BivalTyp

Udi

Contributed by Timur Maisak (Academia.edu profile)

T.M.'s photo

The data were collected in 2018-2019 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. The data come from the Nidzh dialect of Udi. The translations were provided by Rafik Danakari. Corina van Willigen and Vladislav Dabakov contributed to the collection and analysis of the data.

How to cite

Maisak, Timur. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Udi. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on May 25, 2025; last revised on May 25, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain q'ač'+LV

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Valod-i bul=e q'ač'-e
pn - gen head=3 sg ache- lv : prs
‘Volodya has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) baft'

Valency pattern: ABS_ABS(NO.AGR)
X: ABS
Y: ABS(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
əyl-ox grip'=t'un baft'-e
child- pl flu=3 pl get- perf
‘Children have the flu.’
Note: This is an irregular pattern, arguably a calque from Azerbaijani. Further options are DAT_ABS (“äjl-oʁ-o mi=ne baftː-e” [ребенок-PL-DAT холод=3SG падать-PERF] ‘Дети заболели простудой’, буквально «На детей холод попал» and GEN_ABS “äjl-oʁ-oj” qːoqː=e har-e” [ребенок-PL-GEN горло=3SG приходить-PERF] ‘У детей ангина’, буквально «У детей горло пришло».

3. be afraid q'ı̌+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Valera-n xə̌-y-axun q'ı̌=ne=b-sa
pn - erg dog- obl - abl be_afraid=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Valera is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw bos

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Aloş-en ǰe=ne bos-i
pn - erg stone=3 sg throw- aor
‘Alyosha threw a stone.’

5. have enough xeylək+BE

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
David-i həysə xeylək təngə=no
pn - gen now a_lot money=3 sg + be
‘Now David has sufficient money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

6. resemble oşq'ar

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Ram Şam-a=ne oşq'ar
pn pn - dat =3 sg similar
‘Ram resembles Sham.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe vě

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Onik' Ruslan-a vě=ne
pn pn - dat faith=3 sg
‘Onik believes Ruslan.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

8. take ex+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Seroc-en girk-ə ex=e=d-i
pn - erg book- dat take=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Seryozha took a book.’

9. see ak'

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
K'olya-n k'oj=e ak'-sa
pn - erg house=3 sg see- prs
‘Kolya sees a house.’

10. influence təsir+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
yəş-en beyin-ə təsir=e=b-sa
age- erg brain- dat influence=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Age influences mind.’

11. encounter irəst'=e har

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Anjela Mariya-xun irəst'=e har-i
pn pn - abl towards=3 sg come- aor
‘Anzhela encountered Mariya.’

12. enter baś

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Serojik' k'oy-a=ne baś-i
pn house- dat =3 sg enter- aor
‘Serjozhik entered the house.’

13. win ta==şer

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
İgor-en şaxmat'-a Aloş-a ta=ne=şer-i
pn - erg chess- dat pn - dat carry_away=3 sg = st - aor
‘Igor beat Alyosha at chess.’

14. go out c'er

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Valter k'oy-axun c'er=e
pn house- abl go_out. aor =3 sg
‘Valter went out of the house.’

15. drive c'ev

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Vik't'or-en çur-a c'ev=e=k'-i
pn - erg cow- dat take_out=3 sg = st - aor
‘Viktor is driving the cow.’

16. bend k'os'+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Vadim-en tay-a k'os'=e=b-i
pn - erg branch- dat bend=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Vadim bent the branch.’

17. tell p

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Art'ur-en Ruslan-a p-i=ne
pn - erg pn - dat say- aor =3 sg
‘Artur told Ruslan.’

18. hold COP

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Mərdi-n ki-y-el girk=o
pn - gen hand- obl - super book=3 sg + be
‘Mardi is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up pːa

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ruslan timur-a pːa=ne=pː-i
pn pn - dat reach=3 sg = st - aor
‘Ruslan caught up with Timur.’

20. milk çax+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Rit'a-n çur-a çax=e=p-i
pn - erg cow- dat milk=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Rita milked the cow.’

