Chechen

Contributed by Zarina Molochieva.

The data have been gathered in 2018-2019 by Zarina Molochieva in her capacity of a native speaker of Chechen.

How to cite

Molochieva, Zarina. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Chechen. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on November 5, 2024; last revised on November 5, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 43.5, 45.5.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Nakh.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain lozu

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS

X: GEN

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-an	korta	lozu
pn - gen	head. abs	ache. prs
‘Islam has a headache.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) AGR-u

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS

X: GEN

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-an	grip	j-u
pn - gen	gripp. abs	j -be. prs
‘Islam has the flu.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

3. be afraid qoeru

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	zhala-x	qoeru
pn . abs	dog- lat	fear. prs
‘Islam is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw hwa-qoessi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	t’ulg	hwa-qoessi-ra
pn - erg	stone. abs	away-throw- wpst
‘Islam threw a stone.’

5. have enough toe’a

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	axcha	toe’a
pn - dat	money. abs	be_enough. prs
‘Islam has enough money.’

6. resemble tera + AGR-u

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ax	tera	v-u
pn . abs	pn - lat	similar	v -be. prs
‘Islam resembles Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe tiesha

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ax	tiesha
pn . abs	pn - lat	trust. prs
‘Islam believes Nadir.’

8. take hwa-ec-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	kinizhka	hwa-ec-na
pn - erg	book. abs	here-take- prf
‘Islam took a book.’

9. see go

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	c’aa	go
pn - dat	house. abs	see. prs
‘Islam sees a house.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

shierash	hwieq’al	gal-d-oqqu
year. pl . erg	mind. abs	bad- d -take
‘Age spoils memory.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

11. encounter doehwal qietta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	Nadir	doehwal	qietta
pn - dat	pn . abs	against	strike. prf
‘Islam ran into Nadir.’

12. enter AGR-axa

Valency pattern: ABS_DATchu

X: ABS

Y: DATchu

Locus: Y

Islam	tüka-n-chu	v-axa-na
pn . abs	shop- dat -inside	v -go- prf
‘Islam entered the shop.’

13. win eshii-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	Nadir	eshii-na
pn - erg	pn . abs	beat- prf
‘Islam beat Nadir.’

14. go out aara-AGR-aella

Valency pattern: ABS_chura

X: ABS

Y: chura

Locus: Y

Islam	c’a-chura	aara-v-aella
pn . abs	house-from_inside	out- v -get. prf
‘Islam went out of the house.’
Note: NB: Which case form of the noun would be used for a noun like ‘shop’ or the like?

15. drive dwa-lollu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	jett	dwa-lollu
pn - erg	cow. abs	away-drive. prs
‘Islam is driving the cow.’

16. bend satta-AGR-i-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	ditt	satta-d-i-na
pn - erg	tree. abs	bend- d -make- prf
‘Islam bent the branch.’

17. tell ael-

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL

X: ERG

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Islam-as	Nadir-aga	ael-la
pn - erg	pn - all	say- prf
‘Islam told Nadir: ...’

18. hold AGR-u

Valency pattern: ALL_ABS

X: ALL

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-aga	kinizhla	j-u
pn - all	book. abs	j -be. prs
‘Islam is holding a book.’

19. catch up t’aehwaqi’a

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ana	t’aehwaqi’a-na
pn . abs	pn - dat	catch_up- prf
‘Islam caught up with Nadir.’

20. milk ozna

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	jett	ozna
pn - erg	cow. abs	pull. prf
‘Islam milked the cow.’

21. reach dwa-qaech-

Valency pattern: ABS_ALL

X: ABS

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Islam	xijist-ie	dwa-qaech-na
pn . abs	edge.of.the.water- all	away-reach- prf
‘Islam reached the bank.’

22. touch woetti-

Valency pattern: ERG_LAT

X: ERG

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam-as	pen-ax	kyg	woetti-na
pn - erg	wall- lat	hand	touch- prf
‘Islam touched the wall.’

23. fight liet-ash AGR-u

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ax	liet-ash	v-u
pn . abs	pn - lat	fight- cvb . sim	v -be. prs
‘Islam is fighting with Nadir.’

24. be friends dottagh

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam	Nadir-an	dottagh	v-u
pn . abs	pn - gen	friend. abs	v -be. prs
‘Islam is friends with Nadir.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

25. think dagalaetta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	Madina	dagalaetta
pn - dat	pn . abs	think. prs
‘Islam is thinking about Nadir.’

26. eat AGR-e’a-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	wash	b-e’a-na
pn - erg	apple. abs	b -eat- prf
‘Islam ate an apple.’

