BivalTyp

‘leave’

Argument frame: X (leave) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. left his native city .
Predicate label Ru: покидать
Argument frame Ru: X (покидать) Y (-а)
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. покинул родной город .

Abaza [t-]c̣ə

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCte
X: ABS
Y: LOCte
Locus: Y
rasúl á-q̇ala d-tə-c̣-d
pn def -city 3 sg . h . abs - loc -pass( aor )- dcl
‘Rasul left his native city.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) de-č̣ʼə

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.ENCLOSURE
X: ABS
Y: LOC.ENCLOSURE
Locus: Y
č̣ʼale-r jə-čʼəle de-č̣ʼə-ʁ
guy- abs 3 sg . pr + poss -village( obl ) loc : enclosure -exit- pst
‘The guy left his native village.’

Aghul at.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a uč.i-n ruχ.u šahar at.u-ne
pn ( erg ) self- gen be.born. pf town leave. pf - aor
‘Aslan left his native city.’

Akhvakh (Northern) beɬɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de šaha b-eɬɬ-ari
pn - erg town n -leave- aor
‘Patahi left his native city.’

Andi (Zilo) <w>-uʔ.onn-ij

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.EL
Locus: Y
ali w-uʔ.onn-ij hon-ʔa-kːu
pn [ m ][ nom ] m -go. pst - pf village- super - el
‘Ali left the village.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) trk

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām tarak l-ūlāyi lǝ-nwalad bī-ya
pn leave. pf .3 ms art -city rel -be_born. pf .3 ms in- o .3 fs
‘Abraham left the city he was born in.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) tarak

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Aḥmad tarak balad-u
pn leave. pfv .3 m country- poss .3 m
‘Ahmad left his country.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) t.r.k

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi tarak balad-o
pn leave. pst .3 m . sg city- poss .3 m . sg
‘Shadi left his city.’

Arabic (standard) taraka

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un taraka madīnat-a=hu
pn - nom leave. pf .3 m city( f )- acc = p .3 m . sg
‘Badr left his city.’

Archi -ocər a-tis

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša-mu žu-n-u<b>u šahru b-ocər a<b>tːi
pn - obl . m ( erg ) self- gen -<3> ptcl town 3-leave <3>let. pfv
‘Pasha left his native city.’

Armenian (Eastern) lk’el

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə lk’ec’ harazat k’aγak’-ə
pn [ nom ]- def leave: aor :3 sg native city[ nom ]- def
‘Petros left his native city.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic azəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+Ašur xəš-lə mən mat=ət gan-u
pn go. pst - ls .3 m from village( f )= rel refl ( f )- p .3 m
‘Ashur left his native village.’

Avar teze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca ʕagara-b šahar t-ana
pn - erg parent- n town leave- aor
‘Ali left his native city.’

Azerbaijani tərk etmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan doğma şǝhǝr-i-ni tǝrk et-di
pn birth town- poss 3- acc leave do- pst (3)
‘Aslan left his native town.’

Bafut lòô

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à kɨ̀ lòô àláʔà jì
pn sm p 2 leave village his
‘Ambe left his village.’

Bambara bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bɔ́-ra à ka dùgu` lá
pn go.out- pfv . intr 3 sg poss village\ art in
‘Seku left his village.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
Ahmed az xu x̌ār tūy-d
pn el refl city go- pst
‘Ahmed came out of his city.’
Note: This is not a DOM pattern.

Belarusian pakinuć

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Alieś pakinu-ŭ rodn-y horad
pn [ nom . sg ] leave( pfv )- pst . sg . m native- acc . sg . m city[ acc . sg ]
‘Ales left his native city.’

Budugh qaç' çarağar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
aslan ug-o duğma şeher-cer qaç'u qaç' vixhi-ci
pn refl - gen native town- obl . abl m .go_out. pfv m .out m .go. pfv - prf
‘Aslan left his native city.’
Note: This sequence of two verbs of motion probably adds expressivity.

Bulgarian napusna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Petăr napusna rodn-ia si grad
pn leave( pfv ). aor .3 sg native- def . short . m . sg pro . refl . dat city
‘Petar left his native city.’

Catalan deixar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va deix-ar la seva ciutat nativ-a
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind leave- inf def . sg . f poss .3. f . sg city( f ) native- f . sg
‘Pere left his native city.’

