BivalTyp

‘sing’

Argument frame: X (sing) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. sang a beautiful song .
Predicate label Ru: петь
Argument frame Ru: X (петь) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. спел красивую песню .

Abaza hʷa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatíma warad–pšʒa l-hʷa-d
pn song–beautiful 3 sg . f . erg -say( aor )- dcl
‘Fatima sang a beautiful song.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) qe-ʔʷe

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pŝaŝe-m wered–daxe q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁ
girl- obl song–beautiful( abs ) csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst
‘The girl sang a beautiful song.’

Aghul q’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a sa bat’ar meʕni q’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) one beautiful song do. pf - aor
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

Alik Kryz uxvayc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir ʕayara mahni uxva-du
pn - erg good song( f ) read. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan sang a beautiful song.’

Archi χabus

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša-mu mu-tːu-t lagum χabu
pn - obl . m ( erg ) be.good- attr -4 song sing. pfv
‘Pasha sang a beautiful song.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic zamər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
xa yala zmər-rə d-a zmarta
one boy( m ) sing. pst - ls .3 m obl - dem 1. sg song( f )
‘The boy sang this song.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Avar aħize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca bercina-b keč’ aħ-ana
pn - erg handsome- n song call- aor
‘Ali sang a beautiful song.’

Azerbaijani oxumaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan gözǝl bir mahnı oxu-du
pn pretty one song read- pst (3)
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

Bafut njéê

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à lɛ́ njéê ᵼ̀kòò jîsᵼ́gᵼ́nᵼ̀
pn sm p 3 sing song nice
‘Ambe sang a beautiful song.’

Bambara dá

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù ye dɔ̀nkili ɲuman` dá
pn pfv . tr song good\ art put
‘Seku sang a beautiful song.’

Brazilian Portuguese cantar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro cant-ou um-a bel-a canção
pn ( m ) sing-3 sg . pst indf - f beautiful- f song( f )
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’

Budugh suxots’u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır kuçagi maʕni suxo-ci
pn - erg pretty song read. pf - aor
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

Catalan cantar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va cant-ar un-a cançó bonic-a
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind sing- inf indf - sg . f song( f ) beautiful- f . sg
‘Pere sang a beautiful song.’

Chechen liaq-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-as xaza jish liaq-na
pn - erg beautiful song. abs sing- prf
‘Islam sang a beautiful song.’

Chirag b-elč’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
daud-le dalaj b-elč’-un
pn - erg song( abs ) n . sg -sing: pf - aor .3
‘Daud sang a song.’

Czech zazpívat

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr zazpíva-l krásn-ou písničk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] sing( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] beautiful- f . acc . sg song( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr sang a beautiful song.’

Danish synge

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter sang en smuk sang
pn sing. pst indf . sg beautiful. c . sg song( c )
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

Dutch zingen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet zong een mooi liedje
pn ( c ) sing. pst art . indf beautiful song( n )
‘Piet sang a beautiful song.’

Eastern Maninka lá

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà dɔ̀nkili dúman` dó lá.
pn aor . tr song pleasant\ art indf put
‘Seku has sung a nice song.’

English sing

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter sang a beautiful song.

Estonian laulma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter laul-is ilusa laulu
pn . sg . nom sing- pst .3 sg beautiful. sg . gen song. sg . gen
‘Peeter sang a beautiful song.’

Finnish laulaa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka laul-oi kaunii-n laulu-n
pn . nom sing- pst .3 sg beautiful- gen song- gen
‘Pekka sang a beautiful song.’

Forest Enets kinus

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ sɔjza bare kinuʔɔ
i man- nom . sg .1 sg good song sing( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend sang a beautiful song’.

French chanter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a chanté une jolie chanson
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg sing. pst . ptcp . m indf . sg . f beautiful. sg . f song( f )
‘Paul sang a beautiful song.’

Georgian Ø-mγer-i-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m lamaz-i simγera-Ø Ø-i-mγer-a
pn - erg beautiful- nom song- nom do 3- ver : s -sing- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre sang a beautiful song.’

German singen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl sang ein wunderschön-es Lied
pn [ nom . sg ] sing. pst .3 sg indf [ n . acc . sg ] beautiful- n . acc . sg song[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl sang a beautiful song.’

Guinean Kpelle tǒo

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hɛ́ni àá wèle tóo
pn 3 sg . prf song fall
‘Heni sang a song.’

Hindi gānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ek suṁdar gānā gā rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir one beautiful. m . sg . dir song( m ). sg . dir sing dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is singing a beautiful song.’

Icari Dargwa b=elč'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il čːakːʷa dalaj b=elč'-un
pn - erg beautiful song. abs n =sing: pf - aor
‘Islam sang a beautiful song.’

Irish can

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Chan Pól amhrán álainn.
pst /sing pn song beautiful
‘Pól sang a beautiful song.’

Ismayilli Kryz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ʕayara-c sad mahni uxa-c
pn - erg good- attr . n one. n song sing. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

Italian cantare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha cantato un-a bell-a canzon-e
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs sing. pst . ptcp indf . sg - f beautiful- sg . f song- sg . f
‘Leo sang a beautiful song.’

