BivalTyp

‘upset’

Argument frame: X (upset) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. greatly upset M . (He told her that he had spent all the money.)
Predicate label Ru: огорчать
Argument frame Ru: X (огорчать) Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. очень огорчил М . (Он сказал, что потратил все деньги).

Abaza Y-gʷə X-s

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
murád zaréma l-gʷə d-a-s-ṭ
pn pn 3 sg . f . io -heart 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io -beat( aor )- dcl
‘Murad upset Zarema.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Adyghe (West Circassian) gʷə xe-ʁe.č̣ʼə

Valency pattern: ERG_EXT(POSS)
X: ERG
Y: EXT(POSS)
Locus: Y
č̣ʼale-m pŝaŝe-m ə-gʷ x-jə-ʁe-č̣ʼə-ʁ
guy- obl girl- obl 3 sg . pr -heart loc : among -3 sg . erg - caus -exit- pst
‘The guy greatly upset the girl.’
Note: Lit. ‘This guy removed the girl’s heart’.

Aghul pašman q’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a meʜemed pašman q’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) pn sad do. pf - aor
‘Aslan greatly upset Muhammad.’

Akhvakh (Northern) rak’wa baq’q’weloot’uruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
pataħi-de čaka rak’wa b-aq’q’weloot’-ari madina-ƛƛi
pn - erg very heart n -dry. caus - aor pn - gen
‘Patahi greatly upset Madina.’

Albanian hidhëroj

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pjetr-i e hidhëro-i shumë Lindit-ën
pn - nom . m . sg . def pro . acc .3 sg upset- aor .3 sg very pn - acc . f . sg . def
‘Pjeter greatly upset Lindita.’

Andi (Zilo) waswasil-ʔo <j>-ukː-oɬ.i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pat’imati-di waswasil-ʔo j-ukː-oɬ.i marjam
pn - erg doubt. obl - super . lat f -fall- caus . pst ( aor ) pn [ f ][ nom ]
‘Patimat upset Mariam.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) zˁl

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Abrahām zǝˁˁal-a l-Maryam
pn upset. pfv .3 ms - o .3 fs to- pn
‘Abraham upset Maryam.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) zaʕʕal

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Mḥammad zaʕʕal Salwa mənn-u
pn upset. pfv .3 m pn from- o .3 m
‘Muhammad made Salwa upset’ (lit. ‘Muhammad made Salwa upset about him’).

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) z.ʿ.l

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi zaʿʿal Reem
pn upset. pst .3 sg pn
‘Shadi upset Reem.’

Arabic (standard) Ɂāḏā

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un Ɂāḏā Maryam-a
pn - nom hurt. pf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr greatly upset Maryam.’

Archi ikʼʷ aqˁas

Valency pattern: SUP.EL_GEN
X: SUP.EL
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
paša-tːi-š marin-ni-n ikʼʷ aqˁu
pn - sup - el pn - obl - gen heart 4.break. pfv
‘Pasha greatly upset Marina.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument.

Armenian (Eastern) txrec’nel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
Petros-ə Mher-i-n šat txrec’rec’
pn [ nom ]- def pn - dat - def very upset: aor :3 sg
‘Petros greatly upset Mher.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic mapyəš ləbba

Valency pattern: SBJ_REL
X: SBJ
Y: REL
Locus: Y
a naša +raba ləbb=ət baxt-u muppəš-lə
dem 1. sg person( m ) many heart( m )= rel woman( f )- p .3 m leave. pst - ls .3 m
‘This man greatly upset his wife.’

Avar rek’eq’ɬizabize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca rek’eq’ɬ-izaw-una aħmad
pn - erg regret- caus . m - aor pn
‘Ali greatly upset Ahmad.’

Azerbaijani məyus etmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan Rǝsul-u çox mǝyus et-di
pn pn - acc very sad do- pst (3)
‘Aslan greatly upset Rasul.’

Bafut ɣᵼ̀rə̂ … lwǐ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ntong
X: SBJ
Y: ntong
Locus: Y
àmbɛ́ à ɣᵼ̀rə̂ ntɔ̂ŋ sùù lwǐ ʃíʔí ʃíʔí
pn sm make neck/ prep pn bitter a_lot a_lot
‘Ambe greatly upset Suh.’

Bambara dòn

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù dòn-na Fántà gàsi` lá
pn enter- pfv . intr pn guilt\ art in
‘Seku made Fanta sad.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Bartangi *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Basque nahigabetu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Kepa-k Miren handiski nahigabe-tu d-u
pn - erg pn [ abs ] много огорчать- prf abs 3 prs [ abs . sg ]- erg / abs [ erg 3 sg ]
‘Кепа очень огорчил Мирен’.