Chechen dwa-AGR-axa

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Islam shien ghaala-ra dwa-v-axa-na
pn . abs 3 sg . gen . refl town- abl away- v -go- prf
‘Islam left his town.’

Chinese (Mandarin) líkāi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān líkāi le tā-de jiāxiāng
pn leave pfv he- de hometown
‘Zhangsan left his hometown.’

Chirag b-ati

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le šːe b-at-ur
pn - erg village( abs ) n . sg -leave: pf - aor .3
‘Ali left the village.’

Croatian napustiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o je napusti-o rodn-i grad
pn - nom . sg be. prs .3 sg leave( pfv )- part . perf . m . sg native- acc . sg . m city[ acc . sg ]
‘Pero left his native city.’

Czech opustit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr opusti-l rodn-é měst-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] leave( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] native- n . acc . sg city( n )- acc . sg
‘Petr left his home town.’

Danish forlade

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter forlod sin hjemby
pn leave. pst poss . refl . c . sg hometown( c )
‘Peter left his native city.’

Dargwa (Itsari) gu-B-B-at-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il cin-na šahar gu-b-b-at-ur
pn - erg self- gen town( abs ) sub - n - n -leave. pfv - aor
‘Islam left his native city.’

Dargwa (Kadar) dura-CL-uq-as / dura-CL-ulq-es

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad cuni-ja šaha-l-zaka dura-0-uq-un
pn self- gen city- obl - el outside- m -move. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad left his native city.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) baxbatara

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Petja-l caj hač:’-ur šahar baxbat-ur
pn - erg refl . m be_born. pf - aor . ptcp town n .leave. pf - aor (3)
‘Petja left his native city.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_INTERLAT
X: NOM
Y: INTERLAT
Locus: Y
gal šːi-l-cːi-l w-id-až-i
boy village- obl - inter - abl m -thither-go-3. aor
‘The boy left the village.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) b-at-iz/b-alt-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
uršːi-le šːi b-at-ur
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) village n -leave. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy left his native village.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) b-arx b-at-i / b-alt-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
durħaˤ-li šːi b-arx b-at-ur
boy- erg village n -straight n -leave. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy left his native village.’

Dutch verlaten

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft zijn geboortestad verlaten
pn ( c ) have.3 sg poss . c .3 sg hometown( c ) leave. ptcp
‘Piet left his hometown.’

Enets (Forest) kaji

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ sɔja-j-da dʲa-da kaji-za
i man- nom . sg .1 sg be_born( pfv )- ptcp . ant - obl . sg .3 sg place- obl . sg .3 sg leave_behind( pfv )-3 sg . so sg
‘My friend left his native land’.

English leave

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter left his native city.

Estonian lahkuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter lahku-s oma sünnilinna-st
pn . sg . nom leave- pst .3 sg poss . refl birth_city- ela
‘Peeter left his native city.’

Finnish lähteä

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pekka läht-i koti-kaupungi-sta-an
pn . nom leave- pst .3 sg home-city- ela - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka left his native city.’

French quitter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a quitté sa ville natale
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg leave. pst . ptcp . m one’s. sg . f city( f ) native. sg . f
‘Paul left his native city.’

Gascon a deishat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pau a deishat sa vila nadau
pn have. prs .3 sg leave. pst . ptcp one’s. sg . f city native. sg . f
‘Pau left his native city.’

Gban bɛ̋ e̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Zá̰ ɛ́ bɛ̈=é ȁ là tòà là
pn 3 sg \ pst take\ pfv . preh = loc 1 s/he/it have_child[ inf ] lrel \earth on
‘Zan left his native land.’

Georgian mi-Ø-a-t'ov-eb-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m mšobliur-i kalak-i mi-Ø-a-t'ov-a
pn - erg native- nom city- nom prv : dist - io 3- ver : n -leave- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre left his home town for good.’

German verlassen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl verließ sein-e Heimatstadt
pn [ nom . sg ] leave. pst .3 sg his- f . acc . sg hometown[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl left his hometown.’

Hebrew (modern) azav

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas azav et ir uledat-o
pn leave[ pst .3 sg . m ] do city birth- poss .3 sg . m
‘Pinchas left his native city.’

Hindi choṛ denā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne apn-ā mūl nivās choṛ diy-ā
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg own- m . sg . dir root residency( m ). sg . dir leave give. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek left his original residency.’

Indonesian (standard) me-ninggal-kan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ali me-ninggal-kan kota ke-lahir-an-nya
pn act -leave- trns town nmlz -born- nmlz -3 sg
‘Ali left his native city.’

