Gigatli

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2026. Bivalent patterns in Gigatli. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on May 17, 2026; last revised on May 31, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 42.58, 46.1.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Avar-Andic-Tsezic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain šalila

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ƛ	uni	šal-eet'u	ida
pn - inter	head	be_sick- ipf . cv	cop
‘Ali has a headache.’

2. have (illness) šalila

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)

X: NOM

Y: ERG(NON.CORE)

Locus: Y

ʕali	hanibak'ul-di	šal-eet'u	ida
pn	flu. obl - erg	be_sick- ipf . cv	cop
‘Ali has the flu.’

3. be afraid ɬibila

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali	χoj-č'u	ɬib-eeda
pn	dog- cont	fear- prs
‘Ali is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw bequla

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	hinza	r-eq-u
pn - erg	stone	n -throw- aor
‘Ali threw a stone.’

5. have enough buχina

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ɬa	asi	b-uχ-inda
pn - dat	money	a -be_enough- perf
‘Ali has enough money.’

6. resemble baɬina

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF

X: NOM

Y: AFF

Locus: Y

ʕali	ħažidadi-ba	w-aɬ-in-o	ida
pn	pn . obl - aff	m -resemble- evt . ptcp - m	cop
‘Ali resembles Hajidat.’

7. believe buzila

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF

X: NOM

Y: AFF

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-iba	buz-ida
pn	pn - aff	believe- evt
‘Ali believes Ahmad.’

8. take biχila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	cele-č'u	hilur	quča	r-iχ-i
pn - erg	shelf. obl - cont	on. el	book	n -take- aor
‘Ali took a book from the shelf.’

9. see haɁila

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-b	hanq'u	haƛ-eet'u	ida
pn - aff	house	see- ipf . cv	cop
‘Ali sees a house.’
Note: Arguably, "-b" is simply a truncated version of the AFFsuffix (-ba).

10. influence baʔidib + COP

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rak'alla	anɬi	b-iʁ-it't'a	b-aʁa-d-ir-č'u	baʔidi-b	ida
heart. super	thing( a )	a -stand- neg . seq	hpl - pl .get.old- dur - msd - cont	depending- a	cop
‘(The fact) that one does not remember things depends on the age’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter dannubaχila

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	rak'a-la	dala	ik'it't'a	reɬalla	dannuwaχ-a	aħmad
pn - aff	heart- super	foc	without	night+ add	m .meet- aor	pn
‘Ali accidentally encountered Ahmad in the night.’

12. enter buƛila

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	išu	hinu	wuƛ-i
pn	home. lat	inside. lat	m .pass- aor
‘Ali entered the house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is coded by an irregular adverbial form (more examples are needed to identify the valency pattern).

13. win rušina

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmadi-č'u	r-uš-a
pn	pn - cont	n -win- aor
‘Ali beat Ahmad.’

14. go out buƛila

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	iši-nur	woχa	wuƛ-i
pn	home. obl - el	m .out	m .pass- aor
‘Ali went out of the house.’

15. drive butalila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	insudda	zini	ik-am	mak'u-lu	b-eχa	b-utal-i
pn - erg	refl . n	cow	eat- pf . ptcp . n	place. obl - suplat	a -out	a -drive- aor
‘Ali is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend bač’anna

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	ruši-ƛi	hala	r-ač'an-i
pn - erg	tree. obl - inter	branch	n -bend- aor
‘Ali bent the branch.’

17. tell hiƛ’ila

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	aħmadi-qi	hiƛ'-i
pn - erg	pn - apud	say- aor
‘Ali told Ahmad: ...’

18. hold bicila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	kodi-ni	r-ic-idda	quča
pn - erg	hand. obl - loc	n -catch- perf	book
‘Ali is holding a book.’

19. catch up ʁinila

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF

X: NOM

Y: AFF

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam-ma	woχat'u	ʁin-i
pn	pn - aff	m .behind	catch_up- aor
‘Ali caught up with Marjam.’

20. milk canna

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	zini	can-in
pn - erg	cow	milk- aor
‘Ali milked the cow.’

21. reach bazila

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: INTER.LAT

Locus: Y

ʕali	ɬin-ƛ	bali-ƛu	w-az-a
pn	water- inter	side. obl - inter . lat	m -come- aor
‘Ali reached the bank.’

22. touch irila

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali	q'unna-č'u	la	ir-it'u	qubɬ-i
pn	wall- cont	add	touch- seq	get_dirty- aor
‘Ali touched the wall and got dirty.’

