Brazilian Portuguese
Contributed by Max Kłoczenko
Caio Barros provided the data in 2021 in the capacity of a native speaker of Brazilian Portuguese. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.
How to cite
Kłoczenko, Max. 2021. Bivalent patterns in Brazilian Portuguese.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp:
Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
St. Petersburg: Institute for Linguistic Studies, RAS.
(Data first published on August 05, 2021; last revised on June 20, 2024.)
(Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info , Accessed on
Basic info
Coordinates: 39.91, -8.1 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Indo-European, genus: Romance.
Macro-area: Europe.
Grammar notes
Basic clause structure and the transitive construction
Portuguese generally displays the nominative-accusative alignment. The subject (A- or S- argument) is unflagged, while the direct object (P-argument) is usually indicated only by word order (SVO) in case of nouns (but see the “Differential object marking” section). However, pronominal arguments differentiate between subjects and direct objects. Besides, clauses with with personal pronouns as direct objects normally display the SOV pattern. The person, number, and sometimes also gender, of the subject are indexed on the verb, depending on the combination of tense and aspect.
Case system
Portuguese has no morphological case on nouns. Personal pronouns have four case-like forms: subject form, direct object form, indirect object form, and prepositional form.
Differential object marking
Traditionally, Portuguese has been described as having differential object marking in certain contexts, mostly confined to fossilized expressions. Modern Brazilian Portuguese, however, rarely features differential object marking, and it is almost non-existent in the spoken language. In the data collected, there are no cases of differential object marking.
The differential object marking, inasmuch as it is possible in Portuguese, is realized by means of the preposition a before the direct object. Worth noting is that in Brazilian Portuguese, the usage of this preposition is generally less frequent these days than in the past, and that in the data collected, it occurs only twice, where one coccurrence is a fossilized expression.
Copulae ser and estar
As most other languages of Iberia (Basque as spoken in Spain, Catalan, Spanish, and others) Portuguese features two copula verbs, viz. ser and estar (glossed as COP_HAB and COP_PROG respectively). The verb ser is generally used to describe inherent, permanent, and habitual characteristics of a subject, while estar is used to encode temporary characteristics. These copulae can be contrasted, cf. (1) and (2):
(1) Pedro é louc-o
PN(M) COP_HAB.3SG.PRS crazy-M
‘Pedro is crazy (in general).’
(2) Pedro está louc-o
PN(M) COP_PROG.3SG.PRS crazy-M
‘Pedro is being/acting crazy.’
Verb lemmas
Verbs are shown in the infinitive form. For reflexive verbs, the citation form with the enclitical reflexive pronoun is used.
Glossing abbreviations
1, 2, 3 — first, second, third person; COP — copula; DEF — definite; DEM — demonstrative; F — feminine; HAB — habitual; INDF — indefinite; M — masculine; MED — medial; PL — plural; PN — person name; PTCP — participle; POSS — possessive; PROG — progressive; PROX — proximal; PRS — present; PST — past; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
NA
com_SBJ
para_SBJ
SBJ_a
SBJ_BARE
SBJ_com
SBJ_de
SBJ_em
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
SBJ_para
SBJ_por
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
*
TR
X
Y
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
está
com
dor
de
cabeça
pn
(
m
)
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
with
pain(
f
)
of
head(
f
)
‘Pedro has a headache.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
está
com
gripe
pn
(
m
)
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
with
flu(
f
)
‘Pedro has a flu.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
tem
medo
de
cachorro
pn
(
m
)
have.3
sg
.
prs
fear(
m
)
of
dog(
m
)
‘Pedro is afraid of a dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
jog-ou
um-a
pedra
pn
(
m
)
throw-3
sg
.
pst
indf
-
f
stone(
f
)
‘Pedro threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
agora
Pedro
tem
dinheiro
now
pn
(
m
)
have.3
sg
.
prs
money(
m
)
‘Now Pedro has money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation is semantically inaccurate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
se
parec-e
com
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
refl
look_like-3
sg
.
prs
with
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro resembles Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro
acredit-a
em
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
believe-3
sg
.
prs
in
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
peg-ou
o
livro
pn
(
m
)
take-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
m
book(
m
)
‘Pedro took a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
vê
a
casa
pn
(
m
)
see.3
sg
.
prs
def
.
f
house(
f
)
‘Pedro sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
a
idade
influenci-a
a
memória
def
.
