BivalTyp

Gigatli

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Gigatli. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on May 17, 2026; last revised on May 17, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM
X: POSS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ƛ uni šal-eet'u ida
pn - inter head be_sick- ipf . cv cop
‘Ali has a headache.’

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)
X: NOM
Y: ERG(NON.CORE)
Locus: Y
ʕali hanibak'ul-di šal-eet'u ida
pn flu. obl - erg be_sick- ipf . cv cop
‘Ali has the flu.’

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali χoj-č'u ɬib-eeda
pn dog- cont fear- prs
‘Ali is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di hinza r-eq-u
pn - erg stone n -throw- aor
‘Ali threw a stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ɬa asi b-uχ-inda
pn - dat money a -be_enough- perf
‘Ali has enough money.’

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF
X: NOM
Y: AFF
Locus: Y
ʕali ħažidadi-ba w-aɬ-in-o ida
pn pn . obl - aff m -resemble- evt . ptcp - m cop
‘Ali resembles Hajidat.’

7. believe

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF
X: NOM
Y: AFF
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad-iba buz-ida
pn pn - aff believe- evt
‘Ali believes Ahmad.’

8. take

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di cele-č'u hilur quča r-iχ-i
pn - erg shelf. obl - cont on. el book n -take- aor
‘Ali took a book from the shelf.’

9. see

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-b hanq'u haƛ-eet'u ida
pn - aff house see- ipf . cv cop
‘Ali sees a house.’
Note: Arguably, "-b" is simply a truncated version of the AFFsuffix (-ba).

10. influence

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
rak'alla anɬi b-iʁ-it't'a b-aʁa-d-ir-č'u baʔidi-b ida
heart. super thing( a ) a -stand- neg . seq hpl - pl .get.old- dur - msd - cont depending- a cop
‘(The fact) that one does not remember things depends on the age’
Note: The identification of the valency pattern here is tentative.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba rak'a-la dala ik'it't'a reɬalla dannuwaχ-a aħmad
pn - aff heart- super foc without night+ add m .meet- aor pn
‘Ali accidentally encountered Ahmad in the night.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali išu hinu wuƛ-i
pn home. lat inside. lat m .pass- aor
‘Ali entered the house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is coded by an irregular adverbial form (more examples are needed to identify the valency pattern).

13. win

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmadi-č'u r-uš-a
pn pn - cont n -win- aor
‘Ali beat Ahmad.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali iši-nur woχa wuƛ-i
pn home. obl - el m .out m .pass- aor
‘Ali went out of the house.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di insudda zini ik-am mak'u-lu b-eχa b-utal-i
pn - erg refl . n cow eat- pf . ptcp . n place. obl - suplat a -out a -drive- aor
‘Ali is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di ruši-ƛi hala r-ač'an-i
pn - erg tree. obl - inter branch n -bend- aor
‘Ali bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali-di aħmadi-qi hiƛ'-i
pn - erg pn - apud say- aor
‘Ali told Ahmad: ...’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di kodi-ni r-ic-idda quča
pn - erg hand. obl - loc n -catch- perf book
‘Ali is holding a book.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF
X: NOM
Y: AFF
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam-ma woχat'u ʁin-i
pn pn - aff m .behind catch_up- aor
‘Ali caught up with Marjam.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di zini can-in
pn - erg cow milk- aor
‘Ali milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: INTER.LAT
Locus: Y
ʕali ɬin-ƛ bali-ƛu w-az-a
pn water- inter side. obl - inter . lat m -come- aor
‘Ali reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali q'unna-č'u la ir-it'u qubɬ-i
pn wall- cont add touch- seq get_dirty- aor
‘Ali touched the wall and got dirty.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: NOM_lali
X: NOM
Y: lali
Locus: Y
aħmadi laƛi raʁid-eet'u ida ʕali
pn com fight- ipf . cv cop pn
‘Ali is fighting with Ahmad.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: POSS_lali
X: POSS
Y: lali
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛ hudulɬi ida aħmadi laƛi
pn - inter friendship cop pn com
‘Ali is friends with Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

