‘love (person)’
| Argument frame: |
X
(love)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
loves
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
любить#человека#
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(любить)
Y
-а (сына)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
любит
М
.
|
Abaza
bzəj ba
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| murád |
fatíma |
bzə́j |
də-j-b-ə́j-d |
|
pn
|
pn
|
well
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-see-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad loves Fatima.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
ṣ̂ʷə λeʁʷə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| č̣ʼale-m |
pŝaŝe-r |
ṣ̂ʷə |
j-e-λeʁʷə |
|
guy-
obl
|
girl-
abs
|
good
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-see
|
| ‘The guy loves the girl.’ |
Aghul
kːande-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-s |
fat’ima |
kːande-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan loves Fatima.’ |
Alik Kryz
iukvayc
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| terlan-iz |
leyla |
iukva-cu |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
f
.want.
pfv
-
perf
.
f
|
| ‘Terlan loves Leyla.’ |
Archi
ʟʼan
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| moħommad-li-s |
patʼimat |
ʟʼan-ši |
d-i |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
|
love-
advz
|
2-be
|
| ‘Muhammad loves Patimat.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+bayyə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| gavr-o |
+bəbah-o=lə |
baxt-u |
|
man(
m
)-
p
.3
f
|
love.
prog
-
p
.3
f
=3
m
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘Husband loves his wife.’ |
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. +bəbah is a dialect variant of the progressive stem (+byay in the Urmi dialect). |
Avar
boƛ’ize
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ʕali-je |
marjam |
j-oƛ’-ula |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
f
-want-
ipf
|
| ‘Ali loves Marjam.’ |
Azerbaijani
sevmək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
Leyla-nı |
sev-ir |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
love-
ipfv
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan loves Leyla.’ |
Bafut
kɔ̀ŋə̂
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| àmbɛ́ |
à |
kɔ̀ŋə̂ |
sùù |
|
pn
|
sm
|
love
|
pn
|
| ‘Ambe loves Suh.’ |
Bambara
kànu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bɛ |
Fántà |
kànu |
|
pn
|
ipfv
|
pn
|
love
|
| ‘Seku loves Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
amar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
am-a |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
love-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro loves Maria.’ |
Budugh
yıkan yıxhar
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| aslan-ız |
leyla' |
yuko-ci |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
a
.want.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan loves Leyla.’ |
Catalan
estimar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
estim-a |
la |
Maria |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
love-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere loves Maria.’ |
Chechen
AGR-ieza
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| Islam-ana |
Madina |
j-ieza |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
.
abs
|
j
-love.
prs
|
| ‘Islam loves Madina.’ |
Chirag
b-ikː-
|
Valency pattern:
SUPER_ABS
|
| X: SUPER |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| ʡa̰li-l-i |
pat’imat |
r-ikː-le |
|
pn
-
obl
-
super
|
pn
(
abs
)
|
f
.
sg
-love:
ipf
-
prs
.
dur
.3
|
| ‘Ali loves Patimat.’ |
Czech
milovat
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
miluje |
Michal-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
love(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr loves Michal.’ |
Danish
elske
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
elske-r |
Marie |
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter loves Marie.’ |
Dutch
houden
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_van
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: van |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
houd-t |
van |
Marie |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
hold-3
sg
|
from
|
pn
(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet loves Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
dúman
|
Valency pattern:
nye_SBJ
|
| X: nye |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Fántà |
dúman |
Sékù |
ɲɛ́. |
|
pn
|
pleasant
|
pn
|
before
|
| ‘Seku loves Fanta.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predication. |
English
love
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
armastama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
armasta-b |
Mareti-t |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
love-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter loves Maret.’ |
Finnish
rakastaa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
rakast-aa |
Matti-a |
|
pn
.
nom
|
love-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
| ‘Pekka loves Matti’ |
Forest Enets
kɔmita
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
nɛ-da |
kɔmita-za |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
woman-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
like(
ipfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
| ‘My friend loves his wife’. |
French
aimer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
aime |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
love.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul loves Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-u-q'var-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
mašo-Ø |
Ø-u-q'var-s |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-love-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre loves Masho.’ |
German
lieben
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
lieb-t |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
love-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl loves Marie.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
wɛ́li káa
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Hɛ́ni |
wɛ́li |
káa |
Pépèe |
ɓà |
|
pn
|
love
|
cop
|
pn
|
on1
|
| ‘Pepee loves Heni.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Hindi
pyār karnā
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_ABL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Pratīk |
Mīnakṣī |
se |
pyār |
kar-t-ā |
hɛ. |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
dir
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
|
abl
|
love(
m
).
sg
.
dir
|
do-
ipfv
-
m
.
sg
|
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Prateek loves Meenakshi.’ |
Icari Dargwa
r=ičː-aq-uj
|
Valency pattern:
SUPLAT_ABS
|
| X: SUPLAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| Islam-lij |
Madina |
r=ikːʷ-il-ca=r |
|
pn
-
suplat
|
pn
.
