
‘The girl took the book from the table.’

Avar bosize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca t’ex b-os-ana polka-jal-dasa
pn - erg book n -take- aor shelf- obl - el
‘Ali took a book.’

Azerbaijani götürmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan rǝf-dǝn kitab götür-dü
pn shelf- abl book take- pst (3)
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

Bafut nlɔ̀gə̂

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à lɨ́ nlɔ̀gə̂ ŋwàʔànɨ̀
pn sm p 1 take book
‘Ambe took a book.’

Bambara tà

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù ye gáfe` tà
pn pfv . tr book\ art take
‘Seku took a book.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ahmed kitob zox̌-t
pn book take- pst
‘Ahmed took a book.’

Belarusian uziać

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Alieś uzia-ŭ knih-u z palic-y
pn [ nom . sg ] take( pfv )- pst . sg . m book- acc . sg from_on shelf- gen . sg
‘Ales took a book from the shelf.’

Budugh qonu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır ref-il-a'r kita'b qevin-ci
pn - erg shelf- obl - abl book( a ) a .take. pfv - prf
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

Bulgarian vzema

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Petăr vze kniga ot politsa-ta
pn take( pfv ). aor .3 sg book from shelf- def . f . sg
‘Petar took a book from the shelf.’

Catalan agafar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va agaf-ar un llibre
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind take- inf indf . sg . m book( m )
‘Pere took a book.’

Chechen hwa-eca

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-as kinizhka hwa-ec-na
pn - erg book. abs here-take- prf
‘Islam took a book.’

Chinese (Mandarin) ná

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān cóng jiàzi shàng ná le yì-běn shū
pn from shelf on take pfv one- clf book
‘Zhangsan took a book from the shelf.’

Chirag ha-b-alči

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le ustːul-la qar-r-i-rka žuz ha-b-alč-un
pn - erg table- gen top- obl - super - elat book( abs ) up- n . sg -take: pf - aor .3
‘Ali took the book from the table.’

Croatian uzeti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o je uze-o knjig-u
pn - nom . sg be. prs .3 sg take( pfv )- part . perf . m . sg book- acc . sg
‘Pero took a book.’

Czech vzít

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr vza-l knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr took a book.’

Danish tage

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter tog en bog
pn take. pst indf . sg book( c )
‘Peter took a book.’

Dargwa (Itsari) hatː-asː-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il žuz hatː-asː-ib
pn - erg book( abs ) up -take. pfv - aor
‘Islam took a book.’

Dargwa (Kadar) ar-as-es / ir-is-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li kitap ar-as-ib
pn - erg book away -take. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad took a book.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) has:ara

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Petja-l kiniga has:-iv q’as:e-jt:ar
pn - erg book take. pf - aor (3) shelf. obl - superel
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l kiniška či-ka-b-alč-in
boy- obl - erg book super . abl - down - n -gather. pfv -3. aor
‘The boy took a book.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) h-asː-iz/h-ajsː-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
uršːi-le kniža h-asː-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) book up -take. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy took a book.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) k-asː-i / ka-jsː-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
durħaˤ-li žuz ka-sː-ib
boy- erg book down -take. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy took a book.’

Dutch pakken

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft een boek ge-pak-t
pn (С) have.3 sg art . indf book( n ) ptcp -take- ptcp
‘Piet took a book.’

Enets (Forest) mu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ kirba mu ɔ stɔl nʲi-z
i man- nom . sg .1 sg bread take( pfv ).3 sg . s table surface- abl
‘My friend took bread from the table’.

English take

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter took a book from the shelf.

Estonian võtma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter võtt-is raamatu
pn . sg . nom take- pst .3 sg book. sg . gen
‘Peeter took a book.’

Finnish ottaa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka ott-i kirja-n kirjahylly-ltä
pn . nom take- pst .3 sg book- gen bookshelf- abl
‘Pekka took a book from the shelf.’

French prendre

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a pris un livre sur le rayon
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg take. pst . ptcp . m indf . sg . m book( m ) on def . sg . m shelf( m )
‘Paul took a book from the shelf.’