Belarusian zasmucić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Alieś zasmuci-ŭ Alien-u
pn [ nom . sg ] upset( pfv )- pst . sg . m pn - acc . sg
‘Ales greatly upset Alena.’

Beserman ǯʼožomə̑tə̑nə̑

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petʼa ǯʼožom-ə̑t-i-z Maša-jez
pn . nom become.upset- caus - pst -3 sg pn - acc
‘Petja upset Masha.’

Budugh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Bulgarian ogorcha

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Petăr mnogo ogorchi Mihail
pn very upset( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar greatly upset Mihail.’

Catalan molestar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va molest-ar molt en Marc
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind bother- inf a_lot def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘Pere greatly upset Marc.’

Chechen xalaxietijta

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Islam-as Madina-na xalaxiet-ijt-ina
pn - erg pn - dat be_sad- caus - prf
‘Islam greatly upset Madina.’

Chinese (Mandarin) xīnfán

Valency pattern: SBJ_rang
X: SBJ
Y: rang
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān ràng Lǐsì hěn xīnfán
pn make pn very upset
‘Zhangsan greatly upset Lisi.’
Note: Here, "ràng" is treated as an argument-marking device, but its status is controversial.

Chirag ʡadab b-arq’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le babaj ʡadab r-arq’-ib-le
pn - erg mother( abs ) upset f . sg -do: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali upset his mother.’

Croatian razočarati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o je jako razočara-o Miš-u
pn - nom . sg be. prs .3 sg very disappoint( pfv )- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Pero greatly disappointed Mišo.’

Czech rozesmutnit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr rozesmutni-l Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] make_sad( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr upset Michal.’

Dan (Eastern) zūʌ̋ gìi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
yà n̄ zūʌ̋ gìi
3 sg . prf 1 sg . nsbj heart wound
‘He has made me sad.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Danish gøre oprørt

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter gjorde Marie meget oprør-t
pn make. pst pn very upset- ptcp . pst . sg
‘Peter greatly upset Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) pašman-B-ih-aq-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il Madina c'aˤq'-il pašman-r-ih-aq-ub
pn - erg pn ( abs ) very- adv disappointment- f - lv . pfv - caus - aor
‘Islam greatly upset Madina.’

Dargwa (Kadar) ʁabundu-CL-uk'-aˤq-es (IPFV)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li ʁabundu-r-uk'-aˤq-ib ʡaˤšura
pn - erg grieve- f -say. ipfv - caus - pret pn
‘Muhammad greatly upset Ashura.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) abik:ulaqaχara

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petja-l c’aq’-li Miša-j a-b-ik:-ul-aq-iχ-iv
pn - erg power- erg pn - dat neg - n -want- ipf - caus -be- aor (3)
‘Petja greatly upset Misha.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal-di-l hakal juldaš-l-i a-b-ikː-an gaq-ul=saw”
boy- obl - erg very friend- obl - dat neg -like. iprv - ptcp reach. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)].
‘The boy greatly upset his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) waˤl b-iχ-aq-iz

Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_DAT
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
uršːi-le juldaš-li-z waˤl b-iχ-aq-ub
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) friend- obl - dat bad n -be. pfv - caus - pret (3)
‘The boy greatly upset his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) pašman b-arq'-i / b-irq'-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
durħaˤ-li zumra pašman w-arq'-ib
boy- erg neighbor sad m -do. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy greatly upset his neighbor.’

Dutch teleurstellen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft Marie teleur-ge-stel-d
pn ( c ) have.3 sg pn ( c ) to.loss- ptcp -set- ptcp
‘Piet upset Marie.’

Enets (Forest) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

English upset

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter greatly upset Mary.

Estonian pahaseks tegema

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter teg-i Mareti väga pahase-ks
pn . sg . nom make- pst .3 sg pn . sg . gen very upset- transl
‘Peeter made Maret very upset.’

Finnish suututtaa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka suututt-i Mati-n pahanpäiväisesti
pn . nom upset- pst .3 sg pn - gen badly
‘Pekka greatly upset Matti.’

French chagriner

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a beaucoup chagriné Marie
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg much make_sad. pst . ptcp . m pn ( f )
‘Paul greatly upset Marie.’

Gascon empenat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pèir hòrt empenat a Maria.
pn very push. pst .3 sg to pn
‘Pèir greatly upset Maria.’

Gban tő vɔ̰̏ṵ̏

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zá̰ ɛ́ Mɔ̰̈bì tő vɔ̰̏ṵ̏
pn 3 sg \ pst pn leave[ pfv . hod ] cold
‘Zan upset Monbi.’

