Croatian

Contributed by Mislav Benić (Academia.edu profile)

The data were gathered in 2018 using the Russian version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Benić, Mislav. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Croatian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 8, 2025; last revised on June 25, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 45.55, 15.98.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the nominative, and the P-argument, in the accusative. Even though the accusative form coincides with the nominative form in some declension classes, these two forms are consistently interlinearized according to their grammatical feature value. Thus, both (1) and (2) are examples of the canonical transitive construction, even though the accusative form of nos ‘nose’ in (2) is zero-marked and coincides with the nominative form of the same noun.


(1)  Djevojčic-a  je          vidje-l-a                 kos-a.
     girl-NOM.SG  be.PRS.3SG  see(IPFV)-PART.PERF-F.SG  blackbird-ACC.SG
     ‘The girl saw the blackbird.’

(2)  Dječak         je          obrisa-o                  nos.
     child[NOM.SG]  be.PRS.3SG  wipe(PFV)-PART.PERF.M.SG  nose[ACC.SG]
     ‘The boy wiped his nose.’

The nominative-accusative syncretism is more typical of inanimate nouns (and never observed in personal pronouns). The predicate practically always agrees with the canonical nominative subject in number and person. In most analytical forms, including the basic past tense form, the predicate also displays gender agreement with the subject. Non-subjects are never indexed on the predicate. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers and prepositions. Many prepositions can combine with several different cases; valency class labels represent prepositions in combination with the specific case, e.g., NOMsGEN (where the preposition *s* combines with a noun phrase in the genitive case) and NOMsINS (where the same preposition combines with a noun phrase in the instrumental case) are considered two different valency patterns, etc. The relative order of nominal arguments and the verb is relatively free. For the majority of bivalent predicates, the SVO order is the unmarked choice if both arguments are nominal. However, alternative word order patterns are possible.
Pronouns differentiate between stressed and unstressed (enclitic) forms. The enclitics are usually placed in the clause-second position (after the first phrase or after the first accented word inside a phrase) and their relative order is fixed. Zero subjects (the so-called pro-drop) are common.

Case system

In standard Croatian, there are 7 full-fledged cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, instrumental and vocative. Locative forms are always used with a preposition. The contrast between the locative and the dative case is on the verge of extinction and manifests itself exclusively by pitch accent differences. The case systems in dialectal Croatian can slightly differ from the standard one, for instance in the sense of better preservation of the locative or extinction of the vocative case.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in their infinitive form specified for aspect (perfective or imperfective).

Glossing abbreviations

3 — 3rd person; ACC — accusative; DAT — dative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; INS — instrumental; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — neuter; NEG — negation; NOM — nominative; PART — participle; PASS — passive; PERF — perfect; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRS — present; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain boljeti

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM

X: ACC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Per-u	boli	glav-a
pn - acc . sg	ache. prs .3 sg	head- nom . sg
‘Pero has a headache.’

2. have (illness) imati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	ima	grip-u
pn - nom . sg	have. prs .3 sg	flu- acc . sg
‘Pero has the flu.’

3. be afraid bojati se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	boji	ps-a
pn - nom . sg	refl	be_afraid. prs .3 sg	dog- gen . sg
‘Pero is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw baciti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	baci-o	kamen
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	throw- part . perf . m . sg	stone[ acc . sg ]
‘Pero threw a stone.’

5. have enough imati dosta

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Per-o	ima	dovoljno	novac-a
pn - nom . sg	have. prs .3 sg	enough	money- gen . pl
‘Pero has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

6. resemble biti sličan

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	sličan	Miš-i
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	similar. nom . sg . m	pn - dat . sg
‘Pero resembles Mišo.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe vjerovati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	vjeruje	Miš-i
pn - nom . sg	believe. prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Pero believes Mišo.’

8. take uzeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	uze-o	knjig-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	take- part . perf . m . sg	book- acc . sg
‘Pero took a book.’

9. see vidjeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	vidi	kuć-u
pn - nom . sg	see. prs .3 sg	house- acc . sg
‘Pero sees a house.’

10. influence utjecati

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

dob	utječe	na	pamćenj-e
age[ nom . sg ]	influence. prs .3 sg	on	memory- acc . sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter sresti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	sre-o	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	meet- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero encountered Mišo.’

12. enter ući

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC

X: NOM

Y: uACC

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	uša-o	u	kuć-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	enter- part . perf . m . sg	in	house- acc . sg
‘Pero entered the house.’

13. win pobijediti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	pobijedi-o	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	win- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero beat Mišo.’

14. go out izaći

Valency pattern: NOM_izGEN

X: NOM

Y: izGEN

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	izaša-o	iz	kuć-e
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	go_out- part . perf . m . sg	from	house- gen . sg
‘Pero went out of the house.’