25. think

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS
X: NOM
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam-ƛi urʁi-la ida
pn pn - inter thought- super cop
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di mic'iči am-i
pn - erg apple eat- aor
‘Ali ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di čuʕa b-ez-a
pn - erg fish a -fry- aor
‘Ali fried the fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad-iq ƛ'i-it'u wuʁ-it'u ida
pn pn - apud look- seq m .stay- seq cop
‘Ali is waiting for Ahmad.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba bečuč-adda sesi-m miq'i
pn - aff forget- perf this_of_two- n road( a )
‘Ali forgot about the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
rak'alla anɬi b-iʁ-i adan-ɬa gabileɬi-č'u baʔidi-b ida
heart. super thing( a ) a -stand- aor man- dat old_age- cont depending- a cop
‘Things remain in one's memory depending on their age.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

31. call

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di wal-i aħmad
pn - erg m .call- aor pn
‘Ali called Ahmad.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: ERG_lali
X: ERG
Y: lali
Locus: Y
ʕali-di aħmadi laƛi sese-b b-eχ-ur ih-i ser reš-ƛi seq
pn - erg pn com each-a a -know- msd do- aor one. n year. obl - inter before
‘Ali got to know Ahmad a year ago.’

33. know

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba aħmad wuχ-uda
pn - aff pn m .be_glad- evt
‘Ali knows Ahmad.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali ida gitara qor-eet'u
pn cop guitar scratch- ipf . cv
‘Ali is playing the guitar.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

35. avoid

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTwoxa
X: NOM
Y: CONTwoxa
Locus: Y
ʕali c'ar-eeda aħmadi-č'u woχa
pn flee- prs pn - cont m .out
‘Ali avoids Ahmad.’
Note: “Woχa” functions as a postposition here.

36. make

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di hek'ačib hib-ila gudur ih-i
pn - erg mouse. pl .nom kill- inf trap do- aor
‘Ali made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF
X: NOM
Y: AFF
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad-iba woɬic-eet'u ida
pn pn - aff m .make_fun- ipf . cv cop
‘Ali is making fun of Ahmad.’

38. have

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM
X: POSS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-b mašina ida
pn - a car( a ) cop
‘Ali has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali rič'amadir šun-eet'u ida
pn key. pl look_for- ipf . cv cop
‘Ali is looking for the keys.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

40. paint

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali-di hanq'u hini χar-at'u c'ab-ibur č'ant'iba-č'u lažbar ɬar-i
pn - erg house inside turn- seq press- pf . ptcp . n stick. pl . obl - cont paint smear- aor
‘Ali painted the fence surrounding the house.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali-č'u χoj-di q'am-i
pn - cont dog- erg bite- aor
‘A dog bit Ali.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL
X: NOM
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
ʕali hanq'u-č'ur maħrumɬ-i
pn house- contel be_deprived- aor
‘Ali lost his house.’

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
žedu b-ic-eet'u ida ʕali
cat a -catch- ipf . cv cop pn
‘Ali is trying to catch the cat.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

44. break

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di ʕansa baqan-i
pn - erg stick( a ) a .break- aor
‘Ali broke a stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali-di seχur χunt'u recci la ih-it'u masqara-ɬa j-ic-i marjam
pn - erg in_front. el after praise add do- seq joke- dat f -catch- aor pn
‘Ali deceived Marjam by pretending to praise her.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ɬa marjam boƛ'-idda
pn - dat pn love- perf
‘Ali loves Marjam.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di jajluq xoʕid-eet'u ida
pn - erg handkerchief wave- ipf . cv cop
‘Ali is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS
X: NOM
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕali c'in mašina-ƛi pikraba-la ida
pn new car( a )- inter thought. pl . obl - super cop
‘Ali is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di žazu buč-an
pn - erg bowl n .wash- aor
‘Ali washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di bat'a r-iƛ'-an
pn - erg trousers n -wear- aor
‘Ali put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
a-r raʁan-ɬi-ƛ c'eri q'ilba ida
prox- n thing( a )- obl - inter name compass cop
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

52. punish

Valency pattern: ERG_AFF
X: ERG
Y: AFF
Locus: Y
ʕali-di wohu-w ʕadlu ih-i
pn - erg son. obl - aff justice do- aor
‘Ali punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: NOM_AFFhilu
X: NOM
Y: AFFhilu
Locus: Y
čuʕa r-ic-aʁubus-ba hilu k'anz-idda sinhi
fish n -catch- ipf . ptcp . obl . m - aff up jump- perf bear
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: “hilu” functions as a postposition here.