21. reach pːa

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Ruslan očIal-a pːa=ne=pː-i
pn land- dat reach=3 sg = st - aor
‘Pinchas reached the bank.’

22. touch kul+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Urben-en bari-n-a=ne kul-d-i
pn - erg wall- obl - dat =3 sg touch- lv - aor
‘Urben touched the wall.’

23. fight dava+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Ayver-en Varaş-axun dava=ne=b-sa
pn - erg pn - abl quarrel=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Azver is fighting with Varash.’

24. be friends dost'luğ+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Talman-en Vladik'-axun dost'luğ=e=b-sa
pn - erg pn - abl make_friends=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Telman is friends with Vladik.’

25. think fikir+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Asya-n Roman-axun fikir=e=b-sa
pn - erg pn - abl think=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Asya is thinking about Roman.’

26. eat kəy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Robert'-en ěş-a kəy-e=ne
pn - erg apple- dat eat- perf =3 sg
‘Robert ate an apple.’

27. fry č'oč'a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Yura-n çəli-n-ə č'oč'a=ne=b-i
pn - erg fish- obl - dat fry=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Yura fried the fish.’

28. wait yaq'-a=ne běğ

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Riçard-en Oleg-i yaq'-a=ne běğ-sa
pn - erg pn - gen way- dat =3 sg wait- prs
‘Richard is waiting for Oleg.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

29. forget eyexun=e c'evk'

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Maksim-en q'erəz yaq'-a eyexun=e c'evk'-e
pn - erg other way- dat from_memory=3 sg take_out- perf
‘Maksim forgot about the other road.’

30. depend asılı

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
haq'ıl yəş-əxun asılı=ne
mind age- abl dependent=3 sg
‘Mind depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call k'al+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Yulya-n Ruslan-a k'al=e=p-i
pn - erg pn - dat call=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Yulya called Ruslan.’

32. get to know tanış bak

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Valod sa usen běš=e Anya-xun tanış bak-e
pn one year behind=3 sg pn - abl get_acquiainted become- perf
‘Volodja got to know Anya a year ago.’

33. know çal+ST

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Edgar-en Ruslan-a çal=e=x-sa
pn - erg pn - dat get_acquainted=3 sg = st - prs
‘Edgar knows Ruslan.’

34. play (instrument) far+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Gena-n git'ara=ne far-e
pn - erg guitar=3 sg play- lv : prs
‘Gena is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid t'i+ST

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
K'arina Roman-axun t'i=ne=st'a
pn pn - abl run=3 sg = st + prs
‘Karina avoids Roman.’

36. make düz+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Valera-n bomba=ne düz-b-e
pn - erg bomb=3 sg make- lv - perf
‘Valera made a bomb.’

37. make fun lağ-a=ne haq'

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Gena-n Ruslan-a lağa=ne haq'-sa
pn - erg pn - dat mockery=3 sg take- prs
‘Gena is making fun of Ruslan.’

38. have COP

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
German-i maşin=o
pn - gen car=3 sg + be
‘German has a car.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for qə̌v

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Onik'-en açar-a=ne qə̌v-ě-sa
pn - erg key- dat =3 sg look_for- lv - prs
‘Onik is looking for the key.’

40. paint mas'i+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Edik'-en doq'q'az-a mas'i=ne=b-e
pn - erg fence- dat whitewash=3 sg = lv - perf
‘Edik whitewashed the fence.’

41. bite biq'

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Ruslan-a xə̌-y-en=e biq'-e
pn - dat dog- obl - erg =3 sg seize- perf
‘A dog bit Ruslan.’

42. forfeit mand

Valency pattern: ABS_CAR
X: ABS
Y: CAR
Locus: Y
Nunufar k'oj-suz=e mand-i
pn house- car =3 sg remain- aor
‘Nunufar lost his house.’

43. try to catch biq'

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Alek'sey-en pişik'-ə=ne biq'-sa
pn - erg cat- dat =3 sg seize- prs
‘Aleksey is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break xox+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Yəşə-n k'oval-a xox=e=b-i
pn - erg stick- dat break=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Yasha broke a stick.’

