BivalTyp

‘despise’

Argument frame: X (despise) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. despises M .
Predicate label Ru: презирать
Argument frame Ru: X (презирать) Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. презирает М .

Abaza ba g’awam

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
fatíma murád də-l-bá g’-awá-m
pn pn 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . erg -see neg -can- neg
‘Fatima can’t see Murad.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Adyghe (West Circassian) gʷə tje.fe + NEG

Valency pattern: NominalPossessor_ABS
X: NominalPossessor
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pŝaŝe-xe-m mə č̣ʼale-r a-gʷ tje-fe-r-ep
girl- pl - obl this guy- abs 3 pl . pr -heart loc : top -fall- dyn - neg
‘The girls despise this guy.’
Note: Lit. ‘This guy does not fall on the girls’ hearts’.

Aghul alčaq-tːi fac.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a uč.i-n ču alčaq-tːi fac.u-naa
pn ( erg ) self- gen brother despicable- adv hold. pf - prf
‘Aslan despises his brother.’

Alik Kryz pis ikayc

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR
X: ERG
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
terlan-ir rasul-xvan pis ikats'-ire
pn - erg pn - dir bad look. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan despises Rasul.’

Archi ʟʼarak a-as

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
paša-mu ʟʼarak d-a-r-ši d-i marin
pn - obl . m ( erg ) below 2-do- ipfv - advz 2-be pn
‘Pasha humiliates Marina.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +aynə +paləṭ

Valency pattern: BARE_men
X: BARE
Y: men
Locus: XY
+Ašur +ayn-u +plaṭ=əna mən švav-u
pn eye( f ). pl - p .3 m leave. prog =3 pl from neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur despises his neighbor.’

Avar riχine

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-je aħmad riχ-ara-w w-ugo
pn - dat pn despise- pf . ptcp - m m - cop
‘Ali despises Ahmad.’

Azerbaijani xor baxmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Aslan Rǝsul-a xor bax-ır
pn pn - dat / lat with_despise look- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan despises Rasul.’

Bafut bǎ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
àmbɛ́ à bǎ sùù
pn sm hate pn
‘Ambe hates Suh.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Bambara fìsaya

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Sékù b' í yɛ̀rɛ̂ fìsaya Fùséni mà
pn ipfv refl self prefer pn to
‘Seku despises Fuseyni.’

Brazilian Portuguese desprezar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro desprez-a Miguel
pn ( m ) despise-3 sg . prs pn ( m )
‘Pedro despises Miguel.’

Budugh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Catalan menysprear

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere menyspre-a en Marc
def . sg . m pn ( m ) despise-3 sg . prs . ind def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘Pere despises Marc.’

Chechen *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam-ana Nadir ca-v-ieza
pn - dat pn . abs neg -love/want/need/must. prs
‘Islam despises Nadir.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Chirag na̰sab b-arq’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le rasul na̰sab irq’-le
pn - erg pn ( abs ) despicable ( m . sg )do: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali despises Rasul.’

Czech opovrhovat

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petr Michal-em opovrhuje
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] pn ( m )- ins . sg despise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg
‘Petr despises Michal.’

Danish foragte

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter foragte-r Marie
pn despise- prs pn
‘Peter despises Marie.’

Dutch verachten

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet verach-t Marie
pn ( c ) despise-3 sg pn ( c )
‘Piet despises Marie.’

Eastern Maninka jò

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Sékù yé jò-la Fónbà mà.
pn be despize- inf . la pn adr
‘Seku despises Fomba.’

English despise

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter despises Mary.

Estonian põlgama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter põlga-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom despise- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter despises Maret.’

Finnish halveksia

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka halveksi-i Matti-a
pn . nom despise- prs .3 sg pn - part
‘Pekka despises Matti.’

Forest Enets *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

French mépriser

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul méprise Marie
pn ( m ) despise. prs .3 sg pn ( f )
‘Paul despises Marie.’

Georgian s-ʒag-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s mašo-Ø s-ʒag-s
pn - dat pn - nom io 3-despise- s 3 sg
‘Petre despises of Masho.’

German verachten

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl verachte-t Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] despise- prs .3 sg pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl despises Marie.’

Guinean Kpelle tɛ̌ɣɛ ɓó

Valency pattern: SBJ_hu
X: SBJ
Y: hu
Locus: Y
Hɛ́ni ǎ tɛ̀ɣɛ ɓó Màrí hù
pn 3 sg . hab pass implement pn in
‘Heni despises Mari.’

