Tagalog

Contributed by Rowena Garcia and Rhenee Espayos (ResearchGate profile)

R.G.'s photo R.E.'s photo

The English version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation. The identification of valency encoding devices and valency classes is primarily based on the system proposed by Sergei Klimenko (2019). His generous assistance with the data analysis is gratefully acknowledged.

Klimenko, Sergei (2019). Criteria for establishing the inventory of semantic participants and voices in Tagalog. Studies in language 43(1). 1-43.

How to cite

Garcia, Rowena & Rhenee Espayos. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Tagalog. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on August 11, 2023; last revised on December 13, 2023.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 14.06, 121.75.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Austronesian, genus: Greater Central Phillipine.
Macro-area: East and Southeast Asia.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

masakit	ang	ulo	ni	Pedro
painful	subj	head	pers . gen	pn
‘Pedro’s head hurts.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE

X: SBJNV

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

may	trangkaso	si	Pedro
exist	flu	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

na-ta~takot	si	Pedro	sa	aso
av . ipfv - ipfv ~be_afraid	pers . subj	pn	dat	dog
‘Pedro is afraid of the dog.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

h<in>agis	ni	Pedro	ang	bato
< pv > pfv .throw	pers . gen	pn	subj	stone
‘Pedro threw a stone.’
Note: Co-exists with an AV construction.

5. have enough

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE

X: SBJNV

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

may	sapat	na	pera	na	si	Pedro
exist	enough	lin	money	already	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro now has enough money.’

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ka-hawig	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	lolo
com -resemblance	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	grandfather
‘Pedro resembles his grandfather.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

7. believe

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-ni~niwala	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av . ipfv - ipfv ~believe	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’
Note: Co-exists with the causativized construction with LV and Y argument marked as PERS.SUBJ.

8. take

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

k<um>uha	si	Pedro	ng	libro
< av > pfv .take	pers . subj	pn	gen	book
‘Pedro took a book.’

9. see

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-ki~kita	ni	Pedro	ang	bahay
pot . pv - ipfv ~see	pers . gen	pn	subj	house
‘Pedro sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

naka-ka~impluwensya	sa	memorya	ang	edad
pot . av - ipfv ~influence	dat	memory	subj	age
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: This kind of marking co-exists with the [SUBJ; GEN] encoding, hence the verb is classified as ACT_UND.

11. encounter

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-ka-salubong	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
pot - com -encounter[ pv ]	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro encountered Miguel.’

12. enter

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH

X: ACT

Y: PATH

Locus: Y

p<um>asok	si	Pedro	sa	bahay
< av > pfv .enter	pers . subj	pn	dat	house
‘Pedro entered the house.’
Note: The Y argument can also be signaled as "pa-loob ng bahay" [DIR-inside GEN house].

13. win

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

t<in>alo	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .beat	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro beat Miguel.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH

X: ACT

Y: PATH

Locus: Y

l<um>abas	si	Pedro	ng	bahay
< av > pfv .go_out	pers . subj	pn	gen	house
‘Pedro went out of the house.’
Note: The Y argument can also be signaled as "pa-labas ng bahay" [DIR-exit GEN house].

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

d<in>a~dala	ni	Pedro	ang	baka	sa	pastulan
< pv > ipfv ~bring	pers . gen	pn	subj	cow	dat	pasture
‘Pedro is bringing the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

b<in>aluktot	ni	Pedro	ang	sanga
< pv > pfv .bend	pers . gen	pn	subj	branch
‘Pedro bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

s<in>abih-an	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pfv >say- lv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro told Miguel.’

18. hold

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LIN

X: SBJNV

Y: LIN

Locus: XY

may	hawak	na	libro	si	Pedro
exist	hold	lin	book	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is holding a book.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

h<um>abol	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< av > pfv .catch_up	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro caught up with Miguel.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

g<in>atas-an	ni	Pedro	ang	baka
< pv > pfv .milk- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	cow
‘Pedro milked the cow.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

21. reach

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH

X: ACT

Y: PATH

Locus: Y

naka-rating	si	Pedro	sa	bangko
pot . av . pfv -reach	pers . subj	pn	dat	bank
‘Pedro reached the bank.’
Note: The Y argument can also be signaled by a locative phrase, e.g. "pa-punta bangko" [DIR-go bank].

22. touch

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

h<in>awak-an	ni	Pedro	ang	pader
< pfv >touch- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	wall
‘Pedro touched the wall.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

23. fight

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<in>a~away	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > ipfv ~fight	pers . gen	pn	subj	pn
‘Pedro is fighting with Miguel.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

kaibigan	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
friend	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is friends with Miguel.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

25. think

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

<in>i~isip	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< ipfv > ipfv ~think[ lv ]	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’
Note: It seems to be impossible to find examples with the GEN ("ng") encoding of Y in the Actor Voice. Hence, this is classified as LV and ACT_LOC.