27. fry qaerzi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	ch’aara	qaerzi-na
pn - erg	fish. abs	fry- prf
‘Islam fried the fish.’

28. wait hwoezh-ush AGR-u

Valency pattern: ABS_ALL

X: ABS

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-aga	hwoezh-ush	v-u
pn . abs	pn - all	see. ipfv - cvb . sim	v -be. prs
‘Islam is waiting for Nadir.’

29. forget AGR-ic-AGR-ella

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	vazh	niaq’	b-ic-b-ella
pn - dat	other	way. abs	b - pv - b -get. prf
‘Islam forgot about the other road.’

30. depend hwaezh-na AGR-u

Valency pattern: ABS_ALL

X: ABS

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

hwieq’al	shariesh-ga	hwaezh-na	d-u
mind. abs	year. pl - all	see. pfv - cvb . ant	d -be. prs
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call qaiqi-na

Valency pattern: ABS_ALL

X: ABS

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-aga	qaiqi-na
pn . abs	pn - all	call- prf
‘Islam called Nadir.’

32. get to know AGR-ouzi-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	Nadir	sho	hwalxa	v-ouzi-na
pn - dat	pn . abs	year. abs	early	v -meet- prf
‘Islam got to know Nadir a year ago.’

33. know AGR-ouza

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-ana	Nadir	v-ouza
i - erg	pn . abs	v -know. prs
‘Islam knows Nadir.’

34. play (instrument) loqu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	pondar	loqu
pn - erg	guitar. abs	play. prs
‘Islam is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid idu

Valency pattern: ERG_LAT

X: ERG

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam-as	Nadir-x	idu
i - erg	pn - lat	go: iter . prs
‘Islam avoids Nadir.’
Note: NB: Is this indeed ERG_LAT?

36. make AGR-i-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	bomba	j-i-na
pn - erg	bomb. abs	j -make- prf
‘Islam made a bomb.’

37. make fun hwiiza-AGR-o

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	Nadir	hwiiza-v-o
pn - erg	pn . abs	spin- v -make. prs
‘Islam is making fun of Nadir.’

38. have AGR-u

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS

X: GEN

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-an	mashien	j-u
pn - gen	car. abs	j -be. prs
‘Islam has a car.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

39. look for loexu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	doogha-nash	loexu
i - erg	key- pl . abs	search. prs
‘Islam is looking for his keys.’

40. paint basar hwaeq-

Valency pattern: ERG_LAT

X: ERG

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam-as	kiert-ax	basar	hwaeq-na
i - erg	fence- lat	paint. abs	rub- prf
‘Islam painted the fence.’

41. bite ka toex-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

zhala-s	Islam-ana	ka	toex-na
dog- erg	pn - dat	bite	hit- prf
‘A dog bit Islam.’

42. forfeit *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam	c’aa	d-ooc-ush	v-issa-na
pn . abs	house. abs	d -be. neg - cvb . sim	v -stay- prf
‘Islam lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

43. try to catch locu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	cicig	locu
i - erg	cat. abs	catch. prs
‘Islam is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break kag-AGR-i-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	ghazh	kag-j-i-na
i - erg	stick. abs	break- j -make- prf
‘Islam broke a stick.’

45. flatter xesta-AGR-o

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	Madina	xesta-j-o
i - erg	pn . abs	boast- j -make. prs
‘Islam is flattering Madina.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

46. love (person) AGR-ieza

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	Madina	j-ieza
pn - dat	pn . abs	j -love. prs
‘Islam loves Madina.’

47. wave liesta-AGR-o

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	joulaq	liesta-d-o
i - erg	scarf. abs	shake- d -make. prs
‘Islam is waving a scarf.’

48. dream *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam-ana	mashien	j-ieza
pn - dat	car. abs	j -want. prs
‘Islam is dreaming of a car.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

49. wash bila-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	kad	bila-na
i - erg	cup. abs	wash- prf
‘Islam washed the cup.’

50. put on t’e-AGR-ox-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	xecha	t’e-j-ox-na
i - erg	trousers. abs	on- j -put- prf
‘Islam put on his trousers.’

51. be called c’e AGR-u

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS(NO.AGR)

X: GEN

Y: ABS(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

oq	huma-n	c’e	kompas	j-u
dem	thing- gen	name. abs	compass	j -be. prs
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

52. punish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

53. attack t’e-qietta

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

cha	ch’aara	loc-ush	v-olu	stag-ana	t’e-qietta
bear. abs	fish. abs	catch- cvb . sim	v -be. pctp	person- dat	on-strike. prf
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) AGR-uz-

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

viedar	xi-x	d-uz-na
bucket. abs	water- lat	d -fill- prf
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find kari-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	doogha-nash	kari-na
pn - dat	key- pl . abs	find- prf
‘Islam found his keys.’