23. fight raʁidila

Valency pattern: NOM_lali

X: NOM

Y: lali

Locus: Y

aħmadi	laƛi	raʁid-eet'u	ida	ʕali
pn	com	fight- ipf . cv	cop	pn
‘Ali is fighting with Ahmad.’

24. be friends hudulɬi + COP

Valency pattern: POSS_lali

X: POSS

Y: lali

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛ	hudulɬi	ida	aħmadi	laƛi
pn - inter	friendship	cop	pn	com
‘Ali is friends with Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

25. think urʁila + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS

X: NOM

Y: POSS

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam-ƛi	urʁi-la	ida
pn	pn - inter	thought- super	cop
‘Ali is thinking about Marjam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

26. eat amila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	mic'iči	am-i
pn - erg	apple	eat- aor
‘Ali ate an apple.’

27. fry bezila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	čuʕa	b-ez-a
pn - erg	fish	a -fry- aor
‘Ali fried the fish.’

28. wait ƛ'iit'u biʁila

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-iq	ƛ'i-it'u	wuʁ-it'u	ida
pn	pn - apud	look- seq	m .stay- seq	cop
‘Ali is waiting for Ahmad.’

29. forget bečučila

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	bečuč-adda	sesi-m	miq'i
pn - aff	forget- perf	this_of_two- n	road( a )
‘Ali forgot about the other road.’

30. depend baʔidib + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

rak'alla	anɬi	b-iʁ-i	adan-ɬa	gabileɬi-č'u	baʔidi-b	ida
heart. super	thing( a )	a -stand- aor	man- dat	old_age- cont	depending- a	cop
‘Things remain in one’s memory depending on their age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call balila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	wal-i	aħmad
pn - erg	m .call- aor	pn
‘Ali called Ahmad.’

32. get to know beχula

Valency pattern: ERG_lali

X: ERG

Y: lali

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	aħmadi	laƛi	sese-b	b-eχ-ur	ih-i	ser	reš-ƛi	seq
pn - erg	pn	com	each-a	a -know- msd	do- aor	one. n	year. obl - inter	before
‘Ali got to know Ahmad a year ago.’

33. know buχula

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	aħmad	wuχ-uda
pn - aff	pn	m .be_glad- evt
‘Ali knows Ahmad.’

34. play (instrument) qorila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali	ida	gitara	qor-eet'u
pn	cop	guitar	scratch- ipf . cv
‘Ali is playing the guitar.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

35. avoid c’arila

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTwoxa

X: NOM

Y: CONTwoxa

Locus: Y

ʕali	c'ar-eeda	aħmadi-č'u	woχa
pn	flee- prs	pn - cont	m .out
‘Ali avoids Ahmad.’
Note: “Woχa” functions as a postposition here.

36. make ihila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	hek'ačib	hib-ila	gudur	ih-i
pn - erg	mouse. pl .nom	kill- inf	trap	do- aor
‘Ali made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun boɬicila

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF

X: NOM

Y: AFF

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-iba	woɬic-eet'u	ida
pn	pn - aff	m .make_fun- ipf . cv	cop
‘Ali is making fun of Ahmad.’

38. have COP

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM

X: POSS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-b	mašina	ida
pn - a	car( a )	cop
‘Ali has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for šunila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali	rič'amadir	šun-eet'u	ida
pn	key. pl	look_for- ipf . cv	cop
‘Ali is looking for the keys.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

40. paint ɬarila

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT

X: ERG

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	hanq'u	hini	χar-at'u	c'ab-ibur	č'ant'iba-č'u	lažbar	ɬar-i
pn - erg	house	inside	turn- seq	press- pf . ptcp . n	stick. pl . obl - cont	paint	smear- aor
‘Ali painted the fence surrounding the house.’

41. bite q’amila

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT

X: ERG

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali-č'u	χoj-di	q'am-i
pn - cont	dog- erg	bite- aor
‘A dog bit Ali.’

42. forfeit maħrumɬila

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL

X: NOM

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

ʕali	hanq'u-č'ur	maħrumɬ-i
pn	house- contel	be_deprived- aor
‘Ali lost his house.’