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS
X: NOM
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ɬin-ƛ wedro b-izzal-i
water- inter pail( a ) a -fill.caus- aor
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ɬa rič'amadir r-is-an
pn - dat key. pl n -find- aor
‘Ali found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ɬa seb dolar b-uχ-int'u ik'i
pn - dat one. a dollar( a )-be_enough- seq neg . cop
‘Ali is one dollar short.’

57. hate

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

58. like

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba u-l χinču bercina-l haʔ-adda
pn - aff med -5 dress(5) beautiful-5 see- perf
‘Ali likes this shirt.’

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ɬa asi b-uq'-ut'u ida
pn - dat money a -want- seq cop
‘Ali needs money.’

60. surround

Valency pattern: NOM_AFFbeqi
X: NOM
Y: AFFbeqi
Locus: Y
šahar-a-ba beqi q'unna ih-eet'u ida
town- obl - aff around wall do- ipf . cv cop
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Arguably, this is a transimpersonal construction where the potential agent is not overt.

61. remain

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM
X: CONT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-č'u hazzada dolar b-eχ-un
pn - cont ten dollar( a ) a -remain- aor
‘Ali has ten dollars left.’

62. answer

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-di insudda muʕalim-ɬa žawab ič-i
pn - erg refl . n teacher- dat answer give- aor
‘Ali answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di banka χob-i
pn - erg jar open- aor
‘Ali opened a can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL
X: NOM
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
di-l χinču du-ɬi-č'ur bat'e-l ida
1. obl -5 dress(5) 2 sg . obl - obl - contel different-5 cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL
X: NOM
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmadi-č'ur woχa woχ-un
pn pn - contel m .back m .remain- aor
‘Ali fell behind Ahmad.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di χuša r-eƛ'-eeda
pn - erg field n -plow- prs
‘Ali is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
di-r reliba-č'ur benzin-ƛi hun ida
1. obl - n hand. pl . obl - contel oil- inter smell cop
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di miq'i b-uq'-u
pn - erg road( a ) a -cut- aor
‘Ali crossed the road.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di bercina-b keč' aħid-i
pn - erg beautiful- a song sing- aor
‘Ali sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di kaʁat qor-i
pn - erg letter( a ) write- aor
‘Ali wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di sijun χud-i
pn - erg milk drink- aor
‘Ali drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di tuša-ƛ kusok b-izan-i
pn - erg lead- inter piece a -melt- aor
‘Ali melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
a-r račal di-r paltu-ɬa dannuruk-eeda
prox - n belt 1. obl - n coat- dat n .fit- prs
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di insudda χiri-b šahar b-et-a
pn - erg refl . n native- a town a -leave- aor
‘Ali left his native city.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
t'ansi-di idiʕagi hac'ar mak'a c'at'al-eeda
carpet. pl - erg whatever down place( a ) cover- prs
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba insudda hanq'u huɬqa rak'alla ida
pn - aff refl . n house well heart. super cop
‘Ali remembers the house well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-di marjam-ɬa kumaki ih-i
pn - erg pn - dat help do- aor
‘Ali helped Marjam.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba franc'uza-du-b mic'i bič'-ida
pn - aff f rench- pl . obl - a language( a ) understand- evt
‘Ali understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
hanq'u-č'u anziquča r-aχ-a
house- cont thunder n -hit- aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali-r rela r-uq'-u mizat'u χan-ab besna-di
pn - n hand n -cut- aor beard shave- pf . ptcp ( a ) knife( a ). obl - erg
‘Ali cut himself with a razor.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: NOM_CONThila
X: NOM
Y: CONThila
Locus: Y
ist'ak'an ustul-č'u hila rek'-it'u b-iʁ-i
glass table- cont on stick- seq a -stand- aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmadi-č'u wuʁ-an
pn pn - cont m .stay- aor
‘Ali lost to Ahmad.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali kaʁat b-eʔ-t'u-č'u wuχ-i
pn letter( a ) a -come- seq - cont m .be_glad- aor
‘Ali was glad when the letter arrived.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