Georgian Ø-a-c'q'en-in-eb-s (PRS/FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-m mašo-s ʒalian Ø-a-c'q'en-in-a
pn - erg pn - dat very io 3- caus -offend- caus - s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre greatly upset Masho.’

German enttäuschen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl enttäusch-te Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] upset- pst .3 sg pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl upset Marie.’

Gigatli

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-di rak'a q'оrah-i aħmad
pn - erg heart tighten- aor pn
‘Ali greatly upset Ahmad.’
Note: This sentence is tentatively classified as representing the transitive pattern based on case marking of the two person names. However, there are two NPs in the nominative here, and it remains unknown which of them triggers agreement on the verb.

Hebrew (modern) hirgiz

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas hirgiz meod et Mirjam
pn upset[ pst .3 sg . m ] much do pn
‘Pinchas greatly upset Miriam.’

Hindi dukhī honā

Valency pattern: ABL_DAT
X: ABL
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
Mīnakṣī ko bahut dukhī hɛ Pratīk se
pn ( f ). sg . obl acc / dat very grief( f ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg pn ( m ). sg . obl abl
‘Meenakshi is very upset by Prateek.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Indonesian (standard) mem-buat jengkel

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Asep mem-buat Dewi sangat jengkel
pn act -do pn very angry
‘Asep greatly upset Dewi.’

Irish gortaigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ghortaigh Pól Máire g’ mór.
pst /cause_pain pn pn strongly
‘Pól greatly upset Máire.’

Italian rendere triste

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha reso molto trist-e Maria
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs make. pst . ptcp very sad- sg . f pn ( f )
‘Leo made Maria very sad.’

Japanese rakutan saseru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tarō wa Hanako o totemo rakutan sa-se-ta
pn top pn acc очень огорчение vbz - caus - pst
‘Таро очень огорчил Ханако.’
Note: This is a causative construction.

Karata rak’wa q’waraɬa

Valency pattern: ERG_POSS
X: ERG
Y: POSS
Locus: Y
ʕali-l aħmat’-i-b rak’wa q’war-a
pn - erg pn - obl - n heart bite- pf
‘Ali greatly upset Ahmat.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Kazakh renžіt

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï qattï renž-іt-tі
pn pn - acc strongly upset- caus - pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya upset Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Khinalug

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ɨ räsul iχer mäjus kʰu-i=šä=mä
pn - erg pn very disappointed 1.do. pfv - ptcp = pst = decl
‘Aslan greatly upset Rasul.’

Khoekhoe ǁaixa kai

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge buruxase Maria-s-a ge ǁaixa kai
pn -3 m . sg decl amazingly pn -3 f . sg - obl pst upset cause
‘Peter greatly upset Maria.’

Khwarshi q'ʷarid j/uwa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
uža q'ʷarid j-uj-ja išu
son\ erg sad ii -make- pst . w mother
‘The son has upset the mother.’

Komi-Permyak rasstroitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a e̮dd'e̮n rasstroit-i-s Maša-se̮
pn very upset- pret -3 pn - acc . p .3
‘Petja greatly upset Miriam.’

Komi-Zyrian majše̮dli̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a jona majše̮dl-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn strongly upset- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja greatly upset Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) ɲɛ́i pǎa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe àa Hɛ́ni ɲɛ́i páa
pn 3 sg . prf pn face kill
‘Pepee upset Heni.’

Kryz (Alik) pert varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir rasul pert ar-id
pn - erg pn irritated do. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan greatly upset Rasul.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) pert aric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir rasul xeyli pert ar-d
pn - erg pn much upset do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan greatly upset Rasul.’

Kryz (proper) mayus varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir rasul para mayus aad
pn - erg pn much grieved do. aor . m
‘Aslan greatly upset Rasul.’

Kumyk göngün buzmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
musa patimat-nɨ göng-ün buz-d-u
pn pn - gen soul-3 sg . acc spoil- pst -3 sg
‘Musa greatly upset Patimat.’

Kurdish (Sorani) bêzar kirdin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa Perî-î zor bêzar kird-Ø
pn pn =3 sg . pc very upset do. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa greatly upset Pari.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) bêhêvî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam jin bêhêvî kir
man woman upset do. pfv . sg
‘The man upset the woman.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l qin-nu Aˁšura qːuma laga-n b-und-i
pn - obl - gen good- advbz pn sad go. ipfv - inf 3-do. aor -3 p
‘Mohammad greatly upset Ashura.’