Gascon a pres

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a pres lo libe sus la tauleta
pn have. prs .3 sg take. pst . ptcp def . sg . m book on def . sg . f shelf
‘Pau took a book from the shelf.’

Gban bɛ̋

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zá̰ ɛ́ flűa̋ dò bɛ̋
pn 3 sg \ pst paper one take[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan took a book.’

Georgian a-Ø-i-γ-eb-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m taro-dan c'ign-i a-Ø-i-γ-o
pn - erg shelf- pstp : ins . abl book- nom prv :upward- do 3- ver : s -take- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre took a book from the shelf.’
Note: Upward motion is implied.

German nehmen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: TR
Karl nahm ein Buch aus dem Regal
pn [ nom . sg ] take. pst .3 sg indf [ n . acc . sg ] book[ acc . sg ] from def . n . dat . sg shelf[ dat . sg ]
‘Karl took a book from the shelf.’

Hebrew (modern) lakaχ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas lakaχ sefer
pn take[ pst .3 sg . m ] book
‘Pinchas took a book.’

Hindi lenā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne tāk par se ek kitāb lī
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg ledge( m ). sg . obl on abl one book( f ). sg . dir take. pfv . f . sg
‘Prateek took a book from the shelf.’

Indonesian (standard) meng-ambil

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ahmad meng-ambil buku
pn act -take book
‘Ahmad took a book.’

Irish tóg

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=thóg Pól leabhar do-n seilf.
pst =take pn book for- def shelf
‘Pól took a book from the shelf.’

Italian prendere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha preso un libr-o
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs take. pst . ptcp indf . sg . m book- sg . m
‘Leo took a book.’

Karata bahaɬa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-l polk-agal qoča b-eh-e
pn - erg shelf- el book n -take- pf
‘Ali took a book from the shelf.’

Kazakh al

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kіtap-tï al-dï
pn book- acc take- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya took the book.’

Khanty (Kazym) wŭti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
petˊa-j-en (nŏrǝm ewǝλt) kinška wŭ-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg (shelf from) book take- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’

Khoekhoe ū

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Sara-s ge tā-b-a xu ǂkhani-s-a go ū
pn -3 f . sg decl shelf-3 m . sg - obl from book-3 f . sg - obl rpst take
‘Sara took a book from the shelf.’

Khwarshi j/aha

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
šamil-i b-ajsa hĩše ƛen-ƛ'o-žo
pn - erg iii -take\ pst . w book( iii ) shelf( iv )- super - el
‘Shamil took a book from the shelf.’

Komi-Permyak босьтны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя босьт-i-с книга
pn брать- prt -3 книга
‘Петя взял книгу.’

Komi-Zyrian bośtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a bośt-i-s ńebe̮g
pn take- pret -3 book
‘Petja took a book.’

Kpelle (Guinean) hěɣe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe àa hɛ́ɓɛ̂ hèɣé dàɓálî ɲɛ́
pn 3 sg . prf book take def \table on3
‘Pepee took a book from the table.’

Kryz (Alik) ğvaynic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir raf-ul-ar kitab ğayn-ic
pn - erg shelf- obl - inel book take. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan took a book from the shelf.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) qoonic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir irexhv-ciğar kitab qayin-c
pn - erg shelf- superel book take. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

Kryz (proper) qaynic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ç'ara-car kitab qayin-c
pn - erg shelf- obl . inel book take. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’
Note: A "ç'ara" is actually a long horizontal niche close to the ceiling, where people keep items like expensive vases and sometimes books.

Kumyk almaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir kitap-nɨ al-d-ɨ taχča-dan
pn book- acc take- pst -3 sg shelf- abl
‘Basir took the book from the shelf.’

Kurdish (Sorani) heɫ girtin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa kitêb-êk=î le-ser taq-eke heɫ-girt-Ø
pn book- indf =3 sg . pc from-head shelf- def prev -catch. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa took a book from the shelf.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) birin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam pirtûk-ek bir
man book( f )- indef take. pfv . sg
‘The man took a book.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l la<w>s-und-i lu polka-li-j-a
pn - obl - gen <3>take- aor -3 p book shelf[ ru ]- obl - sup - el
‘Mohammad took a book from the shelf.’