45. flatter tərif+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Nat'aşa-n Ruslan-a tərif=e=b-sa
pn - erg pn - dat flatter=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Natasha is flattering Ruslan.’

46. love (person) çur

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Anat'oli-n-en Ruslan-a çur=e=sa
pn - obl - erg pn - dat love=3 sg = lv + prs
‘Anatolij loves Ruslan.’

47. wave fə̌l+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_ERG
X: ERG
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
Tamar-en çalm-in-en fə̌l=e=st'a
pn - erg kerchief- obl - erg wave=3 sg = lv + prs
‘Tamara is waving a kerchief.’

48. dream *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Aloş-en təzə maşin=e çur-e-sa
pn - erg new car=3 sg want- lv - prs
‘Alyosha wants a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

49. wash os'+ST

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Lena-n çaşk'-in-a os'=e=k'-i
pn - erg cup- obl - dat wash=3 sg = st - aor
‘Lena washed the cup.’

50. put on lap

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Filip'-en şalvar-a lap-e=ne
pn - erg trousers- dat put_on- perf =3 sg
‘Filip put on his trousers.’

51. be called s'i

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ko-t'-ay s'i k'omp'as=e
dem - no - gen name compass=3 sg
‘This is called a compass.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. Non-verbal predicate.

52. punish caza+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Vaçik'-en iz ğar-a caza=ne=b-i
pn - erg self. gen son- dat punish=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Vachik punished his son.’

53. attack hücüm+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_GENloxol
X: ERG
Y: GENloxol
Locus: Y
šuyen-en çəli biq'-al-i loxol hücüm=e=b-i
bear- erg fish seize- ag - gen from_above attack=3 sg = lv - aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) buy=e bak

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG
X: ABS
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
vedrə xe-n-en buy=e bak-i
bucket water- obl - erg full=3 sg become- aor
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find bə̌ğə̌+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Art'ur-en açar=e bə̌ğə̌-b-e
pn - erg key=3 sg find- lv - perf
‘Artur found the key.’

56. be short kam

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
David-i sa dollar kam=e
pn - gen one dollar missing=3 sg
‘David is one dollar short.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. Non-verbal predicate.

57. hate ak'-sun te=ne çur+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Vik't'or-en Valt'er-a ak'-sun te=ne çur-e-sa
pn - erg pn - dat see- msd neg =3 sg want- lv - prs
‘Viktor hates Valter.’

58. like xoşel ey

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
me urbaşk'a Maksim-i xoşel=e ey-sa
dem shirt pn - gen to_one’s_liking=3sg come- prs
‘Maksim likes this shirt.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

59. need lazım

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Ruslan-a təngə=ne lazım
pn - dat money=3 sg necessary
‘Ruslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround but'

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
q'ali-n-en şəhər-ə but'=e=k'-sa
fortress- obl - erg town- dat close=3 sg = st - prs
‘The fortress (walls) surround the city.’

61. remain mand

Valency pattern: AD_ABS
X: AD
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Rafael-ast'a 10 dollar=e mand-e
pn - ad ten dollar=3 sg remain- perf
‘Rafael has ten dollars left.’

62. answer coğab-a=ne tad

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Oksana-n məəlim-i coğab-a=ne tad-i
pn - erg teacher- gen answer- dat =3 sg give- aor
‘Oksana answered the teacher.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

63. open qay+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Nik'it'a-n bang-in-a qay=e=p-i
pn - erg can- obl - dat open=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Nikita opened a can.’

64. be different lari+NEG

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPERlari
X: ABS
Y: SUPERlari
Locus: Y
bezi urbaşk'a vi urbaşk'-in-al lari te=ne
i . gen shirt you. gen shirt- obl - super like neg =3 sg
‘My shirt is not like yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind qoş=e mand

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Nast'ya St'anislav-axun qoş=e mand-i
pn pn - abl behind=3 sg remain- aor
‘Nastya fell behind Stanislav.’