43. try to catch bicila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

žedu	b-ic-eet'u	ida	ʕali
cat	a -catch- ipf . cv	cop	pn
‘Ali is trying to catch the cat.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

44. break baqanna

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	ʕansa	baqan-i
pn - erg	stick( a )	a .break- aor
‘Ali broke a stick.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali-di	seχur	χunt'u	recci	la	ih-it'u	masqara-ɬa	j-ic-i	marjam
pn - erg	in_front. el	after	praise	add	do- seq	joke- dat	f -catch- aor	pn
‘Ali deceived Marjam by pretending to praise her.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

46. love (person) boƛ’ila

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ɬa	marjam	boƛ'-idda
pn - dat	pn	love- perf
‘Ali loves Marjam.’

47. wave xoʕidila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	jajluq	xoʕid-eet'u	ida
pn - erg	handkerchief	wave- ipf . cv	cop
‘Ali is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream pikrabala + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS

X: NOM

Y: POSS

Locus: Y

ʕali	c'in	mašina-ƛi	pikraba-la	ida
pn	new	car( a )- inter	thought. pl . obl - super	cop
‘Ali is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

49. wash bučina

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	žazu	buč-an
pn - erg	bowl	n .wash- aor
‘Ali washed the cup.’

50. put on biƛ’ina

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	bat'a	r-iƛ'-an
pn - erg	trousers	n -wear- aor
‘Ali put on his trousers.’

51. be called c'eri + COP

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

a-r	raʁan-ɬi-ƛ	c'eri	q'ilba	ida
prox- n	thing( a )- obl - inter	name	compass	cop
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

52. punish ʕadlu ihila

Valency pattern: ERG_AFF

X: ERG

Y: AFF

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	wohu-w	ʕadlu	ih-i
pn - erg	son. obl - aff	justice	do- aor
‘Ali punished his son.’

53. attack k’anzila

Valency pattern: NOM_AFFhilu

X: NOM

Y: AFFhilu

Locus: Y

čuʕa	r-ic-aʁubus-ba	hilu	k'anz-idda	sinhi
fish	n -catch- ipf . ptcp . obl . m - aff	up	jump- perf	bear
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: “hilu” functions as a postposition here.

54. fill (intr) bizzalila

Valency pattern: NOM_POSS

X: NOM

Y: POSS

Locus: Y

ɬin-ƛ	wedro	b-izzal-i
water- inter	pail( a )	a -fill.caus- aor
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find bisina

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ɬa	rič'amadir	r-is-an
pn - dat	key. pl	n -find- aor
‘Ali found his keys.’

56. be short buχina + NEG

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ɬa	seb	dolar	b-uχ-int'u ik'i
pn - dat	one. a	dollar( a )-be_enough- seq	neg . cop
‘Ali is one dollar short.’

57. hate *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

58. like bercinab haɁila

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	u-l	χinču	bercina-l	haʔ-adda
pn - aff	med -5	dress(5)	beautiful-5	see- perf
‘Ali likes this shirt.’

59. need buq’ula

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ɬa	asi	b-uq'-ut'u	ida
pn - dat	money	a -want- seq	cop
‘Ali needs money.’

60. surround ihila

Valency pattern: NOM_AFFbeqi

X: NOM

Y: AFFbeqi

Locus: Y

šahar-a-ba	beqi	q'unna	ih-eet'u	ida
town- obl - aff	around	wall	do- ipf . cv	cop
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Arguably, this is a transimpersonal construction where the potential agent is not overt.

61. remain beχuna

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM

X: CONT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-č'u	hazzada	dolar	b-eχ-un
pn - cont	ten	dollar( a )	a -remain- aor
‘Ali has ten dollars left.’

62. answer ičila

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	insudda	muʕalim-ɬa	žawab	ič-i
pn - erg	refl . n	teacher- dat	answer	give- aor
‘Ali answered the teacher.’

63. open χobila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	banka	χob-i
pn - erg	jar	open- aor
‘Ali opened a can.’

64. be different bat'el + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL

X: NOM

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

di-l	χinču	du-ɬi-č'ur	bat'e-l	ida
1. obl -5	dress(5)	2 sg . obl - obl - contel	different-5	cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind beχuna

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL

X: NOM

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmadi-č'ur	woχa	woχ-un
pn	pn - contel	m .back	m .remain- aor
‘Ali fell behind Ahmad.’

66. plough reƛ’ila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	χuša	r-eƛ'-eeda
pn - erg	field	n -plow- prs
‘Ali is ploughing the field.’

67. smell hun + COP

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

di-r	reliba-č'ur	benzin-ƛi	hun	ida
1. obl - n	hand. pl . obl - contel	oil- inter	smell	cop
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross buq’ula

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	miq'i	b-uq'-u
pn - erg	road( a )	a -cut- aor
‘Ali crossed the road.’