abs
|
f
=love:
ipf
-
conv
-
cop
=
f
|
| ‘Islam loves Madina.’ |
Irish
bí grá
|
Valency pattern:
aige_do(PREP)
|
| X: aige |
| Y: do(PREP) |
| Locus: XY |
| Tá |
grá |
aig |
Pól |
do |
Mháire. |
|
be.
prs
|
love
|
at
|
pn
|
for
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól loves Máire.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Ismayilli Kryz
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| aslan-iz |
leyla |
iko-co |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
want.
pf
-
perf
.
f
|
| ‘Aslan loves Leyla.’ |
Italian
amare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
am-a |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
love-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo loves Maria.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
dig-aq-es (IPFV)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| meħamad-i-s |
ʡaˤšura |
dig-aq-u |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
|
love.
ipfv
-
caus
-
th
|
| ‘Muhammad loves Ashura.’ |
Kalderash Romani
phařol
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_pala
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: pala |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
phařo-l |
pala |
Marijk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
desire-
prs
.3
sg
|
for
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša loves Marijka.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| maˁhaˁmed.a-z |
fatima |
kːun-ǯa |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
(
abs
)
|
love-
prs
|
| ‘Mahamad loves Fatima.’ |
Karata
ƛ’abaɬaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ʕalja |
marjam |
ƛ’ab-a |
|
pn
.
dat
|
pn
|
love-
pf
|
| ‘Ali loves Marjam.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
vič:aχara
|
Valency pattern:
DATLAT_NOM
|
| X: DATLAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| petja-j |
maša |
r-ič:uχ-u |
|
pn
-
datlat
|
pn
|
f
-love.
ipf
-
evt
|
| ‘Petja loves Masha.’ |
Kazakh
süy
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
Maša-nï |
süy-edі |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
love-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya loves Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
sămǝŋa tǎjti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-ǝλ |
săm-ǝŋ-a |
tǎj-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
heart-
attr
-
dat
|
have-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja loves Maša.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǀnam
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
Maria-s-a |
a |
ǀnam |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
aux
|
love
|
| ‘Peter loves Maria.’ |
| Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries. |
Khwarshi
goqa
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| šamile-l |
goqa-ha |
is-a |
ʁini |
|
pn
-
dat
|
love-
prs
|
dem
.
an
.
o
.
i
-
gen
1
|
wife
|
| ‘Shamil loves his wife.’ |
Kina Rutul
qɨgara
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-u-s |
ǯu-du |
duχ |
q-ɨga-r=a |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
self.1.
obl
-
attr
|
son(
nom
)
|
re
-1.love.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul loves his son.’ |
Kryz Proper
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| aslan-is |
leyla |
üko-cu |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
f
.want.
pf
-
perf
.
f
|
| ‘Aslan loves Leyla.’ |
Kumyk
süjmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| patimat |
musa-nɨ |
süj-e |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
want-3
sg
|
| ‘Patimat loves Musa.’ |
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
hez kirin (tr)
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.TR_jiOBL
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: jiOBL |
| Locus: Y |
| zilam |
ji |
jin-ê |
hez |
di-k-e |
|
man
|
from
|
woman-
obl
.
f
|
love
|
prs
-do.
ipfv
-3
sg
|
| ‘The man loves the woman.’ |
Latin
amo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| tener-as |
ama-t |
ille |
puell-as |
|
tender-
acc
.
pl
.
f
|
love[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
that.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
girl(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘He loves tender girls.’ |
| Note: (Ov. Amores. III, 3, 25) |
Laz
o-Ɂor-op-u
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Käzim-i-k |
Fatma-Ø |
Ø-o(r)-om-s |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
pn
-
nom
|
do
3-love-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Käzim loves Fatma.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
ài
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
ài |
Lǐsì |
|
pn
|
love
|
pn
|
| ‘Zhangsan loves Lisi.’ |
Mano
nāā
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ka
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ka |
| Locus: Y |
| ŋ́ŋ̀ |
nàà |
ī |
ká |
|
1
sg
.
ipfv
|
love:
ipfv
|
2
sg
|
with
|
| ‘I love you.’ |
Mehweb
-iges (IPFV)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Pajzula-li-s |
d-ig-an |
Madina |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
f
-want-
hab
|
pn
|
| ‘Pajzula loves Madina.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-u-ʔor-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
anučia-Ø |
Ø-u-ʔor-s |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-love-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Chelo loves Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
ohev
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
ohev |
et |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
love[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas loves Menachem.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
jıgın
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| murad-ı-s |
majram |
rıga-ra |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
|
f
.want.
ipf
-
hab
|
| ‘Murad loves Majram.’ |
Nanai
uləsi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
Maša-wa |
uləsi-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
love.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia loves Masha.’ |
Nivkh
maʁod
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
Ajsana |
+ |
maʁo-d |
|
pn
|
pn
|
+
|
love-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik loves Ajsana.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
kunuƛa
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pataħi-ƛa |
madina |
kwene |
gidi |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
love.
simul
|
f
.