Latin contristo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
contrista-v-it haec sententi-a Balb-um
upset- prf - ind . act .3 sg this. nom . sg . f decision( f )- nom . sg pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘This decision upset Balbus.’
Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Fam. 8, 9, 5)

Laz o-č'-u

Valency pattern: ABL_DAT
X: ABL
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s Fatma-šen gu(r)-i Ø-a-č'-un-Ø
pn - b - dat pn - abl heart- nom io 3- ver : r -ache- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Fatma makes Käzim’s heart ache.’

Lezgian (Yargun) ppașmanrin

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Sahib-a Eldar ppara ppașman-ar-na
pn - erg pn much sad- caus - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib greatly upset Eldar.’

Ludic

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. Порождали rastroi, "расстроил", verdut' "разозлил"

Macedonian ogorči

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar mnogu ja ogorči Maja
pn very pro .3 sg . f . acc upset( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘Petar greatly upset Maja.’

Maltese ta kedda

Valency pattern: SBJ_lil
X: SBJ
Y: lil
Locus: Y
Ġwanni ta kedda kbira lil Mark
pn give. pf . m .3 sg worry big. f to pn
‘Ġwanni greatly upset Mark.’
Note: The use of the preposition “lil” is obligatory here. This is not an optional direct object marker.

Maninka (Eastern) jùsumakása

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Fónba kà Sékù jùsumakása
pn aor . tr pn distress
‘Fomba saddened Seku.’

Mano kɛ̄ yéŋ̀zɛ̀

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ē ŋ̄ kɛ̄ yéŋ̀zɛ̀
3 sg . pst 1 sg do unhappy
‘S/he upset me.’

Mansi (Northern) xotkantmaltas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pīj ɕān’-e takiɕ xot-kantm-alt-as-t-e
son mother- poss .3 sg strongly off-be.angry- caus - pst - sg . o -3 sg . s
‘The son made the mother very angry.’

Mehweb pašman -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Islam-ini wahaj-le pašman d-aqʼ-ib Madina
pn - erg bad- advz sad f -do: pfv - pst pn
‘Islam greatly upset Madina.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-c'q'in-eb-apu-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s mangaro(t) Ø-o-c'q'in-eb-ap-u
pn - erg pn - dat greatly io 3- caus -upset- r . ext - caus - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo greatly upset Anuchia.’

Nanai orkila opowan-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Petia Maša do-ni orke-la o-powaŋ-ki-ni
pn pn inside- p .3 sg bad- adv become- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia greatly upset Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Norwegian Bokmål å gjøre trist

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per gjor-de Ola svært trist
pn make- pst pn very sad
‘Per greatly upset Ola.’

Oromo (West Central) mufattʃiisa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n boontuu baajjee mufattʃiis-e
pn - nom pn . abs greatly be_annoyed. caus -3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa greatly upset Bontu.’

Persian nārāḥat kardan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ra
Locus: TR
ahmad mariam-rā xeylī nārāḥat kard
pn pn - acc very anxious do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad greatly upset Mariam.’

Polish zasmucić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Paweł bardzo zasmuci-ł Magd-ę
pn [ nom . sg ] very upset: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] pn - acc . sg
‘Paweł greatly upset Magda.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) ficar chateado

Valency pattern: com_SBJ
X: com
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Miguel fic-ou muito chate-ad-o com Pedro
pn ( m ) get-3 sg . pst very annoy- ptcp - m with pn ( m )
‘Miguel got very upset with Pedro.’

Romani (Kalderash) xoľarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a xoľar-ď-a la Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg upset- pst -3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Murša greatly upset Marijka.’

Romanian a întrista

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petru a întristat-o mult pe Maria
pn aux .3 sg upset. pst . ptcp -she. acc . nant much on pn
‘Petru greatly upset Maria.’

Russian ogorčitʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja očenʹ ogorči-l Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg very upset( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja greatly upset Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Rutul (Mukhad) pašmal hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a q'urban pašmal hıʔı-ri
pn - erg pn sad m .do. pf - aor
‘Murad greatly upset Kurban.’

Rutul (Myukhrek) xatir adgı hıɁı-ri

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
duxvar-a rasul-dı xatir adgı hıɁı-ri
son. obl - erg pn - attr respect( n ) n .remain n .do. pf - prf
‘The son greatly upset Rasul.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Rutul (Shin-Borch) paşmal hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a aydın paşmal hıʔı-r
pn - erg pn sad m .do. pf - aor
‘Murad greatly upset Aydin.’