69. sing aħidila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	bercina-b	keč'	aħid-i
pn - erg	beautiful- a	song	sing- aor
‘Ali sang a beautiful song.’

70. write qorila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	kaʁat	qor-i
pn - erg	letter( a )	scratch- aor
‘Ali wrote a letter.’

71. drink χudila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	sijun	χud-i
pn - erg	milk	drink- aor
‘Ali drank the milk.’

72. melt bizanila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	tuša-ƛ	kusok	b-izan-i
pn - erg	lead- inter	piece	a -melt- aor
‘Ali melted a piece of lead.’

73. match dannurukila

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

a-r	račal	di-r	paltu-ɬa	dannuruk-eeda
prox - n	belt	1. obl - n	coat- dat	n .fit- prs
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave betila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	insudda	χiri-b	šahar	b-et-a
pn - erg	refl . n	native- a	town	a -leave- aor
‘Ali left his native city.’

75. cover c’at’alila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

t'ansi-di	idiʕagi	hac'ar	mak'a	c'at'al-eeda
carpet. pl - erg	whatever	down	place( a )	cover- prs
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember rak'alla + COP

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	insudda	hanq'u	huɬqa	rak'alla	ida
pn - aff	refl . n	house	well	heart. super	cop
‘Ali remembers the house well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help kumaki ihila

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	marjam-ɬa	kumaki	ih-i
pn - erg	pn - dat	help	do- aor
‘Ali helped Marjam.’

78. understand (language) bič’ila

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	franc'uza-du-b	mic'i	bič'-ida
pn - aff	f rench- pl . obl - a	language( a )	understand- evt
‘Ali understands French.’

79. hit (target) baχila

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

hanq'u-č'u	anziquča	r-aχ-a
house- cont	thunder	n -hit- aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself buq’ula

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali-r	rela	r-uq'-u	mizat'u	χan-ab	besna-di
pn - n	hand	n -cut- aor	beard	shave- pf . ptcp ( a )	knife( a ). obl - erg
‘Ali cut himself with a razor.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

81. get stuck rek’ila

Valency pattern: NOM_CONThila

X: NOM

Y: CONThila

Locus: Y

ist'ak'an	ustul-č'u	hila	rek'-it'u	b-iʁ-i
glass	table- cont	on	stick- seq	a -stand- aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) biʁina

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmadi-č'u	wuʁ-an
pn	pn - cont	m .stay- aor
‘Ali lost to Ahmad.’

83. be glad *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	kaʁat	b-eʔ-t'u-č'u	wuχ-i
pn	letter( a )	a -come- seq - cont	m .be_glad- aor
‘Ali was glad when the letter arrived.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

84. speak gullila

Valency pattern: NOM_lali

X: NOM

Y: lali

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmadi	laƛi	gull-eet'u	ida
pn	pn	com	speak- ipf . cv	cop
‘Ali is speaking with Ahmad.’

85. give birth baχina

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

marjami-di	woša	w-aχ-an
pn - erg	son	m -be_born- aor
‘Marjam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop bukula

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM

X: CONT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-č'u	ist'ak'an	b-uk-u
pn - cont	glass	a -fall- aor
‘Ali dropped the glass.’

87. govern uniɬir ihila

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS

X: ERG

Y: POSS

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	isir	hani-ƛ	uniɬir	ih-ida
pn - erg	our. excl . n	village- inter	leadership	do- evt
‘Ali runs our village.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

88. miss urqina

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam-qi	urq-ant'u	ida
pn	pn - apud	follow- seq	cop
‘Ali misses Marjam.’

89. follow COP

Valency pattern: NOM_AFFwoxatu

X: NOM

Y: AFFwoxatu

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam-ma	woχat'u	ida
pn	pn - aff	m .behind	cop
‘Ali follows Marjam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount buƛila

Valency pattern: NOM_CONThilu

X: NOM

Y: CONThilu

Locus: Y

ʕali	č'atu-č'u	hiƛ'u	wuƛ-i
pn	horse- cont	down. lat	m .pass- aor
‘Ali got down from the horse.’
Note: “hiƛ'u” functions as a postposition here.

91. listen ʕenekila

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali	radio-qi	ʕenek-ib	ida
pn	radio- apud	listen- pf . ptcp	cop
‘Ali is listening to radio.’

92. obey ʕenekila

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali	ilu-qi	ʕenek-ida
pn	mother. obl - apud	listen- evt
‘Ali listens to his mother.’