66. plough ez+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Serojik'-en oç̌al=e ez-b-sa
pn - erg ground=3 sg plough- lv - prs
‘Serjozhik is ploughing the field.’

67. smell ad+LV

Valency pattern: ABL_ERG
X: ABL
Y: ERG
Locus: XY
bezi kul-axun benzin-en=e ad-e-sa
i . gen hand- abl gasoline- erg =3 sg smell- lv - prs
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross c'ova+ST

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Ruslan yaq'-axun c'ova=ne=k-i
pn road- abl cross=3 sg = st - aor
‘Ruslan crossed the road.’

69. sing mə̌ğ+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Andrey-en gözəl mə̌ğ=e mə̌ğ-p-i
pn - erg beautiful song=3 sg sing- lv - aor
‘Andrey sang a beautiful song.’

70. write śam+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Ak'san-en namak'=e śam-p-e
pn - erg letter=3 sg write- lv - perf
‘Oksana wrote a letter.’

71. drink ǔğ

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Yura-n muč'anaq'=e ǔğ-e
pn - erg milk=3 sg drink- perf
‘Yura drank the milk.’

72. melt xe+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Felik'-en q'urq'uşun=e xe-b-e
pn - erg lead=3 sg melt- lv - perf
‘Felik melted (some) lead.’

73. match yarayinş+LV

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
me q'ayinş bezi dərg-in-ə yarayinş=e=b-sa
dem belt i . gen dress- obl - dat match=3 sg = lv - prs
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave c'er

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
David iz doğma şəhər-exun c'er=e
pn self. gen native town- abl go_out. aor =3 sg
‘David left his native city.’

75. cover but'+ST

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
xalç-in-en dirist' p'ol-a but'=e=k'-sa
cover- obl - erg whole floor- dat close=3 sg = st - prs
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember eyex=e

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
k'oj Gena-y şaat' eyex=e
house pn - gen good in_memory=3 sg
‘Gena remembers the house well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

77. help köməy+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Yana-n Ruslan-a köməy=e=b-i
pn - erg pn - dat help=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Yana helped Ruslan.’

78. understand (language) q'amiş

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Ok'sana-n franśuzsk'i muz-a q'amiş=e
pn - erg f rench language- dat understand=3 sg
‘Oksana understands French.’

79. hit (target) du+ST

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
s'ə̌q'-ěn k'oj-a du=ne=ğ-i
lightning- erg house- dat hit=3 sg = st - aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself bo

Valency pattern: ERG_ERG
X: ERG
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
David-en almaz-en iz kul-a bo=ne=t'-i
pn - erg blade- erg self. gen hand- dat cut=3 sg = st - aor
‘David cut himself with the blade.’

81. get stuck ləçəq'+LV

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
əyəq' ist'ol-a ləçəq'=e=ś-i
glass table- dat stick=3 sg = lv - aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Note: This dative is not alternating with ABS, this is not a transitive verb.

82. lose (game) taşev+ST

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Valt'er-en Oleg-a taşev=e=k'-i
pn - erg pn - dat lose=3 sg = st - aor
‘Valter lost to Oleg.’

83. be glad mǔq'+LV

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Rit'a namak'-a haq'-i mǔq'=e=bak-i
pn letter- dat take- aoc rejoice=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Rita was glad when she received the letter.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause.

84. speak exlət'+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Amalya-n Anjela-xun exlət'=e=b-sa
pn - erg pn - abl talk=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Amalya is speaking with Anzhela.’

85. give birth eçer

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Valya-n ğar=e eçer-i
pn - erg son=3 sg bring- aor
‘Valya gave birth to a son.’

86. drop sa+ST

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Navel-en əyəq'-a sa=ne=k-i
pn - erg glass- dat drop=3 sg = st - aor
‘Navela dropped the glass.’

87. govern kal

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Sergey beşi ayiz-i kal-o=ne
pn we. gen village- gen big- na =3 sg
‘Sergey runs our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

88. miss t'arıxmiş+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN
X: ERG
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
Amalya-n Valya-ynak' t'arıxmiş=e=bak-sa
pn - erg pn - ben miss=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Amalya misses Valya.’