Rutul (Shinaz) χatir atk hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: ERG_ATTR
X: ERG
Y: ATTR
Locus: Y
basir bala-na χatir atk hɨʔɨ-r karam-dɨ
pn ( erg ) much- adv grudge n .remain. cov n .do. pf - aor pn - attr
‘Basir greatly upset Karam.’

Saami (Skolt) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Sagada q’warid buwa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Pat’imat q’warid j-u-n ʕale
pn unhappy ii -do- pst . uw pn . erg
‘Ali made Patimat sad.’

Serbian rastužiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je mnogo rastuži-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg very upset- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar greatly upset Maria.’

Shughni xafā čīdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM.CL
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Towus=i xu amsoya xafā čūd
pn =3 sg refl neighbour upset do. pst
‘Towus upset her neighbour.’

Slovak rozrušiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter veľmi rozruši-l Mark-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] very make_sad( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter upset Marek.’

Slovenian razžalostiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pavel je zelo razžalosti-l An-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg very upset: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] pn - acc . sg
‘Pavel greatly upset Ana.’

Spanish afligir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro afligi-ó mucho a María
pn [ sg . m ] upset- aor .3 sg very dir . obj . anm pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro greatly upset Maria.’

Svan gwi-s x-ä-zγun-e (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-d lile-s gwi-Ø a-γzigwn-e
pn - erg pn - dat heart- nom prv : dist -[ io 3]-hurt
‘Maizer greatly upset Lile.’

Swedish att göra upprörd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn gjor-de Maja väldigt upprör-d
pn make- pst pn very upset- ptcp . c . sg
‘Björn greatly upset Maja.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
fatima-ji dada.ji-z derd tuv-nu
pn - erg mother- dat sadness give- pst
‘Fatima upset her mother.’

Tagalog inisin

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
i<ni>nis ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .upset pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro greatly upset Miguel.’

Tat (Cimi)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
rasul aslan=ä xun=i=nä ye xēli xärab säxt
pn pn = obl blood= poss :3= obl one considerable bad do₂: pst :3
‘Rasul greatly upset Aslan.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Telugu duḥkhaparucu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni cālā duḥkhaparicāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc very upset. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen greatly upset Mahesh.’

Tindi rak'wa bič'iɬja

Valency pattern: GEN_AD
X: GEN
Y: AD
Locus: XY
ʕali-ƛa rak'wa b-ič'-ar b-uƛ-o aħmadi-χa
pn - gen heart n -die- msd n -end- aor pn - ad
‘Ali greatly upset Ahmad.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Tsakhur pašman haʔiy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee rasul geer pašman haʔu
pn - erg pn very. h sad ( m )do. pf
‘Murad greatly upset Rasul.’

Tswana utlwisa botlhoko

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ma-foko a-gago a-utlw-is-its-e Kitso bo-tlhoko
pl -word(6) cl6. gen -2 sg . pro s i :cl6-feel- caus - prf - fv prn (1) sg -bitterness(14)
‘Your words made Kitso sad.’

Turkish üzmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Orhan Mehmed-i üz-dü
pn pn - acc upset- pst
‘Orhan upset Mehmet.’

Turoyo qḥiro + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Maryam qḥərto wa me Mixoyel
pn angry( f ) cop . pst from pn
‘Maryam was upset wich Michael.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Twi ma bo fu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kofi ma-a nana bo fue-ε paa
pn   cause- pst grandfather breast swell- pst greatly
‘Kofi greatly upset grandfather.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Arguably, this sentence literally means ‘Kofi made his grandfather's breast swell’.

Udi dirxorbes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
David-en İgor-a dirxor=e=b-i
pn - erg pn - dat upset=3 sg = lv - aor
‘David greatly upset Igor.’

Udmurt ǯožomi̮ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a Maša-jez ǯožomi̮t-iz
pn . nom pn - acc upset- pst .3 sg
‘Petja greatly upset Masha.’

Ukrainian zasmutyty

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o duže zasmuty-v Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg very upset( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro greatly upset Mariya.’

Ulcha *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Uzbek qayɣittirmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-ni qayɣit-tir-di
pn pn - acc upset- caus - pst .3 sg
‘Petja greatly upset Maša.’

Wolof naqadi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
l-u la naqadi
cl l - interr o i :2 sg make.sad
‘What made you sad?’

Yukaghir (Northern) habuguriǝsǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝ hаbuguriǝ-sǝ-m
pn pn - acc aff take_offence- caus - tr .3 sg
‘Semien greatly upset Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ɛj maj-a xo zaf murɨz-na-jɛ
3 sg . m . obl mother- ez . f refl much upset- caus -3 sg . f
‘He upset his mother greatly.’