93. hear ruɬila

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	bercina-r	maq'ar	ruɬ-eet'u	ida
pn - aff	beautiful- n	tune	hear- ipf . cv	cop
‘Ali hears a beautiful melody.’

94. mix habazalila

Valency pattern: NOM_lali

X: NOM

Y: lali

Locus: Y

hunc'i	sijun	naƛi	habazal-i
honey	milk	with	mix- aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look ƛ’idila

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali	hannaliba-qi	ƛ'i-it'u	ida
pn	cloud. pl . obl - apud	look- seq	cop
‘Ali is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off buχula

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	χinču	jaχul-i
pn - erg	dress(5)	5.take_off- aor
‘Ali took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) maƛ'ubaƛi haɁila

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	maƛ'u-ba-ƛi	marjam	haƛ-eet'u	ida
pn - aff	dream(5)- pl . obl - inter	pn	see- ipf . cv	cop
‘Ali dreams about Marjam.’

98. agree bukula

Valency pattern: NOM_lali

X: NOM

Y: lali

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam	laƛi	wuɬ-qa	b-aχat-i
pn	pn	com	m .listen- apud	a -fall- aor
‘Ali agreed with Marjam.’

99. have a quarrel baχidila

Valency pattern: NOM_lali

X: NOM

Y: lali

Locus: Y

ʕali	marjam	laƛi	baχi-it'u	ida
pn	pn	com	quarrel- seq	cop
‘Ali had a quarrel with Marjam.’

100. cost baha + COP

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ha-b	žadu-ƛi	baha	seb	dolar	ida
prox - a	cup- inter	price	one. a	dollar( a )	cop
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at raχalila

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT

X: ERG

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	seč'ba-č'u	r-aχal-i
pn - erg	bird. pl - cont	n -shoot- aor
‘Ali shot at the bird.’

102. pour č’ibila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	čankar	č'ib-i	žazu-nu	hinu
pn - erg	sugar	sprinkle- aor	bowl- lat	inside. lat
‘Ali poured the sugar in the cup.’

103. lose bitina

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM

X: CONT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-č'u	rič'amadir	r-it-an
pn - cont	key. pl	n -disappear- aor
‘Ali lost the keys.’

104. sink c’at’ina

Valency pattern: NOM_POSShini

X: NOM

Y: POSShini

Locus: Y

ɬuda-ƛ	ʕača	ɬesa-ƛi	hini	c'at'-in
wood. obl - inter	log	river- inter	inside	cover- aor
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: “hini” functions as a postposition here.

105. kill hibila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	aħmad	hib-i
pn - erg	pn	kill- aor
‘Ali killed Ahmad.’

106. hit q’aq’adalila

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT

X: ERG

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	aħmadi-č'u	q'aq'adal-i
pn - erg	pn - cont	knock- aor
‘Ali hit Ahmad.’

107. kiss obba ihila

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT

X: ERG

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	marjam-č'u	obba	ih-i
pn - erg	pn - cont	kiss	do- aor
‘Ali kissed Marjam.’

108. read c’alidila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	tamaše-b	quča	c'alid-i
pn - erg	wonderful- a	book	read- aor
‘Ali read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) sisamalila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	insudda	ɬezbi	sisamal-i
pn - erg	refl . n	finger. pl . nom	move. caus - aor
‘Ali moved his fingers.’

110. respect q’irmat ihila

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS

X: ERG

Y: POSS

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	aħmad-iƛi	q'irmat	ih-ida
pn - erg	pn - inter	value	do- evt
‘Ali respects Ahmad.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

111. be squeamish raka q’inna

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali-ƛi	rak'a	q'inna	r-uč-unt'a-s	ʁadari-bi	haʔ-aɬa
pn - inter	heart	grind( intr ). perf	n -wash- neg . seq - contr	dish- pl . nom	see-when
‘Ali is disgusted when he sees unwashed dishes.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

112. be content razi + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL

X: NOM

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

ʕali	insudda	wohu-č'ur	razi	ida
pn	refl . n	son. obl - contel	content	cop
‘Ali is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love roƛ'i bukula

Valency pattern: POSS_APUD

X: POSS

Y: APUD

Locus: XY

ʕali-r	roƛ'i	r-uk-udda	marjam-qi
pn - n	love	n -fall- perf	pn - apud
‘Ali fell in love with Marjam.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

114. trust buzila

Valency pattern: NOM_AFF

X: NOM

Y: AFF

Locus: Y

ʕali	buz-eeda	marjam-ba
pn	believe- prs	pn - aff
‘Ali trusts Marjam.’