84. speak

Valency pattern: NOM_lali
X: NOM
Y: lali
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmadi laƛi gull-eet'u ida
pn pn com speak- ipf . cv cop
‘Ali is speaking with Ahmad.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
marjami-di woša w-aχ-an
pn - erg son m -be_born- aor
‘Marjam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM
X: CONT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-č'u ist'ak'an b-uk-u
pn - cont glass a -fall- aor
‘Ali dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕali-di isir hani-ƛ uniɬir ih-ida
pn - erg our. excl . n village- inter leadership do- evt
‘Ali runs our village.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

88. miss

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam-qi urq-ant'u ida
pn pn - apud follow- seq cop
‘Ali misses Marjam.’

89. follow

Valency pattern: NOM_AFFwoxatu
X: NOM
Y: AFFwoxatu
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam-ma woχat'u ida
pn pn - aff m .behind cop
‘Ali follows Marjam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount

Valency pattern: NOM_CONThilu
X: NOM
Y: CONThilu
Locus: Y
ʕali č'atu-č'u hiƛ'u wuƛ-i
pn horse- cont down. lat m .pass- aor
‘Ali got down from the horse.’
Note: “hiƛ'u” functions as a postposition here.

91. listen

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali radio-qi ʕenek-ib ida
pn radio- apud listen- pf . ptcp ( a ) cop
‘Ali is listening to radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali ilu-qi ʕenek-ida
pn mother. obl - apud listen- evt
‘Ali listens to his mother.’

93. hear

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba bercina-r maq'ar ruɬ-eet'u ida
pn - aff beautiful- n tune hear- ipf . cv cop
‘Ali hears a beautiful melody.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: NOM_lali
X: NOM
Y: lali
Locus: Y
hunc'i sijun naƛi habazal-i
honey milk with mix- aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali hannaliba-qi ƛ'i-it'u ida
pn cloud. pl . obl - apud look- seq cop
‘Ali is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di χinču jaχul-i
pn - erg dress(5) 5.take_off- aor
‘Ali took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba maƛ'u-ba-ƛi marjam haƛ-eet'u ida
pn - aff dream(5)- pl . obl - inter pn see- ipf . cv cop
‘Ali dreams about Marjam.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: NOM_lali
X: NOM
Y: lali
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam laƛi wuɬ-qa b-aχat-i
pn pn com m .listen- apud a -fall- aor
‘Ali agreed with Marjam.’

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: NOM_lali
X: NOM
Y: lali
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam laƛi baχi-it'u ida
pn pn com quarrel- seq cop
‘Ali had a quarrel with Marjam.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ha-b žadu-ƛi baha seb dolar ida
prox - a cup- inter price one. a dollar( a ) cop
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali-di seč'ba-č'u r-aχal-i
pn - erg bird. pl - cont n -shoot- aor
‘Ali shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di čankar č'ib-i žazu-nu hinu
pn - erg sugar sprinkle- aor bowl- lat inside. lat
‘Ali poured the sugar in the cup.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM
X: CONT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-č'u rič'amadir r-it-an
pn - cont key. pl n -disappear- aor
‘Ali lost the keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: NOM_POSShini
X: NOM
Y: POSShini
Locus: Y
ɬuda-ƛ ʕača ɬesa-ƛi hini c'at'-in
wood. obl - inter log river- inter inside cover- aor
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: “hini” functions as a postposition here.

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di aħmad hib-i
pn - erg pn kill- aor
‘Ali killed Ahmad.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali-di aħmadi-č'u q'aq'adal-i
pn - erg pn - cont knock- aor
‘Ali hit Ahmad.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali-di marjam-č'u obba ih-i
pn - erg pn - cont kiss do- aor
‘Ali kissed Marjam.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di tamaše-b quča c'alid-i
pn - erg wonderful- a book read- aor
‘Ali read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di insudda ɬezbi sisamal-i
pn - erg refl . n finger. pl . nom move. caus - aor
‘Ali moved his fingers.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕali-di aħmad-iƛi q'irmat ih-ida
pn - erg pn - inter value do- evt
‘Ali respects Ahmad.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali-ƛi rak'a q'inna r-uč-unt'a-s ʁadari-bi haʔ-aɬa
pn - inter heart grind( intr ). perf n -wash- neg . seq - contr dish- pl . nom see-when
‘Ali is disgusted when he sees unwashed dishes.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