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

k<um>ain	si	Pedro	ng	mansanas
< av > pfv .eat	pers . subj	pn	gen	apple
‘Pedro ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

pr<in>ito	ni	Pedro	ang	isda
< pv > pfv .fry	pers . gen	pn	subj	fish
‘Pedro fried the fish.’
Note: Co-exists with the AV construction.

28. wait

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

nag-hi~hintay	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av - ipfv ~wait	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro is waiting for Miguel.’
Note: Co-exists with a PV construction.

29. forget

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-ka-limut-an	ni	Pedro	ang	iba	pa-ng	daan
pot . pfv - stem -forget- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	other	clitic- lin	way
‘Pedro forgot about the other road.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

30. depend

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC

X: SBJNV

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

naka-depende	ang	memorya	sa	edad
stat -depend	subj	memory	dat	age
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (state).

31. call

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

t<in>awag	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .call	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro called Miguel.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-kilala	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
pot . pfv . pv -know	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro got to know Miguel.’
Note: Verbal predicate.

33. know

Valency pattern: ACT_SBJNV

X: ACT

Y: SBJNV

Locus: Y

kilala	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
knows	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (pseudo-verb). The interpretation of X as ACT is partially arbitrary (it is based on the analogy with constructions with voice markers).

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

t<um>u~tugtog	ng	gitara	si	Pedro
< av > ipfv ~play	gen	guitar	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

<um>i~iwas	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< av > ipfv ~avoid	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible. Co-exists with the LV construction.

36. make

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

g<um>awa	ng	panghuli	ng	daga	si	Pedro
< av > pfv .make	gen	trap	gen	rat	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

p<in>ag-ta~tawan-an	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~laugh- lv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’

38. have

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE

X: SBJNV

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

may	kotse	si	Pedro
exist	car	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

h<in>a~hanap	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	susi
< pv > ipfv ~find	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	keys
‘Pedro is looking for his keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

p<in>inturah-an	ni	Pedro	ang	bakod
< pfv >paint- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	fence
‘Pedro painted the fence.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

41. bite

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

k<in>agat	ng	aso	si	Pedro
< pv > pfv ~bite	gen	dog	pers . subj	pn
‘A dog bit Pedro.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: LOC_ACT

X: LOC

Y: ACT

Locus: X

na-wala-n	ng	bahay	si	Pedro
pot . pfv -lose- lv	gen	house	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro lost his house.’

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

h<in>u~huli	ni	Pedro	ang	pusa
< pv > ipfv ~catch	pers . gen	pn	subj	cat
‘Pedro is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-bali	ni	Pedro	ang	patpat
pot . pv . pfv -break	pers . gen	pn	subj	stick
‘Pedro broke a stick.’
Note: Alternative is a POT.AV construction.

45. flatter

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

b<in>o~bola	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
< pv > ipfv ~flatter	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is flattering Maria.’

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

m<in>a~mahal	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
< pv > ipfv ~love	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro loves Maria.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

w<in>a~wagayway	ni	Pedro	ang	panyo
< pv > ipfv ~wave	pers . gen	pn	subj	handkerchief
‘Pedro is waving the handkerchief.’
Note: Alternative is the AV construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern.

48. dream

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-nga~ngarap	si	Pedro	ng	bago-ng	sasakyan
av - ipfv ~dream	pers . subj	pn	gen	new- lin	vehicle
‘Pedro is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Alternative is the CAUS<PV> construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern.

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

h<in>ugas-an	ni	Pedro	ang	baso
< pfv >wash- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	cup
‘Pedro washed the cup.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

i-s<in>uot	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	pantalon
cv < pv > pfv .put_on	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	trousers
‘Pedro put on his trousers.’
Note: Alternative is the AV construction, also with the ACT_UND pattern.

51. be called

Valency pattern: UND_LIN

X: UND

Y: LIN

Locus: XY

t<in>a~tawag	na	compass	ang	gamit	na	ito
< pv > ipfv ~call	lin	compass	subj	tool	lin	prx . subj
‘This tool is called a compass.’
Note: This is a transimpersonal construction.