cop
|
| ‘Patahi loves Madina.’ |
Northern Mansi
ēruptite
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ɕān’-e |
ērupt-i-t-e |
āji-te |
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
|
love-
npst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
daughter-
poss
.3
sg
|
| ‘The mother loves her daughter.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
jǝwligi=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
mǝ |
jǝwligi-m |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
aff
|
love-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien loves Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å elske
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
elske-r |
Kari |
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
pn
|
| ‘Per loves Kari.’ |
Polish
kochać
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Ann-a |
kocha |
Mark-a |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
love:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Anna loves Marek.’ |
Russian
ljubitʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
ljub-it |
Maš-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
love(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja loves Maša.’ |
Serbian
voleti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
voli |
Marij-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
love.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar loves Maria.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
rɨka-n
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| basir-ɨs |
rɨka-rɨ |
peri |
|
pn
-
dat
|
f
.love.
ipf
-
evt
|
pn
|
| ‘Basir loves Peri.’ |
Shughni
žīwǰdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmed=i |
Saida |
žīwǰ |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
pn
|
love
|
| ‘Ahmed loves Saida.’ |
Skolt Saami
räʹǩsted
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
rääʹǩǩast |
Määʹrj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
love.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete loves Maria’ |
Slovak
milovať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
miluje |
Mári-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
love(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter loves Maria.’ |
Slovenian
ljubiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a |
ljubi |
Petr-a |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
love:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Ana loves Peter.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
äʂiq bûn
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Hîwa |
äʂiq-î |
Perî-î-e |
|
pn
|
lover-
izf
|
pn
-
obl
-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa loves Pari.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Southern Rutul
qhırgın
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| murad-s |
ayten |
qhırga-r |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
f
.love.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Murad loves Ayten.’ |
Spanish
querer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
quier-e |
a |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
love-
prs
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro loves Maria.’ |
Standard Arabic
Ɂaḥabba
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-un |
yuḥibbu |
Maryam-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
love.
ipf
.3
m
|
pn
-
acc
|
| ‘Badr loves Maryam.’ |
Svan
x-a-lät' (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| maizer-s |
lile-Ø |
x-a-lät' |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-love
|
| ‘Maizer loves Lile.’ |
Swedish
att älska
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
älska-r |
Maja |
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn loves Maja.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| m<in>a~mahal |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Maria |
|
<
pv
>
ipfv
~love
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro loves Maria.’ |
Telugu
prēmiṁcu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
madhuri-ni |
prēmistunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
love.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen loves Madhuri.’ |
Tsakhur
yıkkiykıniy
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| murad-ı-s |
sona |
yıkkan |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
|
f
.want.
ipf
|
| ‘Murad loves Sona.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
b-ičː-iz
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| uršːi-li-z |
neš |
r-ikː-aq-u |
|
boy-
obl
-
dat
|
mother
|
f
-love-
caus
-3
hab
.
prs
|
| ‘The boy loves his mother.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
b-ičː-i
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| durħaˤ-j |
baba |
r-ikː-u |
|
boy-
dat
|
mother
|
f
-love-3
hab
.
prs
|
| ‘The boy loves his mother.’ |
Turkish
sevmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
Filiz-i |
sev-iyor |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
love-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet loves Filiz.’ |
Turoyo
roḥəm
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Gabriyel |
ko-roḥəm |
Maryam |
|
pn
|
prs
-love.
ipfv
.3
m
|
pn
|
| ‘Gabriyel loves Maryam.’ |
Twi
dᴐ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kofi |
dᴐ |
nanabarima |
|
pn
|
love(3
sg
.
prs
)
|
grandfather
|
| ‘Kofi loves grandfather.’ |
Udmurt
яратыны
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Петя |
Маша-ез |
ярат-э |
|
pn
.
nom
|
pn
-
acc
|
love-
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja loves Masha.’ |
Ulcha
uləsi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| əj |
xusə |
piktə |
ti |
əktə |
piktə-wə |
uləs-i-ni |
|
this
|
male
|
child
|
that
|
female
|
child-
acc
|
love-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘This boy loves that girl.’ |
Uzbek
sevmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
Maša-ni |
sev-a-di |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
love-
prs
2-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja loves Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
dʒaallata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
boontuu |
dʒaallat-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
love-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
| ‘Obsa loves Bontu.’ |
Wolof
nob
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBJ |
| Locus: TR |
| Umar |
dafa |
nob |
Astu |
|
pn
|
f
oc
v
.s
i
:3
sg
|
love
|
pn
|
| ‘Umar loves Astu.’ |
Yargun Lezgian
kkan jen
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Sahib-a-z |
Lale |
kkan-zva |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
| ‘Sahib loves Lale.’ |
Zazaki
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.TR_ra.PSTP
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: ra.PSTP |
| Locus: Y |
| mɛm |
zinə=ra |
hɛs.k-ɛn-o |
|
pn
|
pn
=from
|
love.do.
prs
-
aug
-3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Mem loves Zine.’ |
Zilo Andi
dʒiʔ.i-r
|
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
| X: AFF |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pat’imati-<j>o |
dʒiʔ.i-r |
marjam |
|
pn
-
aff
<
f
>
|
like.
pst
-
prog
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
| ‘Patimat likes Mariam.’ |