Irish fág

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
D’=fhág Pól a chathair dúchais.
pst =leave pn poss .3 sg . m city native
‘Pól left his native city.’

Italian lasciare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha lasciato la su-a città natal-e
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs leave. pst . ptcp def . sg . f poss .3 sg - sg . f city. sg . f native- sg . f
‘Leo left his native city.’

Karata bešdaɬa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-l in-š:u-b da šahar b-ešd-a
pn - erg refl - obl . m - n ptcl city n -leave- pf
‘Ali left his city.’

Kazakh ket

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya tuwɣan qala-sï-nan ket-tі
pn home town- poss 3- abl leave- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya left his hometown.’

Khanty (Kazym) χǎjti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en rǫt wɔš-ǝλ χǎj-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg native town- poss .3 sg leave- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja left his native city.’

Khoekhoe ǁnāxū

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǁî-b di ǃnae ǃā-s-a ge ǁnāxū
pn -3 m . sg decl 3-3 m . sg poss birth town-3 f . sg - obl pst leave
‘Peter left his native city.’

Khwarshi hoca

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
di-lo hamaʁe hojca aƛ
1 sg . o - gen 2 friend leave\ pst . w village( iii )
‘My friend left the village.’
Note: Although the word for ‘friend’ has no explicit case markers, it is in the ergative, as visible from the GEN2 possessor.

Komi-Permyak мунны

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Петя мун-и-с ас-лас город-ись
pn идти- pret -3 sg сам- gen .3 sg город- ela
‘Петя покинул родной город.’

Komi-Zyrian kol'ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kol'-i-s č́užan kar-se̮
pn leave- pret -3 native town- acc . p .3 sg
‘Petja left his native city.’

Kpelle (Guinean) hěɣe

Valency pattern: SBJ_hu
X: SBJ
Y: hu
Locus: Y
Pépèe àá hèɣé gàá táa hù
pn 3 sg . prf leave be_born town\ l in
‘Pepee left his hometown.’

Kryz (Alik) ğabç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
terlan ug duğma şahar-caʕar ğaç'-id
pn refl . m ( gen ) genuine town( f )- obl . inel m .go_out. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan left his native town.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) qap'ç'i yipic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
aslan ugura doğma şahar-caʕar qaç'-i yixhir-d
pn m . refl . gen native town- obl . inel go_out. pf - seq go. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan left his native town.’

Kryz (proper) tark varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ug xhi-yi şahar tark va-du
pn - erg refl . m be. pf - ptcp town( f ) leave f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan left his native town.’

Kumyk getmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
mahammat tuw-ʁan šaʁarɨn-dan get-d-i
pn be.born- pf town- abl go- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad left his native city.’

Kurdish (Sorani) hêʂtin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
min ew ʂar-e be cê de-hêɫ-im
i this city- dem to place ind -allow. prs -1 sg
‘I am leaving this city.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) derketin (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji bajar-ê xwe derket
man from town- ez . m self go_out. pfv .3 sg
‘The man left his town.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l qʼa-b-it-und-i ninu+ppu ca-sːa šahru
pn - obl - gen pv -3-<3>leave- aor -3 p parents one- attr town
‘Mohammad left his native city.’

Latin linquo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
liqu-it Agenorid-es Sidoni-a moeni-a Cadm-us
leave[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg pn ( m )- nom . sg s idon’s- acc . pl . n wall( n )- acc . pl pn ( m )- nom . sg
‘Cadmus Agenorides left the fort of Sidon.’
Note: (Ov. Ep. Ex Ponto. I, 3, 77)

Laz o-xt'-im-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Käzim-i kö-išen gama-Ø-xt'-u
pn - nom village- abl prv - s 3-go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim left the village.’

Lezgian (Yargun) aqatna fin

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
Sahib viç-i-n xii șeher-d-aa aqat-na fe-na
pn self- obl - gen native town- obl - inel come_out- seq go. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib left his native city.’

Macedonian napušti

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar go napušti rodni-ot grad
pn pro .3 sg . m . acc leave( pfv ). aor .3 sg native. m . sg - art . m . sg city( m ). sg
‘Petar left his native city.’

Maltese ħalla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ġwanni ħalla l-belt twelidu
pn leave. pf . m .3 sg def -city birth. poss
‘Ġwanni left his native city.’