112. be content

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL
X: NOM
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
ʕali insudda wohu-č'ur razi ida
pn refl . n son. obl - contel content cop
‘Ali is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: POSS_APUD
X: POSS
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
ʕali-r roƛ'i r-uk-udda marjam-qi
pn - n love n -fall- perf pn - apud
‘Ali fell in love with Marjam.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

114. trust

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF
X: NOM
Y: AFF
Locus: Y
ʕali buz-eeda marjam-ba
pn believe- prs pn - aff
‘Ali trusts Marjam.’

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali gurħ-unna insudda ilu-č'u
pn pity- perf refl . n mother. obl - cont
‘Ali sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy

Valency pattern: POSS_lali
X: POSS
Y: lali
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛi žaħda b-uk'-uda aħmadi laƛi
pn - inter envy a -be- evt pn com
‘Ali envies Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

117. be angry

Valency pattern: POSS_CONT
X: POSS
Y: CONT
Locus: XY
ʕali-b aħmadi-č'u kutakila simi b-eʔ-adda
pn - a pn - cont very anger( a ) a -come- perf
‘Ali is angry with Ahmad.’

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali-di ins-ɬa da sajʁati-ƛ ič-ibur raʁanɬi-q ʕažaibɬir ih-i
pn - erg refl . m - dat foc present- inter give- pf . ptcp . n things- apud surprise do- aor
‘Ali was amazed at the things given to him as a gift.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba čaj boƛ'-ida
pn - aff tea love- evt
‘Ali loves tea.’

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL
X: ERG
Y: CONTEL
Locus: Y
ʕali-di bit'u čaj-č'ur kep b-iχ-eet'u ida
pn - erg hot tea- contel pleasure a -take- ipf . cv cop
‘Ali enjoys hot tea.’

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ɬa c'in mabilni telefon b-uq'-eet'u ida
pn - dat new mobile telephone a -want- ipf . cv cop
‘Ali wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali simi b-eʔ-t'u b-uk'-a aħmadi-č'u
pn anger( a ) a -come- seq a -be- aor pn - cont
‘Ali holds a grudge against Ahmad.’
Note: Not included because the sentence is very similar to the one in (117), but unlike that example, the structure here is not fully transparent and arguably requires double-checking.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali aħmadi laƛi rak'a ič'-at'u ida
pn pn com heart die- seq cop
‘Ali took offence at Ahmad.’
Note: Not included because the structure is not very clear (possession remains unmarked?) and should probably be double-checked.

124. upset

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di rak'a q'оrah-i aħmad
pn - erg heart tighten- aor pn
‘Ali greatly upset Ahmad.’
Note: This sentence is tentatively classified as representing the transitive pattern based on case marking of the two person names. However, there are two NPs in the nominative here, and it remains unknown which of them triggers agreement on the verb.

125. marvel

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali ħikmaɬ-it'u wun-a u-b šahar haʔ-aɬa
pn admire- seq m .go- aor med - a town see-when
‘Ali was impressed when he saw this town.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

126. despise

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʕali aħmad riχa-m-uw ida
pn . erg pn hate. caus - ptcp - m cop
‘Ali despises Ahmad.’
Note: Not included because the structure is not very clear (is the X argument really marked by the ergative case?) and should probably be double-checked.

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NOM_sabablitu
X: NOM
Y: sabablitu
Locus: Y
ʕali tamašaɬ-i insudda woša sababɬ-it'u
pn be_surprised- aor refl . n son cause. vblz - seq
‘Ali got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: POSS_CONT
X: POSS
Y: CONT
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛ insudda jahu-č'u simi ida
pn - inter refl . n girl. obl - cont anger( a ) cop
‘Ali is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-ba aħmad bercina-w haʔ-ida
pn - aff pn beautiful- m see- evt
‘Ali is fond of Ahmad.’

130. be shy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali sula-at'u w-uk'-uda insudda q'arq'ala-ƛi woχidaɬir-č'u
pn be_ashamed- seq m -be- evt refl . n body- inter m .height- cont
‘Ali is embarrassed about his height.’