15. drive tjerati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	tjera	krav-u
pn - nom . sg	drive. prs .3 sg	cow- acc . sg
‘Pero is driving the cow.’

16. bend saviti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	savi-o	gran-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	bend- part . perf . m . sg	branch- acc . sg
‘Pero bent the branch.’

17. tell reći

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	reka-o	Miš-i: …
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	tell- part . perf . m . sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Pero told Mišo: ...’

18. hold držati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	drži	knjig-u
pn - nom . sg	hold. prs .3 sg	book- acc . sg
‘Pero is holding a book.’

19. catch up stići

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	stiga-o	Marij-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	catch.up- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero caught up with Marija.’

20. milk pomusti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	pomuza-o	krav-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	milk- part . perf . m . sg	cow- acc . sg
‘Pero milked the cow.’

21. reach doći

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN

X: NOM

Y: doGEN

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	doša-o	do	obal-e
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	reach- part . perf . m . sg	up_to	shore- gen . sg
‘Pero reached the shore.’

22. touch dodirnuti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	dodirnu-o	zid
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	touch- part . perf . m . sg	wall[ acc . sg ]
‘Pero touched the wall.’

23. fight tući se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	tuče	s	Miš-om
pn - nom . sg	refl	hit. prs .3 sg	with	pn - ins . sg
‘Pero is fighting with Mišo.’

24. be friends družiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	druži	s	Miš-om
pn - nom . sg	refl	be_friends. prs .3 sg	with	pn - ins . sg
‘Pero is friends with Mišo.’

25. think misliti

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Per-o	misli	na	Marij-u
pn - nom . sg	think. prs .3 sg	on	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero is thinking about Marija.’

26. eat pojesti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	poje-o	jabuk-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	eat- part . perf . m . sg	apple- acc . sg
‘Pero ate an apple.’

27. fry ispržiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	isprži-o	rib-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	fry- part . perf . m . sg	fish- acc . sg
‘Pero fried the fish.’

28. wait čekati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	čeka	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	wait. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero is waiting for Mišo.’

29. forget NEG + sjetiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	nije	sjeti-o	drug-og	put-a
pn - nom . sg	refl	neg .be. prs .3 sg	remember- part . perf . m . sg	other- gen . sg . m	road- gen . sg
‘Pero forgot about the other road.’

30. depend ovisiti

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

pamćenj-e	ovisi	o	dob-i
memory- nom . sg	depend. prs .3 sg	by	age- loc . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call pozvati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	pozva-o	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	call- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero called Mišo.’

32. get to know upoznati se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	upozna-o	s	Miš-om	prije	godin-u	dan-a
pn - nom . sg	refl	get.to.know- part . perf . m . sg	with	pn - ins . sg	before	year- acc . sg	day- gen . pl
‘Pero got to know Mišo a year ago.’

33. know poznavati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	pozna	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	know. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero knows Mišo.’

34. play (instrument) svirati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	svira	gitar-u
pn - nom . sg	play. prs .3 sg	guitar- acc . sg
‘Pero is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid izbjegavati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	izbjegava	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	avoid. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero avoids Mišo.’

36. make napraviti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	napravi-o	mišolovk-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	make- part . perf . m . sg	mousetrap- acc . sg
‘Pero made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun rugati se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	ruga	Miš-i
pn - nom . sg	refl	make_fun. prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Pero is making fun of Mišo.’

38. have imati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	ima	aut-o
pn - nom . sg	have. prs .3 sg	car- acc . sg
‘Pero has a car.’

39. look for tražiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	traži	ključ-eve
pn - nom . sg	look.for. prs .3 sg	key- acc . pl
‘Pero is looking for his keys.’

40. paint bojati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	boja	ograd-u
pn - nom . sg	paint. prs .3 sg	fence- acc . sg
‘Pero is painting the fence.’

41. bite ugristi

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pas	je	ugriza-o	Per-u
dog[ nom . sg ]	be. prs .3 sg	bite- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘A dog bit Pero.’

42. forfeit ostati

Valency pattern: NOM_bezGEN

X: NOM

Y: bezGEN

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	osta-o	bez	kuć-e
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	remain- part . perf . m . sg	without	house- gen . sg
‘Pero lost his house.’

43. try to catch hvatati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	hvata	mačk-u
pn - nom . sg	try.to.catch. prs .3 sg	cat- acc . sg
‘Pero is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break slomiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	slomi-o	štap
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	break- part . perf . m . sg	stick[ acc . sg ]
‘Pero broke a stick.’

45. flatter laskati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	laska	Marij-i
pn - nom . sg	flatter. prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Pero is flattering Marija.’