Maninka (Eastern) bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bára bɔ́ à lá só` lá.
pn prf exit 3 sg poss village\ art at
‘Seku has left his village.’

Mano wɛ̀lɛ̀

Valency pattern: SBJ_LOC
X: SBJ
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
āà gó pɛ̄lɛ̄í
3 sg . pst leave village. loc
‘S/he left the village.’
Note: LOC is a special form of (some) nouns. It goes back to the postposition "yí" but is not synchronically interchangeable with it.

Mansi (Northern) ossuwlas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
n’awram-ǝt jānij-m-as-ǝt, pāwl-anǝl ta ossuwl-as-anǝl
child- pl big- vbz - pst -3 pl village- poss .3 pl pl leave- pst - sg . o .3 pl . s
‘The children grew up and abandoned their village.’

Mehweb ka-ates

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Islam-li-ni ka-b-at-ur sune-la-l šahar
pn - obl - erg pv - n -leave: pfv - aor self. obl - gen - emph town
‘Islam left his native town.’

Mingrelian ki-mi-Ø-o-t'-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k muš-(i) noγa-Ø ki-mi-Ø-o-t'u-u
pn - erg refl . poss -( nom ) town- nom aff - prv - do 3- fact -leave- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo left his (native) town for good.’

Nanai ənu-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petia mənə xoto-nǯeaǯe-i ənu-xə-ni
pn refl town- abl - p . refl . sg leave- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia left his native city.’

Nivkh vəkzd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pʰ-vо + pəkz-d
pn rfl -village + lose- ind
‘Kaskazik left his native village.’

Norwegian Bokmål å forlate

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per forlot hjemby-en
pn leave. pst home_town- def . m . sg
‘Per left his hometown.’

Oromo (West Central) gadi ɗiisa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n magaalaa keessa-tti ɗal-at-e gadi ɗiis-e
pn - nom city. abs in- loc give_birth- mid -3 sg . m . pfv down leave-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa left his native city.’

Persian tark kardan

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ahmad šahr-e mādarī-aš-rā tark kard
pn town- izaf maternal- encl .3 sg - acc departure do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad left his native city.’

Polish opuścić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Staszek opuści-ł rodzim-e miast-o
pn [ nom . sg ] leave: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] native- n . acc . sg town- acc . sg
‘Staszek left his native city.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) abandonar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro abandon-ou sua cidade natal
pn ( m ) leave-3 sg . pst poss .3. f city( f ) native
‘Pedro left his native city.’

Romani (Kalderash) mekəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a mek-ľ-a pehk-o for-o
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg leave- pst -3 sg one’s- m . dir . sg city- acc . sg
‘Murša left his city.’

Romanian a părăsi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru și-a părăsit oraș-ul
pn refl . dat - aux .3 sg leave. pst . ptcp city- def . dir
‘Petru left the city.’

Russian uexatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_izGEN
X: NOM
Y: izGEN
Locus: Y
Pet-ja uexa-l iz rodn-ogo gorod-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg go_away( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] from native- m . gen . sg city( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja left his native city.’

Rutul (Kina) qaˁrhɨˁr

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.EL
X: NOM
Y: IN.EL
Locus: Y
rasul ǯu-dɨ šeher-dʲ-a: q-aˁ<r>hɨˁ-r
pn ( nom ) self. obl - attr city- obl - in . el re -<1>leave. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul left his native city.’

Rutul (Mukhad) satın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a džuˤ-dı šeher saptı-ri
pn - erg refl . h . obl - attr town( a ) a .leave. pf - aor
‘Murad left his city.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
mırad mi şahar-dya ağaç'uˁ-ri
pn this city- obl . inel m .go_away. pf - aor
‘Murad left this city.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) targ hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a muˤqh targ havʔı-r
pn - erg village( a ) leave a .do. pf - aor
‘Murad left his native city.’

Rutul (Shinaz) targ havʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir targ havʔɨ-r džu-du šeher
pn ( erg ) leave a .do. pf - aor refl . obl - attr city( a )
‘Basir left his native city.’

Saami (Skolt) vueʹlǧǧed meädda

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Peâtt vuõʹlj-i meädda suu šõdd-âm-siid-âst
pn . sg . nom leave- pst .3 sg away 3 sg . gen born- pst . ptcp -village- sg . loc
‘Pete left his native village.’

Sagada xeca

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʕale xec-ii ne-si-s šahar
pn . erg leave- pst . w 3 sg . obl - gen 1 city
‘Ali left the city.’