89. follow ta+ST

Valency pattern: ABS_GENbacanexun
X: ABS
Y: GENbacanexun
Locus: Y
Aloş Asya-y bač'an-exun ta=ne=sa
pn pn - gen back- abl go_away=3 sg = st + prs
‘Alyosha follows Asya.’

90. dismount śir

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Ram ěq-axun śir=e
pn horse- abl get_down. aor =3 sg
‘Ram got down from the horse.’

91. listen ǔmǔx+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
İgor-en radio=ne ǔmǔx-lax-sa
pn - erg radio=3 sg listen- lv - prs
‘Igor is listening to radio.’

92. obey əyit-ə ǔmǔx+LV

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Yana-n iz nana-y əyit-ə ǔmǔx=e=lax-sa
pn - erg self. gen mother- gen word- dat listen=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Yana always obeys his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear i+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Filip'-en mə̌ğ=e i-bak-sa
pn - erg song=3 sg hear- lv - prs
‘Filip hears the music.’

94. mix gər+LV

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
uč' muč'anaq'-a gər-bak-e=ne
honey milk- dat mix- lv - perf =3 sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look běğ

Valency pattern: ERG_GENloxol
X: ERG
Y: GENloxol
Locus: Y
Edgar-en asoy-i loxol=e běğ-sa
pn - erg cloud- gen from_above=3 sg look- prs
‘Edgar is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off c'e+ST

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Anat'ol-in-en urbaşk'-in-a c'e=ne=q'-i
pn - obl - erg shirt- obl - dat take_off=3 sg = st = aor
‘Anatolij took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) nep'-en ak'

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
İgor-en nep'-en iz ğar-a=ne ak'-sa
pn - erg dream- erg self. gen son- dat =3 sg see- prs
‘Igor dreams about his son.’

98. agree irəzi bak

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Maksim Valya-xun irəzi=ne bak-i
pn pn - abl in_accord=3 sg become- aor
‘Maksim agreed with Valya.’

99. have a quarrel dava+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Aloş-en Onik'-əxun dava-b-e=ne
pn - erg pn - abl quarrel- lv - prf =3 sg
‘Alyosha had a quarrel with Onik.’

100. cost toy

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
me çaşk'-in toy sa dollar=e
dem cup- gen price one dollar=3 sg
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

101. shoot at dǒp+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Fidel-en q'uş-a dǒp=e=d-i
pn - erg bird- dat shoot=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Fidel shot at the bird.’

102. pour bap

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Vik't'or-en q'ənd=e bap-i
pn - erg sugar=3 sg put_inside- aor
‘Viktor poured the sugar.’

103. lose ač'+INF_LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
David-en açar-a ač'-es=e=b-i
pn - erg key- dat get_lost- inf =3 sg = lv - aor
‘David lost the key.’

104. sink baft'

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
uš xe-n-a=ne baft'-i
wood water- obl - dat =3 sg get- aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill bes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
David-en Filip'-a bes=e=b-i
pn - erg pn - dat kill=3 sg = lv - aor
‘David killed Filip.’

106. hit du+ST

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Alek'sandr-en Ruslan-a du=ne=ğ-i
pn - erg pn - dat hit=3 sg = st - aor
‘Aleksandr hit Ruslan.’

107. kiss muç+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
P'avel-en Ruslan-a muç=e=p-i
pn - erg pn - dat kiss=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Pavel kissed Ruslan.’

108. read k'al+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Mixail-en maraxlu girk=e k'al-p-i
pn - erg interesting book=3 sg read- lv - aor
‘Mixail read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) gal+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Alisa-n k'əşə-moğ-o gal=e=d-i
pn - erg finger- pl - dat move=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Alisa moved his finger.’

110. respect hörmət+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Maksim-en Robert'-a hörmət=e=b-sa
pn - erg pn - dat respect=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Maksim respects Robert.’