Kadar Dargwa CL-elč'-es / CL-uč'-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li žawga-j sarim b-elč'-un
pn - erg beautiful- adj song n -read. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad sang a beautiful song.’

Kalderash Romani dilabal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a dilaba-ď-a šukar dil-i
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg sing- pst -3 sg beautiful song- acc . sg
‘Murša sang a beautiful song.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ma’ha’mad-ǯi uc̊ːu-b maˁʔli ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg nice- n . sg song( abs ) pf -do- pst
‘Mahamad sang a beautiful song.’

Karata k’k’aanɬa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-l č’ikoro-b hanƛ’ƛ’e k’k’a-an
pn - erg beautiful- n song call- pf
‘Ali sang a beautiful song.’

Kaytag Dargwa belč:’ana

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
petja-l č:vak:va dalaj b-elč:’-un
pn - erg nice song n -read. pf - aor
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

Kazakh ayt

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya ädemі öleŋ ayt-tï
pn beautiful song say- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya sang a beautiful song.’

Kazym Khanty ariti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en jǎm arn ari-j-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg good song sing- ep - pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

Khoekhoe ǁnae

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge îxa am-s-a ge ǁnae
pn -3 m . sg decl beautiful song-3 f . sg - obl pst sing
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

Khwarshi j/eza

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
išat'-i b-ejza bertina-b keč’i
mother. o - erg iii -sing\ pst . w beautiful- iii song( iii )
‘Mother sang a beautiful song.’

Kina Rutul hɨʔɨra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rasul-a bat’r-ad maˁɁni hɨʔɨ-r=a
pn - erg beautiful- attr song( nom ) 4.do. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul sang a beautiful song.’

Kryz Proper

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ʕayara sab şarği uxa-du
pn - erg good one. f song( f ) read. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

Kumyk jɨrlamaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat ariw sarɨn jɨrla-d-ɨ
pn beautiful song sing- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat sang a beautiful song.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) gotin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam stran-ek-e xweş got
man song( f )- indef - ez . f beautiful say. pfv . sg
‘The man song a beautiful song.’

Latin cano

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
(Simonid-es) cecin-isse-t-que id carmen
pn ( m )- nom . sg sing- plup . sbjv - act .3 sg -and this. acc . sg . n song( n ). acc . sg
‘(Simonides) sang this poem.’
Note: (Cic. De Oratore. 2, 352)

Laz o-t'raγud-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Marseliza-Ø do-Ø-t'raγud-u
pn - b - erg la_ m arseillaise- nom prv - do 3-sing- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim sang “la Marseillaise”.’

Mandarin Chinese chàng

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān chàng le yì-shǒu měimiào-de gē
pn sing pfv one- clf beautiful- de song
‘Zhangsan sang a beautiful song.’

Mano ɓō

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lɛ́ɛ̀ tá̰ ɓō
3 sg . ipfv song remove: ipfv
‘S/he sings.’
Note: Always combines with tá̰, song.

Mehweb -aq'as

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Islam-ini b-aq'-ib b-aršː-ib-i deč'
pn - erg n -do: pfv - pst n -be.nice- pst - attr song
‘Islam sang a beautiful song.’

Mingrelian Ø-i-bir-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k sk'vam-(i) obireše-Ø k-Ø-i-bir-(u)
pn - erg beautiful-( nom ) song- nom aff - s 3- ver : s -sing- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo sang a beautiful song.’

Modern Hebrew ʃar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas ʃar ʃir jafe
pn sing[ pst .3 sg . m ] song beautiful
‘Pinchas sang a beautiful song.’

Mukhad Rutul naˤhni hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a bıt'ra-d naˤhni hıʔı-ri
pn - erg beautiful- attr song n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad sang a beautiful song.’

Nanai ǯari-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia gučkuli ǯare-mba ǯare-xa-ni
pn beautiful n anai_song- obl sing- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sang a beautiful song.’

Nivkh lud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pоcurla + lu + lu-d
pn beautiful + song + sing- ind
‘Kaskazik sang a beautiful song.’

Northern Akhvakh huruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de rešša nikwa hweri
pn - erg nice song sing. aor
‘Patahi sang a nice song.’

Northern Mansi ērɣǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am ɕan’-um jomas ēriɣ ērɣ-ǝs
1 sg mother- poss .1 sg good song sing- pass [3 sg ]
‘My mother sang a beautiful song.’

Northern Yukaghir jahtǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn аm-u-čǝ jаhtǝ-k jаhtǝ-m-lǝ
pn good- stat - ptcl song- foc sing- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien sang a beautiful song.’

Norwegian Bokmål å synge

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per sang en vakker sang
pn sing. pst indf . m . sg beautiful song
‘Per sang a beautiful song.’

Polish zaśpiewać

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Stefan zaśpiewa-ł ładn-ą piosenk-ę
pn [ nom . sg ] sing: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] beautiful- f . acc . sg song- acc . sg
‘Stefan sang a beautiful song.’