56. be short ca-toe’a

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	chwa	manat	ca-toe’a
pn - dat	one	manat. abs	neg -be_enough. prs
‘Islam is one manat short.’

57. hate ca-AGR-ieza

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	Nadir	ca-v-ieza
pn - dat	pn . abs	neg - v -love. prs
‘Islam hates Nadir.’

58. like xazaxieta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	hwara	koch	xazaxieta
pn - dat	dem	shirt. abs	like. prs
‘Islam likes this shirt.’

59. need oeshu

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	axcha	oeshu
pn - dat	money. abs	need. prs
‘Islam needs money.’

60. surround gonahw + AGR-u

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

ghaal-ana	gonahw	penosh	d-u
town- dat	around	wall. pl . abs	d -be. prs
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain AGR-issi-

Valency pattern: ALL_ABS

X: ALL

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islama-ga	10	dollar	d-issi-na
pn - all	ten	dollar. abs	d -leave- prf
‘Islam has ten dollars left.’

62. answer zhop AGR-ella

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam-as	hwiexarxochun-na	zhop	d-ella
pn - erg	teacher. obl - dat	answer. abs	d -give. prf
‘Islam answered the teacher.’

63. open hwa-AGR-ili-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	banka	hwa-j-ili-na
pn - erg	jar. abs	here- j -open- prf
‘Islam opened a jar.’

64. be different tera + AGR-u + NEG

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

san	koch	hwanchox	tera	j-aac
1 sg . gen	shirt. abs	yours. lat	similar	j -be. neg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind t’aehwa-AGR-issa-na

Valency pattern: ABS_COMP

X: ABS

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-al	t’aehwa-v-issa-na
pn . abs	pn - comp	behind- v -leave- prf
‘Islam fell behind Nadir.’

66. plough ooxu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	laatta	ooxu
pn - erg	soil. abs	plough. prs
‘Islam is ploughing the field.’

67. smell hwozha AGR-ooghu

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

san	kyjgashiex	benzin-an	hwozha	j-ooghu
1 sg . gen	hand. pl . lat	gasoline- gen	smell. abs	j -go. prs
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross dehwa AGR-aella

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam	niaq’-ana	dehwa	v-aella
pn . abs	way- dat	other_side	v -get. prf
‘Islam crossed the road.’

69. sing liaq-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	xaza	jish	liaq-na
pn - erg	beautiful	song. abs	sing- prf
‘Islam sang a beautiful song.’

70. write jaz-AGR-i-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	kiexat	jaz-d-i-na
pn - erg	letter. abs	pv - d -make- prf
‘Islam wrote a letter.’

71. drink dwa-mella

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	shura	dwa-mella
pn - erg	milk. abs	away-drink
‘Islam drank the milk.’

72. melt laala-AGR-i-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	dash	laala-d-i-na
pn - erg	lead. abs	melt- d -make- prf
‘Islam melted a piece of lead.’

73. match AGR-oogha

Valency pattern: ABS_INS

X: ABS

Y: INS

Locus: Y

hwara	doexka	san	koch-aca	d-oogha
dem	belt. abs	1 sg . gen	dress- ins	d -go. prs
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave dwa-AGR-axa-

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL

X: ABS

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Islam	shien	ghaala-ra	dwa-v-axa-na
pn . abs	3 sg . gen . refl	town- abl	away- v -go- prf
‘Islam left his town.’

75. cover dwa-loocu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

kuuzan-o	masso	mettig	dwa-loocu
carpet- erg	whole	place. abs	away-catch. prs
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember daga-AGR-ooghu

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	c’aa	dika	daga-d-ooghu
pn - dat	house. abs	good	heart- d -come. prs
‘Islam remembers the house well.’

77. help gho AGR-i-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam-as	Nadir-ana	gho	d-i-na
pn - erg	pn - dat	help. abs	d -make- prf
‘Islam helped Nadir.’

78. understand (language) qieta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	francuzki	mott	qieta
pn - dat	f rench	tongue. abs	hit. prs
‘Islam understands French.’

79. hit (target) qietta

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

selaxaeshtig	c’aa-x	qietta
flash. abs	house- lat	hit. prf
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam-as	p’elg	xaad-i-na
pn - erg	finger. abs	cut- d -make- prf
‘Islam cut his finger.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed.