52. punish

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

p<in>arusah-an	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	anak
< pfv >punish- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	son
‘Pedro punished his son.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

53. attack

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<in>atake	ng	oso	ang	mangingisda
< pv > pfv .attack	gen	bear	subj	fisherman
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: UND_ACT

X: UND

Y: ACT

Locus: X

na-puno	ng	tubig	ang	timba
pot . pv . pfv -fill	gen	water	subj	bucket
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-hanap	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	susi
pot . pv . pfv -find	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	keys
‘Pedro found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: UND_ACT

X: UND

Y: ACT

Locus: X

k<in>ulang	ng	piso	si	Pedro
< pv > pfv .fall_short	gen	peso	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is one peso short.’
Note: The valency label is partially arbitrary, since this verb does not fit the usual scheme: the encoding of arguments is not affected by the contrast between voice markers on the verb.

57. hate

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

na-ga~galit	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
stat . pv - ipfv ~angry	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro hates Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

58. like

Valency pattern: ACT_SBJNV

X: ACT

Y: SBJNV

Locus: Y

gusto	ni	Pedro	ito-ng	damit
like	pers . gen	pn	3. sg . subj - lin	shirt
‘Pedro likes this shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The interpretation of X as ACT is partially arbitrary (it is based on the analogy with constructions with voice markers).

59. need

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-nga~ngailang-an	si	Pedro	ng	pera
ipfv . av - ipf ~need- av	pers . subj	pn	gen	money
‘Pedro needs money.’

60. surround

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-pali~libut-an	ng	pader	ang	lungsod
ipfv . mod - man - ipfv ~surround- lv	gen	wall	subj	city
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE

X: SBJNV

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

may	sampung-piso	na	lang	si	Pedro
exist	ten-peso	now	only	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro only has 10 pesos left.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

62. answer

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

s<in>agot	ni	Pedro	ang	guro
< pfv >answer[ lv ]	pers . gen	pn	subj	teacher
‘Pedro answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

nag-bukas	si	Pedro	ng	lata
av . pfv -open	pers . subj	pn	gen	can
‘Pedro opened a can.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-i~iba	ang	damit	ko	sa	iyo
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~be_different[ av ]	subj	shirt	1. sg . gen	dat	yours
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-huli	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< pfv > stem -be_last[ av ]	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro fell behind Miguel.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<in>a~araro	ni	Pedro	ang	bukid
< pv > ipfv ~plough	pers . gen	pn	subj	field
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’
Note: Co-exists with the AV-construction.

67. smell

Valency pattern: ACT_BARE

X: ACT

Y: BARE

Locus: Y

na-nga~ngamoy	gasolina	ang	kamay	ko
av . stem . ipfv ~ ipfv -smell	gasoline	subj	hands	1. sg . gen
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: The label BARE is used because there is no overt flagging associated with this argument.

68. cross

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH

X: ACT

Y: PATH

Locus: Y

t<um>awid	si	Pedro	sa	kalsada
< av > pfv .cross	pers . subj	pn	dat	road
‘Pedro crossed the road.’
Note: The Y-argument can be also introduced by PATH-expressions, such as "pa-tawid ng ilog" [DIR-cross GEN river].

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

k<um>anta	si	Pedro	ng	maganda-ng	kanta
< av > pfv .sing	pers . subj	pn	gen	beautiful- lin	song
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

s<um>ulat	si	Pedro	ng	liham
< av > pfv .write	pers . subj	pn	gen	letter
‘Pedro wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<um>inom	si	Pedro	ng	gatas
< av > pfv .drink	pers . subj	pn	gen	milk
‘Pedro drank the milk.’
Note: Co-exists with the PV-construction.

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

t<in>unaw	ni	Pedro	ang	piraso	ng	tingga
< pv > pfv .melt	pers . gen	pn	subj	piece	gen	lead
‘Pedro melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC

X: SBJNV

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

bagay	ang	sinturon	sa	damit	ko
appropriate	subj	belt	dat	dress	1. sg . gen
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective).

74. leave

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH

X: ACT

Y: PATH

Locus: Y

ni-lisan	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	pinanggalingan
pfv -leave[ p ath v ]	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	native_city
‘Pedro left his native city.’
Note: The Y-argument can be also introduced by PATH-expressions in AV constructions, such as "l<um>isan pa-alis Maynila" [<AV>PFV.leave DIR-leave Manila].

75. cover

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-ta~takp-an	ng	karpet	ang	buo-ng	sahig
pot . ipfv - ipfv ~cover- lv	gen	carpet	subj	whole- lin	floor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-a~alala	pa	ni	Pedro	ang	bahay	na	kinalakihan	niya
pot . pv - ipfv ~remember	still	pers . gen	pn	subj	house	lin	place_where_one_grew_up	3. sg . gen
‘Pedro still remembers the house where he grew up.’