f
age(
f
)
influence-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
f
memory(
f
)
‘Age influences memory.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
encontr-ou
com
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
meet-3
sg
.
pst
with
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro encountered Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro
entr-ou
em
casa
pn
(
m
)
enter-3
sg
.
pst
in
house(
f
)
‘Pedro entered a house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
venc-eu
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
win-3
sg
.
pst
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro won over Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
sa-iu
de
casa
pn
(
m
)
exit-3
sg
.
pst
of
house(
f
)
‘Pedro exited a house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
conduz
a
vaca
pn
(
m
)
lead.3
sg
.
prs
def
.
f
cow(
f
)
‘Pedro is driving the cow.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
dobr-ou
o
galho
pn
(
m
)
bend-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
m
branch(
m
)
‘Pedro bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_para
X: SBJ
Y: para
Locus: Y
Pedro
disse
para
Miguel: «…»
pn
(
m
)
say.3
sg
.
pst
towards
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro told Miguel: ‘…’.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
segur-a
o
livro
pn
(
m
)
hold-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
m
book(
m
)
‘Pedro is holding a book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
alcanç-ou
Maria
pn
(
m
)
reach-3
sg
.
pst
pn
(
f
)
‘Pedro caught up with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
ordenh-ou
a
vaca
pn
(
m
)
milk-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
f
cow(
f
)
‘Pedro milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
alcanç-ou
a-s
margen-s
pn
(
m
)
reach-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
f
-
pl
shore(
f
)-
pl
‘Pedro reached the coast.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro
encost-ou
na
parede
pn
(
m
)
lean-3
sg
.
pst
in+
def
.
f
wall(
f
)
‘Pedro touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
está
brig-ando
com
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
fight-
prog
with
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro is fighting with Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
tem
amizade
com
Maria
pn
(
m
)
have.3
sg
.
prs
friendship(
f
)
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Pedro is friends with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro
pens-a
em
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
think-3
sg
.
prs
in
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro is thinking about Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
com-eu
um-a
maçã
pn
(
m
)
eat-3
sg
.
pst
indf
-
f
apple(
f
)
‘Pedro ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
cozinh-ou
o
peixe
pn
(
m
)
cook-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
m
fish(
m
)
‘Pedro cooked the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
está
esper-ando
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
wait-
prog
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro is waiting for Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
se
esquec-eu
do
outr-o
caminho
pn
(
m
)
refl
forget-3
sg
.
pst
of+
def
.
m
other-
m
way(
m
)
‘Pedro forgot about the other way.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
a
memória
depende
da
idade
def
.
f
memory(
f
)
depend-3
sg
.
prs
of+
def
.
f
age(
f
)
‘Memory depends on age.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
cham-ou
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
call-3
sg
.
pst
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro called Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
conhec-eu
Miguel
um
ano
atrás
pn
(
m
)
know_someone-3
sg
.
pst
pn
(
m
)
indf
year(
m
)
ago
‘Pedro got to know Miguel a year ago.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
conhec-e
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
know_someone-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro knows Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
toc-a
violão
pn
(
m
)
play-3
sg
.
prs
guitar(
m
)
‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
evit-a
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
avoid-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro avoids Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
constru-iu
um-a
ratoeira
pn
(
m
)
build-3
sg
.
pst
indf
-
f
mousetrap(
f
)
‘Pedro made a mousetrap.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
caço-a
de
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
mock-3
sg
.
prs
of
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
tem
um
carro
pn
(
m
)
have.3
sg
.
prs
indf
car(
m
)
‘Pedro has a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
está
procur-ando
a-s
chave-s
pn
(
m
)
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
seek-
prog
def
.
f
-
pl
key(
f
)-
pl
‘Pedro is looking for his keys.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
pint-ou
a
cerca
pn
(
m
)
paint-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
f
fence(
f
)
‘Pedro painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o
cachorro
mord-eu
Pedro
def
.
m
dog(
m
)
bite-3
sg
.
pst
pn
(
m
)
‘A dog bit Pedro.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
perd-eu
sua
casa
pn
(
m
)
lose-3
sg
.
pst
poss
.3.
f
house(
f
)
‘Pedro lost his house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
está
apanh-ando
o
gato
pn
(
m
)
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
catch-
prog
def
.