Serbian napustiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je napusti-o rodn-i grad
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg leave- part . perf . m . sg native- acc . sg . m city. acc . sg
‘Petar left his native city.’

Shughni tark čīdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM.CL
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim=i xu x̌ār tark čūd
pn =3 sg refl city leave do. pst
‘Azim left his native city.’

Slovak opustiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter opusti-l svoj-e rodn-é měst-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] leave( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] one’s- acc . sg . n native- n . acc . sg city( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter left his home town.’

Slovenian zapustiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je zapusti-l rojstn-o mest-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg leave: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] native- acc . sg . n city- acc . sg
‘Peter left his native city.’

Spanish abandonar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha abandona-do su ciudad natal
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg leave- ptcp : prf one’s[ sg . f ] town[ sg . f ] native[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro left his native city.’

Svan x-ä-cwr-e (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d lent'ex-Ø ka-la-x-cwir
pn - erg l ent'exi- nom prv : outward - prv : slightly - io 3-leave
‘Maizer left Lent'exi for good.’

Swedish att lämna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn lämna-de sin hemstad
pn leave- pst poss . refl . c . sg home_town
‘Björn left his hometown.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ABS_IN.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: IN.ELAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad ʁul-ʔ-an ʁ-uš-nu
pn ( abs ) village- in - elat pf -go.out- pst
‘Mahamad left the village.’

Tagalog lisanin

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH
X: ACT
Y: PATH
Locus: Y
ni-lisan ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng pinanggalingan
pfv -leave[ p ath v ] pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin native_city
‘Pedro left his native city.’
Note: The Y-argument can be also introduced by PATH-expressions in AV constructions, such as "l<um>isan pa-alis Maynila" [<AV>PFV.leave DIR-leave Manila].

Telugu vadilēyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ tana soṁta nagarānni vadilēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own belonging_to_self city( n ). sg . acc quit. intens . pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen left his native city.’

Tsakhur hapsırıy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee džu-na šahar hapsır-na
pn - erg refl. m - a town( a ) a .leave. pf - a
‘Murad left his city.’

Tswana tlogela

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ba-tho ba ba-tlogets-e le-gae la-bone
pl -person(2) cl2. dem s i :cl2-leave. prf - fv sg -home(5) cl5. gen -cl2. pro
‘These people left their home.’

Turkish ayrılmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet memleket-i-nden ayrıl-dı
pn hometown- p .3- abl leave- pst
‘Mehmet left his hometown.’

Turoyo nofəq

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_m
X: SBJ.SS
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel nafəq m-u aṯr-ayḏe
pn leave. pfv .3 m from- art . m homeland( m )- p .3 m
‘Gabriyel left his homeland.’

Twi firi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi firi-i ne a kuropᴐn ofirim
pn come_out- pst 3 sg . poss indef city native
‘Kofi left his native city.’

Udi c'eyes

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
David iz doğma şəhər-exun c'er=e
pn self. gen native town- abl go_out. aor =3 sg
‘David left his native city.’

Udmurt koški̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pet'a vordskem kar-i̮śt-i̮z košk-iz
pn . nom native city- ela - poss .3 sg leave- pst .3 sg
‘Petja left his native city.’

Ukrainian pokynuty

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o pokynu-v ridn-e mist-o
pn ( m )- nom . sg leave( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] native- n . acc . sg city( n )- acc . sg
‘Petro left (his) native city.’

Ulcha ŋənu-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
min ag-bi əj gasan-ǯi čup ŋənu-xə-ni
my elder_brother-1 sg this village- ins forever go_away- pst -3 sg
‘My elder brother left this village for good.’

Uzbek tašlab ketmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya ona šaxar-i-ni tašla-b ket-ti
pn home city- poss .3 sg - acc leave- cvb go_away- pst .3 sg
‘Petja left his native city.’

Wolof wacc

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
Omar wacc na jabar-am
pn leave prf .s i :3 sg wife( j )- poss :3 sg
‘Omar left his wife.’

Yukaghir (Northern) pondǝj=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn mǝdˈuol-uo-l posjelok-hаt mǝ pondǝ-č
pn be_born- res - nlzr village- abl aff separate- intr .3 sg
‘Semien left his native village.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
oxɨr-i mɛlmɛkɛt-e xo tɛrk.kɛrd
pn - m . obl hometown- ez . m refl leave. pst
‘Oxir left his home city.’