77. help

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

t<in>u~lung-an	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pfv > pfv ~help- lv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro helped Miguel.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

naka-ka~intindi	si	Pedro	ng	French
pot . av - ipfv ~understand	pers . subj	pn	gen	f rench
‘Pedro understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

t<in>ama-an	ng	kidlat	ang	bahay
< pfv >hit- lv	gen	lightning	subj	house
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: ACT_gamit

X: ACT

Y: gamit

Locus: Y

na-hiwa	ni	Pedro	ang	sarili	gamit	ang	pang-ahit
pot . pv . pfv -cut	pers . gen	pn	subj	self	using	subj	razor
‘Pedro cut himself with a razor.’
Note: gamit is a originally a verb that has partially grammaticalized into a preposition.

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-dikit	ang	baso	sa	mesa
< pfv > stem -stick[ av ]	subj	glass	dat	table
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-talo	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< pfv > stem -lose[ av ]	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro lost to Miguel.’

83. be glad

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

na-galak	si	Pedro	sa	sulat
< pfv > stem -be_glad[ av ]	pers . subj	pn	dat	letter
‘Pedro was glad about the letter.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

84. speak

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-ki~ki-pag-usap	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av - soc ~ ipfv - nom -communicate	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro is speaking with Miguel.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-nganak	ng	anak	na	lalaki	si	Maria
av . pfv -give_birth	gen	child	lin	male	pers . subj	pn
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-hulog	ni	Pedro	ang	salamin
pot . pv . pfv -drop	pers . gen	pn	subj	glass
‘Pedro dropped the glass.’
Note: Co-exists with the regular PV construction that implies intentional action and has the same encoding frame.

87. govern

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

p<in>a-mu~munu-an	ni	Pedro	ang	amin-g	bayan
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~head- pv	pers . gen	pn	subj	1. pl . ex . dat - lin	town
‘Pedro runs our town.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

88. miss

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-ngu~ngulila	si	Pedro	kay	Maria
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~feel_lonely[ av ]	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro misses Maria.’

89. follow

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

s<um>u~sunod	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< av > ipfv ~follow	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro follows Miguel.’
Note: It is possible that the Y argument is actually a PATH, but it is not easy to identify uses with an explicit path-like encoding, hence it is classified as LOC.

90. dismount

Valency pattern: ACT_mulaPATH

X: ACT

Y: mulaPATH

Locus: Y

b<um>aba	si	Pedro	mula	sa	kabayo
< av > pfv .go_down	pers . subj	pn	from	dat	horse
‘Pedro got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-ki~kinig	si	Pedro	sa	radyo
< av > ipfv ~listen	pers . subj	pn	dat	radio
‘Pedro is listening to radio.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with the same Y-argument, hence ACT_UND.

92. obey

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

s<um>u~sunod	palagi	si	Pedro	sa	nanay	niya
< av > ipfv ~obey	always	pers . subj	pn	dat	mother	3. sg . gen
‘Pedro always listens to / obeys his mother.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible, hence ACT_UND. Co-exists with the PV-construction.

93. hear

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-ri~rinig	ni	Pedro	ang	tugtugin
pot . pv . ipfv ~hear	pers . gen	pn	subj	music
‘Pedro hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

h<um>alo	ang	pulot	sa	gatas
< av > pfv .mix	subj	honey	dat	milk
‘The honey got accidentally mixed with the milk.’
Note: This is classified this as ACT_LOC because "sa" does not seem to alternate with "ng".

95. look

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

t<in>i~tign-an	ni	Pedro	ang	ulap
< ipfv > ipfv ~look- lv	pers . gen	pn	subj	cloud
‘Pedro is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

h<in>ubad	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	damit
< pv > pfv .take_off	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	shirt
‘Pedro took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-pa~panaginip-an	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
pot . ipfv - ipfv ~dream- pv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro dreams about Maria.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

98. agree

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

s<um>ang-ayon	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
< av > pfv .agree	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro agreed with Miguel.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<in>away	si	Pedro	ni	Maria
< pv > pfv .fight	pers . subj	pn	pers . gen	pn
‘Maria quarreled with Pedro.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: ACT_LIN