81. get stuck t’e-letta

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

staka	stol-ana	t’e-letta
glass. abs	table- dat	on-stick. prf
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) eshii-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam-as	Nadir	eshii-na
pn - erg	pn . abs	defeat- prf
‘Islam lost to Nadir.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

83. be glad xazaxetta

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam-ana	xazaxetta	kiexat	d-e’a-cha
pn - dat	be.glad. prf	letter. abs	d -arrive- cvb . temp
‘Islam was glad when the letter arrived.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

84. speak q’amial AGR-o

Valency pattern: ERG_INS

X: ERG

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Islam-as	Nadir-aca	q’amial	d-o
pn - erg	pn - ins	talk. abs	d -make. prs
‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’

85. give birth AGR-i-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Madina-s	k’ant	v-i-na
pn - erg	boy. abs	v -make- prf
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’

86. drop vohw-AGR-ozhi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	staka	vohw-d-ozhi-na
pn - erg	glass. abs	down- v -fall- prf
‘Islam dropped the glass.’

87. govern kyjgalxo

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam	vai	jurtan	kyjgalxo	vu
pn . abs	1 pl . incl . gen	village. gen	leader. abs	v .be. prs
‘Islam runs our village.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

88. miss sa gat-AGR-o

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam-as	Madina-na	sa	gat-d-o
pn - erg	pn - dat	soul. abs	get.tight- d -make. prs
‘Islam misses Madina.’

89. follow t’aehwa-AGR-oedu

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ana	t’aehwa-v-oedu
pn . abs	pn - dat	behind- v -go. prs
‘Islam follows Nadir.’

90. dismount vozh-AGR-oessa-

Valency pattern: ABS_tera

X: ABS

Y: tera

Locus: Y

Islam	gour	t’era	vozh-v-oessa-na
pn . abs	horse	from	down- v -get- prf
‘Islam got down from the horse.’

91. listen ladughu

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL

X: ERG

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Islam-as	radio-ga	ladughu
pn - erg	radio- all	listen. prs
‘Islam is listening to radio.’

92. obey ladughu

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL

X: ERG

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Islam-as	neenaga	ladughu
pn - erg	mother. all	listen. prs
‘Islam always listens to his mother.’

93. hear ladughu

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL

X: ERG

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Islam-as	eshargasha	ladughu
pn - erg	song. pl . all	listen. prs
‘Islam hears the music.’

94. mix dwa-’ii-

Valency pattern: ABS_INS

X: ABS

Y: INS

Locus: Y

muoz	shurenca	dwa-’ii-na
honey. abs	milk. ins	away-mix- prf
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look hwoezhu

Valency pattern: ABS_ALL

X: ABS

Y: ALL

Locus: Y

Islam	morxashka	hwoezhu
pn . abs	cloud. pl . all	look_at. prs
‘Islam is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off dwa-AGR-aeqqi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	koch	dwa-j-aeqqi-na
pn - erg	shirt. abs	away- j -get- prf
‘Islam took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) ghienahw go

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Madina-na	Islam	ghienahw	go
pn - dat	pn . abs	dream. loc	see. prs
‘Madina dreams about Islam.’

98. agree t’e-tii-

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Madina-na	t’e-tii-na
pn . abs	pn - dat	on-agree- prf
‘Islam agreed with Nadir.’

99. have a quarrel dou AGR-aella

Valency pattern: GEN_INS

X: GEN

Y: INS

Locus: XY

Islam-an	Nadir-aca	dou	d-aella
pn - gen	pn - ins	fight. abs	d -get. prf
‘Islam had a quarrel with Nadir.’

100. cost maax AGR-u

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS(NO.AGR)

X: GEN

Y: ABS(NO.AGR)

Locus: XY

hoqu	kad-an	chwa	dollar	maax	b-u
dem	pot- gen	one	dollar. abs	price. abs	b -be. prs
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at top toex-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam-as	hwooza-na	top	toex-na,
pn - erg	bird- dat	weapon. abs	hit- prf
‘Islam shot at the bird.’

102. pour AGR-oexki-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	shiekar	d-oexki-na
pn - erg	sugar. abs	d -pour- prf
‘Islam poured the sugar.’

103. lose AGR-ai’i-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	doogha-nash	d-ai’i-na
pn - erg	key- pl . abs	d -lose- prf
‘Islam lost his keys.’

104. sink AGR-ax-

Valency pattern: ABS_buxa

X: ABS

Y: buxa

Locus: Y

dechig	xi	buxa	d-ax-na
wood. abs	water	under	d -go- prf
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill AGR-ii-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	Nadir	v-ii-na
pn - erg	pn . abs	v -kill- prf
‘Islam killed Nadir.’