Latin capio

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
(Attis) nive-is citat-a cep-it man-ibus leve typan-um
pn ( f )[ nom . sg ] white- abl . pl fast- nom . sg . f take[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg hand( f )- abl . pl lightly tambour( n )- acc . sg
‘(Attis) hastily took a lightweight tambour with her white hands.’
Note: (Cat. Carm. 63,8)

Laz o-zd-im-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k ferd-išen kitab-i k-e-Ø-zd-u
pn - b - erg shelf- abl book- nom aff - prv - do 3-take- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim took a book from the shelf.’

Lezgian (Yargun) qaçun

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Sahib-a kittab qaçu-na
pn - erg book take- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib took a book.’

Macedonian zeme

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar zede kniga
pn take( pfv ). aor .3 sg book( f ). sg
‘Petar took a book.’

Maltese ħa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ġwanni ħa ktieb minn fuq l-ixkaffa
pn take. pf . m .3 sg book from on def -shelf
‘Ġwanni took a book from the shelf.’

Maninka (Eastern) tà

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà kafa` dó tà tàbali` kàn.
pn aor . tr book\ art indf take table\ art on
‘Seku took a book from the table.’

Mano sí

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèé ē sɛ́ɓɛ̀ sí
pn 3 sg . pst book take
‘Pe took a book.’

Mansi (Northern) wis

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
āji-riɕ wi-s nēpak pasan-əl
girl- dim take- pst .3 sg book table- el
‘The girl took a book from the table.’

Mehweb ases

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Pajzula-ni pоlka-li-če-la kung as-ib
pn - erg shelf- obl - super - el book take: pfv - pst
‘Pajzula took a book from the shelf.’

Mingrelian gil-Ø-i-γ-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k c'ing-i ge-gl-Ø-i-γ-u
pn - erg book- nom pfv - prv - do 3- ver : s -take- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo took a book from the shelf.’
Note: The book is either at Chelo's eye level or above.

Nanai ǯapa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia polka-ǯea daŋsa-wa ǯapa-xa-ni
pn shelf- abl book- obl take- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia took a book from the shelf.’

Nivkh ɣеd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ ɣе-d
pn book take- ind
‘Kaskazik took a book.’

Norwegian Bokmål å ta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per tok ei bok fra hyll-a
pn take. pst indf . f . sg book from shelf- def . f . sg
‘Per took a book from the shelf.’

Oromo (West Central) fuɗata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n kitaaba fuɗat-e
pn - nom book. abs take-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa took a book.’

Persian bardāštan

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ahmad yek ketāb bar-dāšt
pn one book prev -take. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad took a book.’

Polish wziąć

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ewaryst wzią-ł książk-ę
pn [ nom . sg ] take: pfv \ m - pst [ m .3 sg ] book- acc . sg
‘Ewaryst took a book.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) pegar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro peg-ou o livro
pn ( m ) take-3 sg . pst def . m book( m )
‘Pedro took a book.’

Romani (Kalderash) lel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a ľ-a ə knišk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg take- pst .3 sg art . f . dir . sg book- acc . sg
‘Murša took a book.’

Romanian a lua

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a luat carte-a de pe raft
pn aux .3 sg take. pst . ptcp book- def . dir of on shelf
‘Petru took a book from the shelf.’

Russian vzjatʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja vzja-l knig-u s polk-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] book( f )- acc . sg from shelf( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’

Rutul (Kina) lešur

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rasul-a l-ešu-r kitab
pn - erg pv -1.take. pfv - cvb book( nom )
‘Rasul took a book.’

Rutul (Mukhad) lešuˤn

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a kitab lešuˤ-ri
pn - erg book ( n )take. pf - aor
‘Murad took a book.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
duxvar-a kitab lafı-ri
son. obl - erg book a .take. pf - aor
‘Murad took a book.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) laˤşuˤn

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a kitab laˤşuˤ-r
pn - erg book ( n )take. pf - aor
‘Murad took a book.’