X: ACT

Y: LIN

Locus: Y

nag-ka~ka-halaga	ng	piso	ito-ng	baso
av - com ~ ipfv -cost	lin	peso	3. sg . subj - lin	cup
‘This cup costs 1 peso.’
Note: The DAT encoding of the Y-argument is also possible.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

b<in>aril	ni	Pedro	ang	ibon
< pv > pfv .shoot	pers . gen	pn	subj	bird
‘Pedro shot the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

nag-salin	si	Pedro	ng	asukal	sa	garapon
av . pfv -pour	pers . subj	pn	gen	sugar	dat	container
‘Pedro poured the sugar in a container.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-wala	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	susi
pot . pv . pfv -lose	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	key
‘Pedro lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

l<um>ubog	ang	troso	sa	tubig
< av > ipfv .sink	subj	log	dat	water
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

p<in>atay	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .kill	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro killed Miguel.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

s<in>untok	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .hit	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro hit Miguel.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

h<in>alik-an	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
pfv .kiss- pv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

naka-basa	si	Pedro	ng	isa-ng	nakakatuwa-ng	libro
pot . av . pfv -read	pers . subj	pn	gen	one- lin	interesting- lin	book
‘Pedro read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

g<in>alaw	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	daliri
< pv > pfv .move	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	finger
‘Pedro moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

<ni>re~respeto	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
< pv > ipfv ~respect	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro respects Maria.’

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

nan-di~diri	si	Pedro	sa	maru~rumi-ng	hugasin
av . ipfv - ipfv ~get_disgusted	pers . subj	pn	dat	dirty. pl - lin	dishes
‘Pedro is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

112. be content

Valency pattern: SBJNV_CAUSE

X: SBJNV

Y: CAUSE

Locus: XY

kuntento	si	Pedro	dahil	sa	kaniya-ng	anak
content	pers . subj	pn	because.of	dat	3. sg . dat - lin	son
‘Pedro is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective).

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

na-pa-ibig	si	Pedro	kay	Maria
av . pfv - caus -fall_in_love	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro fell in love with Maria.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

114. trust

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

nag-ti~tiwala	si	Pedro	kay	Maria
av - ipfv ~trust	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-ki-ki~simpatya	si	Pedro	sa	kaniya-ng	nanay
av - soc - ipfv ~sympathize	pers . subj	pn	dat	3. sg . dat - lin	mother
‘Pedro sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

116. envy

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

na-i~inggit	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av . ipfv - ipfv ~envy	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

117. be angry

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

na-ga~galit	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av . ipfv - ipfv ~get_angry	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro is angry with Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

na-gulat	si	Pedro	sa	regalo	sa	kaniya
av . pfv -get_surprised	pers . subj	pn	dat	gift	dat	3. sg . dat
‘Pedro was surprised at this gift.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC

X: SBJNV

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

mahilig	sa	tsaa	si	Pedro
like. adj	dat	tea	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro loves tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective).

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC

X: SBJNV

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

mahilig	si	Pedro	sa	mainit	na	tsaa
like. adj	pers . subj	pn	dat	hot	lin	tea
‘Pedro enjoys hot tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (adjective). The Y-argument can only be signalled by DAT.

121. want

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

gusto	ni	Pedro	ng	bago-ng	telepono
like	pers . gen	pn	gen	new- lin	phone
‘Pedro wants a new mobile phone.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The GEN marker on the Y-argument signals indefiniteness (otherwise SUBJ is required). Co-exists with the construction in 129. The pattern is exceptional and cannot be fitted into the classification based on voice contrasts.

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LOC

X: SBJNV

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

may	sama	ng	loob	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
exist	bad	gen	feelings	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

na-galit	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av . pfv -get_angry	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro took offence at Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

124. upset

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

i<ni>nis	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .upset	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro greatly upset Miguel.’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

na-mangha	si	Pedro	sa	kaniya-ng	bayan
av . pfv ~get_amazed	pers . subj	pn	dat	3. sg . dat - lin	town
‘Pedro marvelled at this town.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

126. despise

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

k<in>asu-suklam-an	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~despise- cv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro despises Miguel.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

s<um>ama	ang	loob	ni	Pedro	sa	kaniya-ng	anak
< av > ipfv .get_bad	subj	feelings	pers . gen	pn	dat	3. sg . dat - lin	son
‘Pedro got upset with his son.’ (Lit. ‘Pedro’s feelings at his son got bad.’)
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

na-i~irita	si	Pedro	sa	kaniya-ng	anak	na	babae
av . ipfv - ipfv ~get_irritated	pers . subj	pn	dat	3. sg . dat - lin	child	lin	female
‘Pedro is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: ACT_SBJNV

X: ACT

Y: SBJNV

Locus: Y

gusto	ni	Pedro	si	Maria
like	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro likes Maria.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The interpretation of X as ACT is partially arbitrary (it is based on the analogy with constructions with voice markers).

130. be shy

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

i-k<in>a-hi~hiya	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	tangkad
cv -< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~be_ashamed	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	height
‘Pedro is shy about his height.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.