m
cat(
m
)
‘Pedro is catching the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
quebr-ou
o
bastão
pn
(
m
)
break-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
m
stick(
m
)
‘Pedro broke the stick.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
bajul-a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
flatter-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Pedro is flattering Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
am-a
Maria
pn
(
m
)
love-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
f
)
‘Pedro loves Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
acen-a
com
um
lenço
pn
(
m
)
wave-3
sg
.
prs
with
indf
handkerchief(
m
)
‘Pedro is waving a handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
sonh-a
com
um
carro
pn
(
m
)
dream-3
sg
.
prs
with
indf
car(
m
)
‘Pedro is dreaming of a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
lav-ou
a
xícara
pn
(
m
)
wash-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
f
cup(
f
)
‘Pedro washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
vest-iu
a-s
calça-s
pn
(
m
)
put_on-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
f
-
pl
sock(
f
)-
pl
‘Pedro put on his trousers.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_BARE
X: SBJ
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
ess-e
instrumento
se
cham-a
bússola
dem
.
med
-
m
instrument(
m
)
refl
call-3
sg
.
prs
compass(
f
)
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
castig-ou
seu
filho
pn
(
m
)
punish-3
sg
.
pst
poss
.3.
m
son(
m
)
‘Pedro punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o
urso
atac-ou
o
pescador
def
.
m
bear(
m
)
attack-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
m
fisherman(
m
)
‘The bear attacked the fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
o
balde
se
ench-eu
de
água
def
.
m
bucket(
m
)
refl
fill-3
sg
.
pst
of
water(
f
)
‘The bucket filled up with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
ach-ou
a-s
chave-s
pn
(
m
)
find-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
f
-
pl
key(
f
)-
pl
‘Pedro found the keys.’
Valency pattern:
para_SBJ
X: para
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
falt-a
um
dólar
para
Pedro
lack-3
sg
.
prs
indf
dollar(
m
)
towards
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro is one dollar short.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
odei-a
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
hate-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro hates Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
gost-a
dess-a
camisa
pn
(
m
)
like-3
sg
.
prs
of+
dem
.
med
-
f
shirt(
f
)
‘Pedro likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
precis-a
de
dinheiro
pn
(
m
)
need-3
sg
.
prs
of
money(
m
)
‘Pedro needs money.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o-s
muro-s
cerc-am
a
cidade
def
.
m
-
pl
wall(
m
)-
pl
surround-3
pl
.
prs
def
.
f
city(
f
)
‘The walls surround the city.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
fic-ou
com
dez
dólar-es
pn
(
m
)
get-3
sg
.
pst
with
10
dollar(
m
)-
pl
‘Pedro has ten dollars left.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pedro
respond-eu
ao
professor
pn
(
m
)
answer-3
sg
.
pst
to+
def
.
m
professor(
m
)
‘Pedro answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
abr-iu
a
lata
pn
(
m
)
open-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
f
can(
f
)
‘Pedro opened the can.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
minha
camisa
é
diferente
da
sua
poss
.1
sg
.
f
shirt(
f
)
cop
_
hab
.3
sg
.
prs
different
of+
def
.
f
poss
.3.
f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
fic-ou
para
trás
de
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
get-3
sg
.
pst
towards
behind
of
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro fell behind Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
ar-a
o
campo
pn
(
m
)
plough-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
m
field(
m
)
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
minha-s
mão-s
cheir-am
a
gasolina
poss
.1
sg
.
f
-
pl
hand(
f
)-
pl
smell-3
pl
.
prs
to
petrol(
f
)
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
atravess-ou
a
rua
pn
(
m
)
cross-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
f
street(
f
)
‘Pedro crossed the street.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
cant-ou
um-a
bel-a
canção
pn
(
m
)
sing-3
sg
.
pst
indf
-
f
beautiful-
f
song(
f
)
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
escrev-eu
um-a
carta
pn
(
m
)
write-3
sg
.
pst
indf
-
f
letter(
f
)
‘Pedro wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
beb-eu
o
leite
pn
(
m
)
drink-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
m
milk(
f
)
‘Pedro drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
derret-eu
um
pedaço
de
chumbo
pn
(
m
)
melt-3
sg
.
pst
indf
piece(
m
)
of
lead(
m
)
‘Pedro melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
est-e
cinto
combin-a
com
meu
vestido
dem
.
prox
-
m
belt(
m
)
go_together-3
sg
.