111. be squeamish irit'+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Valya-n c'emen q'av-urxo-xun irit'=e=ne
pn - erg dirty dishes- pl = abl be_squeamish=3 sg = lv : prs
‘Valya is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content irəzi

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Rafael iz ğar-axun irəzi=ne
pn self. gen son- abl content=3 sg
‘Rafael is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love çur+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
St'anislav-en Ruslan-a çur=e=ś-i
pn - erg pn - dat love=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Stanislav fell in love with Ruslan.’

114. trust ext'ibər+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Rafael-en Ruslan-a ext'ibər=e=b-sa
pn - erg pn - dat trust=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Rafael trusts Ruslan.’

115. sympathise gorox ey

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Riçard-en iz xunç-a gorox=e ey-sa
pn - erg self. gen sister- dat pity=3 sg come- prs
‘Richard sympathises with his sister.’

116. envy paxılluğ+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN
X: ERG
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
Rit'a-n Navel-eynak' paxılluğ=e=b-sa
pn - erg pn - ben envy=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Rita envies Navela.’

117. be angry əcuğləyinş+LV

Valency pattern: ABS_GENloxol
X: ABS
Y: GENloxol
Locus: Y
Rima Yulya-y loxol əcuğləyinş=e=bak-sa
pn pn - gen frome_above be_angry=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Rima is angry with Yulya.’

118. be surprised məət't'əl mand

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Ok'sana me pay-axun məət't'əl=e mand-i
pn dem present- abl surprised=3 sg remain- aor
‘Oksana was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) çur+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Mart'a-n çəy çur=e=sa
pn - erg tea love=3 sg = lv + prs
‘Marta loves tea.’

120. enjoy läzät haqː

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
gam çəy Mart'a-y xoşel=e ey-sa
hot tea pn - gen to_one’s_liking=3 sg come- prs
‘Marta likes hot tea.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

121. want çur

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Sofiya-n təzə mobil telefon=e çur=e=sa
pn - erg new mobile telephone=3 sg want=3 sg = lv + prs
‘Sofiya wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge əcuğ-on biq'

Valency pattern: GEN_GENloxol
X: GEN
Y: GENloxol
Locus: XY
Valt'er-i loxol Vik't'or-i əcuğ-on=e biq'-sa
pn - gen from_above pn - gen anger- erg =3 sg seize- prs
‘Viktor is angry with Valter.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

123. take offence oro+LV

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Aloş Onik'-əxun oro=ne=bak-i
pn pn - abl quarrel=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Alyosha took offence at Onik.’

124. upset dirxor+LV

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
David-en İgor-a dirxor=e=b-i
pn - erg pn - dat upset=3 sg = lv - aor
‘David greatly upset Igor.’

125. marvel məət't'əl mand

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Ruslan-en Maskːvi-in-a tac-i mətːtːəl=e mand-i
pn - erg m oscow- obl - dat go_away- cvb : pf surprised=3 sg remain- aor
‘Ruslan was surprise when he went to Moscow.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
P'yot'er-en Ruslan-a ak'-sun te=ne çur-e-sa
pn - erg pn - dat see- msd neg =3 sg want- lv - prs
‘Pyotr hates Ruslan.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset dirxor bak

Valency pattern: ABS_GENderden
X: ABS
Y: GENderden
Locus: Y
David iz ğar-e dərden dirxor=e bak-i
pn self. gen son- gen because_of upset=3 sg become- aor
‘David got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated əcuğləyinş+LV

Valency pattern: ABS_GENloxol
X: ABS
Y: GENloxol
Locus: Y
Andrey iz xuyər-i loxol əcuğləyinş=e=bak-sa
pn self. gen girl- gen from_above be_angry=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Andrey is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond xoşel ey

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Ruzanna Raul-i xoşel=e ey-sa
pn pn - gen to_one’s_liking=3 sg come- prs
‘Raul likes Ruzanna.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

130. be shy ot'+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Alina-n iz boy-axun ot'=e=b-sa
pn - erg self. gen height- abl be_shy=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Alina is embarrassed about his height.’