106. hit toex-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam-as	Nadir-ana	toex-na
pn - erg	pn - dat	hit- prf
‘Islam hit Nadir.’

107. kiss bart AGR-aeqqi-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam-as	Madina-na	bart	b-aeqqi-na
pn - erg	pn - dat	mouth. abs	b -take- prf
‘Islam kissed Madina.’

108. read AGR-esh-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	xaza	kinizhka	j-esh-na
pn - erg	beautiful	book. abs	j -read- prf
‘Islam read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) hwabi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	pelg	hwabi-na
pn - erg	finger. abs	move- prf
‘Islam moved his finger.’

110. respect looru

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	Nadir	looru
pn - erg	pn . abs	respect. prs
‘Islam respects Nadir.’

111. be squeamish degaz xieta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	boexa	pgheghash	degaz	xieta
pn - dat	dirty	dishes. abs	disgusting	seem. prs
‘Islam is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content reza AGR-u

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam	shie	k’ant-ana	reza	v-u
pn . abs	3 sg . gen . refl	boy- dat	satisfied	v -be
‘Islam is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love AGR-iezajella

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	Madina	j-iezajella
pn - dat	pn . abs	j -fall_in_love. prf
‘Islam fell in love with Madina.’

114. trust tiesha

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Madina-x	tiesha
pn . abs	pn - lat	believe. prs
‘Islam trusts Madina.’

115. sympathise q’axieta

Valency pattern: DAT_LAT

X: DAT

Y: LAT

Locus: XY

Islam-ana	shien	naana-x	q’axieta
pn - dat	3 sg . gen . refl	mother- lat	have_pity. prs
‘Islam sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy hwagh AGR-u

Valency pattern: GEN_INS

X: GEN

Y: INS

Locus: XY

Islam-an	Nadir-aca	hwagh	j-u
pn - gen	pn - ins	jealousy. abs	j -be. prs
‘Islam envies Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

117. be angry oeghaz-AGR-ax-

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ana	oeghaz-v-ax-na
pn . abs	pn - dat	angry- v -go- prf
‘Islam is angry with Nadir.’

118. be surprised ciac-AGR-aella

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	sovghat-ax	ciac-v-aella
pn . abs	present- lat	pv - v -get. prf
‘Islam was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) AGR-ieza

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	chaj	d-ieza
pn - dat	tea. abs	d -love/want/need/must. prs
‘Islam loves tea.’

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam-as	d-ouxa	chaj	molu
pn - erg	d -warm	tea. abs	drink. prs
‘Islam is drinking hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

121. want AGR-ieza

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	kerla	tilifon	j-ieza
pn - dat	new	phone. abs	j -love/want/need/must. prs
‘Islam wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge oeghaz-AGR-ax-

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ana	oeghaz-v-ax-na
pn . abs	pn - dat	angry- v -go- prf
‘Islam is angry with Nadir.’

123. take offence oeghaz-AGR-ax-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam	Nadir-ana	oeghaz-v-ax-na
pn . abs	pn - dat	angry- v -go- prf
‘Islam is angry with Nadir.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

124. upset xalaxiet-ijt-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam-as	Madina-na	xalaxiet-ijt-ina
pn - erg	pn - dat	be_sad- caus - prf
‘Islam greatly upset Madina.’
Note: NB: Is this TR or ERG_DAT?

125. marvel ciac-AGR-aella

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	hoqu	ghaala-x	ciacvaella
pn . abs	dem	town- lat	pv - v -get. prf
‘Islam was impressed by this town.’

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam-ana	Nadir	ca-v-ieza
pn - dat	pn . abs	neg -love/want/need/must. prs
‘Islam despises Nadir.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset xalaxetta

Valency pattern: DAT_DATdoeha

X: DAT

Y: DATdoeha

Locus: XY

Islam-ana	shie	k'anta-na	doeħa	xalaxetta
pn - dat	3 sg . refl	boy- dat	because	get_sad
‘Islam got upset because of his son.’

128. get irritated oeghaz-AGR-ax-

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam	shien	jow-ana	oeghaz-v-ax-na
pn . abs	3 sg . gen . refl	girl- dat	angry- v -go- prf
‘Islam is angry with his daughter.’

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy iizalo

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	shien	diagh-ax	iizalo
pn . abs	3 sg . gen . refl	body- lat	be_uncomfortable. prs
‘Islam is embarrased about his height.’