Rutul (Shinaz) lijši-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir lijši-r kitab
pn ( erg ) n .take. pf - aor book
‘Basir took a book.’

Saami (Skolt) väʹldded

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vaaʹld-i ǩeeʹrj
pn . sg . nom take- pst .3 sg book. sg . acc
‘Pete took a book.’

Sagada bisa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
paree j-iss-ii t’ek icaa-ƛ’-oj
pn . erg v-take- pst . w book( v ) shelf. obl - super - abl
‘Pari took a book from the shelf.’

Serbian uzeti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je uze-o knjig-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg take- part . perf . m . sg book- acc . sg
‘Petar took a book.’

Shughni zêx̌tow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM.CL
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim=i kitob as tažerka-ti zox̌-t
pn =3 sg book el shelf- sup take- pst
‘Azim took a book from the shelf.’

Slovak zobrať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter zobra-l knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] book( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter took a book.’

Slovenian vzeti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je vze-l knjig-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg take: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] book- acc . sg
‘Peter took a book.’

Spanish coger

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha cogi-do un libro de=l estante
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg take- ptcp : prf art . ndef . sg . m book[ sg . m ] from= art . def . sg . m shelf[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro took a book from the shelf.’

Svan i-k'ed (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d taro-xen lǝir-Ø än-Ø-k'id
pn - erg shelf- abl book- nom prv : prox - do 3-take
‘Maizer took a book from the shelf.’

Swedish att ta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tog en bok från hylla-n
pn take. pst indf . c . sg book from shelf- def . c . sg
‘Björn took a book from the shelf.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmed-ǯi polka.ji-l-a pul ʁada<b>ʁ-nu
pn - erg shelf- super - elat money( abs ) < n . sg >take- pst
‘Mahamad took money from the shelf.’

Tagalog kumuha

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
k<um>uha si Pedro ng libro
< av > pfv .take pers . subj pn gen book
‘Pedro took a book.’

Telugu tīsukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ oka pustakamu tīsukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom one book( n ). sg . nom take. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen took a book.’

Tsakhur alyaat’iy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee kitab alyaat’u
pn - erg book( a ) a .take. pf
‘Murad took a book.’

Tswana tsaya

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ke-tser-e Ø-buka mo Ø-tafole-ng
s i :1 sg -take. prf - fv sg -book(9) loc 2 sg -table(9)- loc
‘I took the book from the table.’

Turkish almak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet kitab-ı raf-tan al-dı
pn book- acc shelf- abl take- pst
‘Mehmet took the book from the shelf.’

Turoyo moyəd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel məd-le u kṯowo m-u rafo
pn take. pfv - ls .3 m art . m book( m ) from- art . m shelf( m )
‘Gabriyel took the book from the shelf.’

Twi fa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi fa-a nwoma bi
pn take- pst book indef
‘Kofi took a book.’

Udi ext’es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Seroc-en girk-ə ex=e=d-i
pn - erg book- dat take=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Seryozha took a book.’

Udmurt baśti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kńiga baśt-iz
pn . nom book. nom take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took a book.’

Ukrainian vzjaty

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o vzja-v knyh-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg take( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro took a book.’

Ulcha ǯapa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
əj xusə piktə pēŋga-ǯi daŋsa-wa ǯapa-xa-ni
this male child shelf- ins book- acc take- pst -3 sg
‘This boy took a book from the shelf.’

Uzbek olmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kitob-ni ol-di
pn book- acc take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja took a book.’

Wolof jél

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
dama-y jél sama caabi
f oc v .s i :1 sg - incpl take poss :1 sg key( j )
‘I am taking my key.’

Yukaghir (Northern) mǝnˈ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn kinigǝ-lǝ mǝnˈ-mǝ-lǝ
pn book- acc take- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien took a book.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
oxɨr-i kɨtab-e ɡirɛwt.
pn - m . obl book- indf take. pst
‘Oxir took a book.’