prs
with
poss
.1
sg
.
m
dress(
m
)
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
abandon-ou
sua
cidade
natal
pn
(
m
)
leave-3
sg
.
pst
poss
.3.
f
city(
f
)
native
‘Pedro left his native city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o
tapete
cobr-e
tod-o
o
chão
def
.
m
carpet(
m
)
cover-3
sg
.
pst
all-
m
def
.
m
floor(
m
)
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
se
lembr-a
bem
da
casa
pn
(
m
)
refl
remember-3
sg
.
prs
well
of+
def
.
f
house(
f
)
‘Pedro remembers the house well.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
ajud-ou
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
help-3
sg
.
pst
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro helped Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
entend-e
francês
pn
(
m
)
understand-3
sg
.
prs
f
rench(
m
)
‘Pedro understands French.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o
raio
ating-iu
a
casa
def
.
m
lightning(
m
)
strike-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
f
house(
f
)
‘The lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
se
cort-ou
com
a
lâmina
pn
(
m
)
refl
cut-3
sg
.
pst
with
def
.
f
blade(
f
)
‘Pedro cut himself with the razor.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
o
copo
fic-ou
grud-ad-o
na
mesa
def
.
m
glass(
m
)
get-3
sg
.
pst
stick-
ptcp
-
m
in+
def
.
f
table(
f
)
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_para
X: SBJ
Y: para
Locus: Y
Pedro
perd-eu
para
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
lose-3
sg
.
pst
towards
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro lost to Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
alegr-ou-se
com
a
carta
pn
(
m
)
gladden-3
sg
.
pst
-
refl
with
def
.
f
letter(
f
)
‘Pedro was glad about the letter.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
está
convers-ando
com
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
talk-
prog
with
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro is talking to Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Maria
deu
à
luz
um
filho
pn
(
f
)
give.3
sg
.
pst
to+
def
.
f
light(
f
)
indf
son(
m
)
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
derrub-ou
um
copo
pn
(
m
)
topple-3
sg
.
pst
indf
glass(
m
)
‘Pedro toppled a glass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
comand-a
nossa
vila
pn
(
m
)
rule-3
sg
.
prs
poss
.1
pl
.
f
city(
f
)
‘Pedro runs our town.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
sent-e
falta
de
Maria
pn
(
m
)
feel-3
sg
.
prs
lack(
f
)
of
pn
(
f
)
‘Pedro misses Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
segu-e
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
follow-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro follows Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
desmont-a
do
cavalo
pn
(
m
)
dismount-3
sg
.
prs
of+
def
.
m
horse(
m
)
‘Pedro dismounted the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
escut-a
o
rádio
pn
(
m
)
listen-3
sg
.
prs
def
.
m
radio(
m
)
‘Pedro is listening to the radio.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
obedec-e
sua
mãe
pn
(
m
)
obey-3
sg
.
prs
poss
.3.
f
mother(
f
)
‘Pedro obeys his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
ouv-e
música
pn
(
m
)
hear-3
sg
.
prs
music(
f
)
‘Pedro hears the music.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
o
mel
se
mistur-a
com
o
leite
def
.
m
honey(
m
)
refl
mix-3
sg
.
prs
with
def
.
m
milk(
f
)
‘The honey is mixing with the milk.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_para
X: SBJ
Y: para
Locus: Y
Pedro
olh-a
para
a
nuvem
pn
(
m
)
look-3
sg
.
prs
towards
def
.
f
cloud(
f
)
‘Pedro is looking at the cloud.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
tir-ou
a
camisa
pn
(
m
)
remove-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
f
shirt(
f
)
‘Pedro took off the shirt.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
sonh-a
com
Maria
pn
(
m
)
dream-3
sg
.
prs
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Pedro is dreaming about Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
concord-a
com
Maria
pn
(
m
)
agree-3
sg
.
prs
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Pedro agrees with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
discut-iu
com
Maria
pn
(
m
)
argue-3
sg
.
pst
with
pn
(
f
)
‘Pedro had a quarrel with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ess-a
xícar-a
cust-a
um
dólar
dem
.
med
-
f
cup(
f
)
cost-3
sg
.
prs
indf
dollar(
m
)
‘This cup costs a dollar.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro
atir-ou
no
pássaro
pn
(
m
)
shoot-3
sg
.
pst
in+
def
.