115. sympathise gurħuna

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali	gurħ-unna	insudda	ilu-č'u
pn	pity- perf	refl . n	mother. obl - cont
‘Ali sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy žaħda buk’ula

Valency pattern: POSS_lali

X: POSS

Y: lali

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛi	žaħda	b-uk'-uda	aħmadi	laƛi
pn - inter	envy	a -be- evt	pn	com
‘Ali envies Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

117. be angry simi beʔila

Valency pattern: POSS_CONT

X: POSS

Y: CONT

Locus: XY

ʕali-b	aħmadi-č'u	kutakila	simi	b-eʔ-adda
pn - a	pn - cont	very	anger( a )	a -come- perf
‘Ali is angry with Ahmad.’

118. be surprised ʕažaibɬir ihila

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD

X: ERG

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	ins-ɬa	da	sajʁati-ƛ	ič-ibur	raʁanɬi-q	ʕažaibɬir	ih-i
pn - erg	refl . m - dat	foc	present- inter	give- pf . ptcp . n	things- apud	surprise	do- aor
‘Ali was amazed at the things given to him as a gift.’

119. love (tea) boƛ’ila

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	čaj	boƛ'-ida
pn - aff	tea	love- evt
‘Ali loves tea.’

120. enjoy kep biχila

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL

X: ERG

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

ʕali-di	bit'u	čaj-č'ur	kep	b-iχ-eet'u	ida
pn - erg	hot	tea- contel	pleasure	a -take- ipf . cv	cop
‘Ali enjoys hot tea.’

121. want buq’ila

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ɬa	c'in	mabilni	telefon	b-uq'-eet'u	ida
pn - dat	new	mobile	telephone	a -want- ipf . cv	cop
‘Ali wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge simi beʔila

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	simi	b-eʔ-t'u	b-uk'-a	aħmadi-č'u
pn	anger( a )	a -come- seq	a -be- aor	pn - cont
‘Ali holds a grudge against Ahmad.’
Note: Not included because the sentence is very similar to the one in (117), but unlike that example, the structure here is not fully transparent and arguably requires double-checking.

123. take offence rak’a ič’ila

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	aħmadi	laƛi	rak'a	ič'-at'u	ida
pn	pn	com	heart	die- seq	cop
‘Ali took offence at Ahmad.’
Note: Not included because the structure is not very clear (possession remains unmarked?) and should probably be double-checked.

124. upset rak’a q’orahila

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-di	rak'a	q'оrah-i	aħmad
pn - erg	heart	tighten- aor	pn
‘Ali greatly upset Ahmad.’
Note: This sentence is tentatively classified as representing the transitive pattern based on case marking of the two person names. However, there are two NPs in the nominative here, and it remains unknown which of them triggers agreement on the verb.

125. marvel ħikmaɬila

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	ħikmaɬ-it'u	wun-a	u-b	šahar	haʔ-aɬa
pn	admire- seq	m .go- aor	med - a	town	see-when
‘Ali was impressed when he saw this town.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

126. despise riχanna

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	aħmad	riχa-m-uw	ida
pn . erg	pn	hate. caus - ptcp - m	cop
‘Ali despises Ahmad.’
Note: Not included because the structure is not very clear (is the X argument really marked by the ergative case?) and should probably be double-checked.

127. get upset tamašaɬila

Valency pattern: NOM_sabablitu

X: NOM

Y: sabablitu

Locus: Y

ʕali	tamašaɬ-i	insudda	woša	sababɬ-it'u
pn	be_surprised- aor	refl . n	son	cause. vblz - seq
‘Ali got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated simi + COP

Valency pattern: POSS_CONT

X: POSS

Y: CONT

Locus: XY

ʕali-ƛ	insudda	jahu-č'u	simi	ida
pn - inter	refl . n	girl. obl - cont	anger( a )	cop
‘Ali is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond bercinab haɁila

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-ba	aħmad	bercina-w	haʔ-ida
pn - aff	pn	beautiful- m	see- evt
‘Ali is fond of Ahmad.’

130. be shy sulaala

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

ʕali	sula-at'u	w-uk'-uda	insudda	q'arq'ala-ƛi	woχidaɬir-č'u
pn	be_ashamed- seq	m -be- evt	refl . n	body- inter	m .height- cont
‘Ali is embarrassed about his height.’