Russian spetʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja spe-l krasiv-uju pesn-ju
pn ( m )- nom . sg sing( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] beautiful- f . acc . sg song( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

Serbian otpevati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je otpeva-o lep-u pesm-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg sing- part . perf . m . sg beautiful- acc . sg . f song- acc . sg
‘Petar sang a beautiful song.’

Shinaz Rutul hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir bɨt'ra-d maˁni hɨʔɨ-r
pn ( erg ) nice- attr song n .do. pf - aor
‘Basir sang a beautiful song.’

Shughni lůdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Lola=yi xušrūy soz lůd
pn =3 sg beautiful song sing. pst
‘Lola sang a beautiful song.’

Skolt Saami läullad

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt lääula-i mooččâs laulli
pn . sg . nom sing- pst .3 sg beautiful song. sg . acc
‘Pete sang a beautiful song.’

Slovak spievať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter spieva-l krásn-u pieseň
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] sing( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] beautiful- f . acc . sg song( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

Slovenian zapeti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je zape-l lep-o pesem
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg sing: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] beautiful- acc . sg . f song[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

Sorani Kurdish witin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sîrwan goranî-ek-î xoʂ=î wit-Ø
pn song- def - izf good=3 sg . pc tell. pst -3 sg
‘Sirwan sang a beautiful song.’

Southern Rutul huxhun

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a sa xvaş-id ç'al-bı huxhu-r
pn - erg one nice- attr word- pl . nom n .say. pf - aor
‘Murad sang a beautiful song.’

Spanish cantar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro cant-ó una canción muy bonit-a
pn [ sg ] sing- aor .3 sg art . ndef . sg . f song[ sg . f ] very beautiful[ sg ]- f
‘Pedro sang a very beautiful song.’

Standard Arabic ġannā

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un ġannā Ɂuġniyyat-a-n ǧamīl-at-a-n
pn - nom sing. pf .3 m song( f )- acc - indef beautiful- f - acc - indef
‘Badr sang a beautiful song.’

Svan lä-Ø-γir-aːl-e (AOR)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d xoča liγral-Ø lä-Ø-γir-aːl-e
pn - erg good song- nom prv : slightly . ver : s - do 3-sing- pst
‘Maizer sang a good song.’

Swedish att sjunga

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn sjöng en vacker sång
pn sing. pst indf . c . sg beautiful. indf . c . sg song
‘Björn sang a beautiful song.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
k<um>anta si Pedro ng maganda-ng kanta
< av > pfv .sing pers . subj pn gen beautiful- lin song
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’

Telugu pāḍu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ oka andamaina pāṭa pāḍāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom one beautiful song( n ). sg . nom sing. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen sang a beautiful song.’

Tsakhur hek’iy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee i-na meʔni hook’u-na
pn - erg prox - a song( a ) a .call. pf - a
‘Murad sang this song.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-elč'-iz/b-uč'-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
uršːi-le dalaj b-elč'-un
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) song n -read. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy sang a song.’

Tsugni Dargwa dalaj b-elč'-i / b-uč'-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
durħaˤ-li dalaj b-elč'-un
boy- erg song n -read. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy sang a song.’

Turkish söylemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet güzel şarkı-yı söyle-di
pn beautiful song- acc sing- pst
‘Mehmet sang a beautiful song.’

Turoyo zomər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel zmər-le qolo sagi šafiro
pn sing. pfv - ls .3 m song( m ) very beautiful( m )
‘Gabriyel sang a beautiful song.’

Twi to

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi to-o dwom dεεdε bi
pn throw- pst song beautiful indef
‘Kofi sang a beautiful song.’

Udmurt кырӟаны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя чебер кырӟан кырӟа-з
pn . nom beautiful song. nom sing- pst .3 sg
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

Ulcha jaja-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
dāda largi jaja-wa jaja-xa-ni.
grandmother nice song- acc sing- pst -3 sg
‘Grandma sang a beautiful song.’

Uzbek aytmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya čiroyli qo’šiq ayt-ti
pn nice song say- pst .3 sg
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

West Central Oromo sirba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n sirba bareedaa sirb-e
pn - nom song. abs beautiful. abs sing-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa sang a beautiful song.’

Wolof woy

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
woy nga woy w-u neex
sing prf .s i :2 sg song( w ) cl w - rel be.pleasant
‘You sang a beautiful song.’

Yargun Lezgian luhun

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Sahib-a sa ayar sa maʕni laha-na
pn - erg one beautiful one song say. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib sang a beautiful song.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
oxɨr-i kɨlam-ed-a wɛʃ-ə vat-ə
pn - m . obl song- indf - ez . f beautiful- f say. pst -3 sg . f
‘Oxir sang a beautiful song.’

Zilo Andi qχ’or.i-j

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pat’imati-di qχ’or.i-j baʁu ketʃ’i
pn - erg call. pst - pf beautiful song[ inan 1][ nom ]
‘Patimat sang a beautifl song.’