Hindi tiraskār karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan kā tiraskār kar-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . dir contempt( m ). sg . dir do- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek despises Mohan.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

Icari Dargwa e=j=čː-aq-uj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam-lij Nadir či=w=ag-uj e=j=čː-aq-u
pn - suplat pn . abs on = m =see: pf - inf neg = m =want: ipf - caus - hab
‘Islam hates Nadir.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Irish bí an ghrain dearg

Valency pattern: aige_ar
X: aige
Y: ar
Locus: XY
Tá an ghrain dearg aige Pól air Máire.
be. prs def hatred red at pn on pn
‘Pól despises Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Ismayilli Kryz

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR
X: ERG
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-i-xun gereksiz-ac adami-yi suxum ik-ire
pn - erg pn - obl - dir despicable- attr . obl person- gen like look. ipf - prs
‘Aslan despises Rasul.’

Italian disprezzare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo disprezz-a Maria
pn ( m ) despise-3 sg . prs pn ( f )
‘Leo despises Maria.’

Kadar Dargwa ke-CL-aʔ-es ħa-jg-aq-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ħul-b-a-ni ke-0-jʔ-es ħa-jg-aq-u rasul
pn - obl - dat eye- pl - obl . pl - erg on - m -sit. pfv - inf neg -love. ipfv - caus - prs pn
‘Muhammad despises Rasul.’

Kalderash Romani *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Kandyk Tabasaran *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
maˁhaˁmad.a-z kːun-dar kuč’-lar ap’-ru adm-ir
pn - dat love- neg ( prs ) lie- pl do- part person- pl
‘Mahamad does not like people who lie.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

Karata riχanɬa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕalja riχ-anwχwa idja aħmat’
pn . dat be_despicable- pf . m . cv cop pn
‘Ali despises Ahmat.’

Kaytag Dargwa avič:aχara

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
petja-j miša avič:uχ-u
pn - datlat pn neg . m .love. ipf - evt
‘Petja despises Misha.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Kazakh žaratpa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï žarat-pa-ydï
pn pn - acc approve- neg - prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya despises Masha.’

Kazym Khanty λǝkǝŋ εtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-ǝλ λǝk-ǝŋ εt-λ-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss . sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg evil- attr go_out- npst -3 sg . so
‘Petja despises Vasja.’

Khoekhoe ǃharaxū

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ǃharaxū hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl despise pfv
‘Peter despises Maria.’

Khwarshi ehuba gic'a

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
di-lo χol-i ehu-ba gic'a-ha maduʁal-qo-l
1 sg . o - gen 2 husband- erg curse- pl . abs look- prs neighbor- cont - lat
‘My husband is cursing our neighbor.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

Kina Rutul *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Kryz Proper

Valency pattern: NOM_AD
X: NOM
Y: AD
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-u varcar atsan költsa-li
pn pn - ad from_up lower look. ipf - prs
‘Aslan despises Rasul.’

Kumyk *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) biçûk dîtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mêrik jinik-ê biçûk di-bîn-e
man woman- obl . f small prs -see. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man despises the woman.’

Latin contemno

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
quos enim host-is haec famili-a contemps-it
which. acc . pl . m indedd enemy( m )- acc . pl this. nom . sg . f family( f )- nom . sg despise[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg
‘... for those, who this family despised as enemies.’
Note: (Cic. Pro Flacco. 58, 2)

Laz go-nǯog-ap-a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Fatma-Ø go-Ø-nǯog-am-s
pn - b - erg pn - nom prv - do 3-hate- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim despises Fatma.’

Mandarin Chinese bǐshì

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān bǐshì Lǐsì
pn despise pn
‘Zhangsan despises Lisi.’

Mano sà̰ dɔ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lɛ́ɛ̀ ŋ̄ sà̰ dɔ̄
3 sg . ipfv 1 sg neglect install: ipfv
‘S/he despises me.’
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above).

Mehweb urk'i arases

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER.EL
X: GEN
Y: SUPER.EL
Locus: XY
Islam-la urk'i ar-as-ib Nadir-li-če-la
pn - gen heart away-take: pfv - pst pn - obl - super - el
‘Islam despises Nadir.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Mingrelian Ø-ǯog-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø Ø-ǯog-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat pn - nom io 3-despise- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo despises Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew metaev

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas metaev et Menaχem
pn despise[ ptcp . sg . m ] do pn
‘Pinchas despises Menachem.’

Mukhad Rutul alčaχna χaq'ın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a q'urban alčaχ-na χalq'a-ra
pn - erg pn vile- adv ( m ) ipf .catch- hab
‘Murad despises Kurban.’

Nanai čukisi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa čuki-si-ni
pn pn - obl bad- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia despises Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Akhvakh wuguše

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de wug-iki musa
pn - erg m .consider- neg . ipf pn
‘Patahi despises Musa.’