m
bird(
m
)
‘Pedro shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
coloc-a
açúcar
pn
(
m
)
place-3
sg
.
prs
sugar(
m
)
‘Pedro poured some sugar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
perd-eu
a-s
chave-s
pn
(
m
)
lose-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
f
-
pl
key(
f
)-
pl
‘Pedro lost the keys.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
o
galho
afund-ou
na
água
def
.
m
branch(
m
)
sink-3
sg
.
pst
in+
def
.
f
water(
f
)
‘The log sank in the water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
mat-ou
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
kill-3
sg
.
pst
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro killed Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro
bat-eu
em
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
hit-3
sg
.
pst
in
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro hit Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
beij-ou
Maria
pn
(
m
)
kiss-3
sg
.
pst
pn
(
f
)
‘Pedro kissed Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
l-eu
um
livro
interessante
pn
(
m
)
read-3
sg
.
pst
indf
book(
m
)
interesting
‘Pedro read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
mov-eu
o
dedo
pn
(
m
)
move-3
sg
.
pst
def
.
m
finger(
m
)
‘Pedro moved the finger.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
respeit-a
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
respect-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro respects Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
tem
nojo
de
louça
suj-a
pn
(
m
)
have.3
sg
.
prs
disgust(
m
)
of
tableware(
f
)
dirty-
f
‘Pedro is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
está
satisfeit-o
com
seu
filho
pn
(
m
)
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
pleased-
m
with
poss
.3.
m
son(
m
)
‘Pedro is pleased with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_por
X: SBJ
Y: por
Locus: Y
Pedro
se
apaixon-ou
por
Maria
pn
(
m
)
refl
fall_in_love-3
sg
.
pst
by
pn
(
f
)
‘Pedro fell in love with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro
confi-a
em
Maria
pn
(
m
)
trust-3
sg
.
prs
in
pn
(
f
)
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_por
X: SBJ
Y: por
Locus: Y
Pedro
está
triste
por
sua
mãe
pn
(
m
)
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
sad
by
poss
.3.
f
mother(
f
)
‘Pedro feels sorry for his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
invej-a
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
envy-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
está
brav-o
com
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
angry-
m
with
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro is angry with Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
fic-ou
surpres-o
com
ess-e
presente
pn
(
m
)
get-3
sg
.
pst
surprised-
m
with
dem
.
med
-
m
gift(
m
)
‘Pedro got surprised at this gift.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
ador-a
chá
pn
(
m
)
love-3
sg
.
prs
tea(
m
)
‘Pedro loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
desfrut-a
de
um
chá
quente
pn
(
m
)
enjoy-3
sg
.
prs
of
indf
tea(
m
)
hot
‘Pedro is enjoying a hot tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
quer
um
nov-o
celular
pn
(
m
)
want.3
sg
.
prs
indf
new-
m
mobile_phone(
m
)
‘Pedro wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
está
brav-o
com
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
angry-
m
with
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
se
ofend-eu
com
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
refl
offend-3
sg
.
pst
with
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro got offended at Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
com_SBJ
X: com
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Miguel
fic-ou
muito
chate-ad-o
com
Pedro
pn
(
m
)
get-3
sg
.
pst
very
annoy-
ptcp
-
m
with
pn
(
m
)
‘Miguel got very upset with Pedro.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
fic-ou
impression-ad-o
com
ess-a
cidade
pn
(
m
)
get-3
sg
.
pst
impress-
ptcp
-
m
with
dem
.
med
-
f
city(
f
)
‘Pedro was very impressed by this city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro
desprez-a
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
despise-3
sg
.
prs
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro despises Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
se
decepcion-ou
com
seu
filho
pn
(
m
)
refl
get_upset-3
sg
.
pst
with
poss
.3.
m
son(
m
)
‘Pedro got upset with his son.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
se
irrit-a
com
sua
filha
pn
(
m
)
refl
be_irritated-3
sg
.
prs
with
poss
.3.
f
daughter(
f
)
‘Pedro is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro
simpatiz-a
com
Miguel
pn
(
m
)
be_fond-3
sg
.
prs
with
pn
(
m
)
‘Pedro is fond of Miguel.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro
tem
vergonha
de
sua
altura
pn
(
m
)
have.3
sg
.
prs
shame(
f
)
of
poss
.3.
f
height(
f
)
‘Pedro is shy about his height.’