Northern Mansi *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Yukaghir ǝl ködǝ ŋorī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Čiǝri-ɣаnǝ ǝl ködǝ ŋo-rī
pn pn - acc neg man be- appl . neg .3
‘Semien despises Cheri.’

Norwegian Bokmål å forakte

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per forakte-r Ola
pn despise- prs pn
‘Per despises Ola.’

Polish gardzić

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Paweł gardzi Magd-ą
pn [ nom . sg ] despise: ipfv . prs .3 sg pn - ins . sg
‘Paweł despises Magda.’

Russian preziratʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja prezira-et Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg despise( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja despises Maša.’

Serbian prezirati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar prezira Marij-u
pn . nom . sg despise. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar despises Maria.’

Shinaz Rutul k'vač' h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
basir-ɨs k'vač'-ij karam
pn - dat hated- cop pn
‘Basir hates Karam.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Shughni *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Skolt Saami pâiʹlǩiõččâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt pâiʹlǩeäčč Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom despise. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete despises Maria’

Slovak opovrhovať

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Peter opovrhuje Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] despise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter despises Marek.’

Slovenian prezirati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pavel prezira Petr-a
pn [ nom . sg ] despise: ipfv . prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Pavel despises Peter.’

Sorani Kurdish ḧîsabî pûʂêk nekirdin

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_bo
X: SBJ.TR
Y: bo
Locus: Y
Hîwa ḧîsab-î pûʂêk bo Perî-î na-k-a
pn counting- izf hay- indf for pn - obl neg -do. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa disdains Pari.’
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument.

Southern Rutul kaˤğaˤyğıˤ

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
murad aydın-ıxdiy kaˤğaˤyğaˤ-r
pn pn - dir m .despise. ipf - prs
‘Murad despises Aydin.’

Spanish despreciar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro despreci-a a María
pn [ sg . m ] despise- prs .3 sg dir . obj . anm pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro despises Maria.’

Standard Arabic Ɂiḥtaqara

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un yaḥtaqiru Maryam-a
pn - nom despise. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr despises Maryam.’

Svan x-ä-sisg (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s gegi-Ø x-ä-sisg
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : sup -hate
‘Maizer despises of Gegi.’

Swedish att avsky

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn avsky-r Maja.
pn despise- prs pn
‘Björn despises Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
k<in>asu-suklam-an ni Pedro si Miguel
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~despise- cv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro despises Miguel.’

Telugu hīnaṁgā cūcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni hīnaṁ-gā cūstāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc low- advz see. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen despises Mahesh.’

Tsakhur maхsara haʔiy

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murad-ee aˁli maхsara haʔu
pn - erg pn joke m .do. pf
‘Murad makes fun of Ali.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Tsudakhar Dargwa *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Tsugni Dargwa *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Turkish hor görmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Orhan-a hor gör-üyor
pn pn - dat contemptible see- prs
‘Mehmet despises Orhan.’

Turoyo soyəm ḥəšwo + NEG

Valency pattern: SBJ_IO
X: SBJ
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Maryam lo səm-la ḥəšwo l Mixoyel
pn neg make. pfv - ls .3 f thought( m ) to pn
‘Maryam despised Michael.’

Twi tan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi tan nanabarima
pn despise(3 sg . prs ) grandfather
‘Kofi despises grandfather.’
Note: In the dictionary, the verb is spelled "taŋ".

Udmurt кулэтэм карыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя Маша-ез кулэтэм кар-э
pn . nom pn - acc unnecessary do- prs .3 sg
‘Petja despises Misha.’

Ulcha gosi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
bū mə̄n baǯu-sal-bi gos-i-pu
we self enemy- pl - refl . sg hate- prs -1 pl
‘We despise our enemies.’

Uzbek mensimamoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-ni mensi-ma-y tur-ib-ti
pn pn - acc give_attention- neg - cvb stand- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja despises Maša.’

West Central Oromo tuffata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n tolaa tuffat-a
pn - nom pn . abs despise-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa despises Tola.’

Wolof jéppi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
sa jabar j-i dafa la jéppi
poss :2 sg wife( j ) cl j - def f oc v .s i :3 sg o i :2 sg despise
‘Your wife despises you.’

Yargun Lezgian nehin

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Sahib-a Eldar neh-nva
pn - erg pn ignore- prf
‎‎‎‘Sahib despises Eldar.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o ɨnan qɨj vin-ɛn-o
3 sg . m . abs 3 pl . obl small see. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He despises them.’

Zilo Andi ħaqχ’ir-ijd.i-r

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pat’imati-di ħaqχ’ir-ijd.i-r marjam
pn - erg humiliated- fct . pst - prog pn [ f ][ nom ]
‘Patimat despises Mariam.’