46. love (person) voljeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	voli	Marij-u
pn - nom . sg	love. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero loves Marija.’

47. wave mahati

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Per-o	maše	maramic-om
pn - nom . sg	wave. prs .3 sg	handkerchief- ins . sg . f
‘Pero is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream maštati

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC

X: NOM

Y: oLOC

Locus: Y

Per-o	mašta	o	nov-om	aut-u
pn - nom . sg	dream. prs .3 sg	by	new- loc . sg . n	car- loc . sg
‘Pero is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash oprati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	opra-o	šalic-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	wash- part . perf . m . sg	cup- acc . sg
‘Pero washed the cup.’

50. put on obući

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	obuka-o	hlač-e
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	put.on- part . perf . m . sg	trousers- acc . pl
‘Pero put on his trousers.’

51. be called zvati se

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

t-a	stvar	se	zove	kutij-a
this- nom . sg . f	thing[ nom . sg ]	refl	call. prs .3 sg	box- nom . sg
‘This thing is called a box.’

52. punish kazniti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	kazni-o	sin-a
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	punish- part . perf . m . sg	son- acc . sg
‘Pero punished his son.’

53. attack napasti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

medvjed	je	napa-o	ribar-a
bear[ nom . sg ]	be. prs .3 sg	attack- part . perf . m . sg	fisherman- acc . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) napuniti se

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

kant-a	se	napuni-l-a	vod-om
bucket- nom . sg . f	refl	fill- part . perf - f . sg	water- ins . sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find naći

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	naša-o	ključ-eve
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	find- part . perf . m . sg	key- acc . pl
‘Pero found his keys.’

56. be short nedostajati

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Per-i	nedostaje	jedan	dolar
pn - dat . sg	lack. prs .3 sg	one[ nom . sg ]	dollar[ nom . sg ]
‘Pero is one dollar short.’

57. hate mrziti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	mrzi	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	hate. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero hates Mišo.’

58. like sviđati se

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Per-i	se	sviđa	ta	košulj-a
pn - dat . sg	refl	like. prs .3 sg	this. nom . sg . f	shirt- nom . sg
‘Pero likes this shirt.’

59. need trebati

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Per-i	treba	novac
pn - dat . sg	be_necessary. prs .3 sg	money[ nom . sg ]
‘Pero needs money.’

60. surround okruživati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

zid-ovi	okružuju	grad
wall- nom . pl	surround. prs .3 pl	city[ acc . sg ]
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain ostati

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Per-i	je	osta-l-o	deset	dolar-a
pn - dat . sg	be. prs .3 sg	remain- part . perf - n . sg	ten	dollar- gen . pl
‘Pero has ten dollars left.’

62. answer odgovoriti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	odgovori-o	učitelj-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	answer- part . perf . m . sg	teacher- dat . sg
‘Pero answered the teacher.’

63. open otvoriti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	otvori-o	konzerv-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	open- part . perf . m . sg	can- acc . sg
‘Pero opened a can.’

64. be different biti drukčiji

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN

X: NOM

Y: odGEN

Locus: Y

moj-a	košulj-a	je	drukčij-a	od	tvoj-e
my- nom . sg . f	shirt- nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	different- nom . sg . f	from	your- gen . sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind zaostati

Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS

X: NOM

Y: zaINS

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	zaosta-o	za	Miš-om
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	fall.behind- part . perf . m . sg	behind	pn - ins . sg
‘Pero fell behind Mišo.’

66. plough orati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	ore	polj-e
pn - nom . sg	plough. prs .3 sg	field- acc . sg
‘Pero is ploughing the field.’

67. smell smrdjeti

Valency pattern: NOM_poLOC

X: NOM

Y: poLOC

Locus: Y

ruk-e	mi	smrde	po	benzin-u
hand- nom . pl	i . dat	smell. prs .3 pl	along	gasoline- loc . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross prijeći

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	preša-o	cest-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	cross- part . perf . m . sg	street- acc . sg
‘Pero crossed the road.’

69. sing otpjevati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	otpjeva-o	lijep-u	pjesm-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	sing- part . perf . m . sg	beautiful- acc . sg . f	song- acc . sg
‘Pero sang a beautiful song.’

70. write napisati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	napisa-o	pism-o
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	write- part . perf . m . sg	letter- acc . sg
‘Pero wrote a letter.’

71. drink popiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	popi-o	mlijek-o
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	drink- part . perf . m . sg	milk- acc . sg
‘Pero drank the milk.’

72. melt otopiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	otopi-o	komad	olov-a
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	melt- part . perf . m . sg	piece[ acc . sg ]	lead- gen . sg
‘Pero melted a piece of lead.’

73. match ići

Valency pattern: NOM_uzACC

X: NOM

Y: uzACC

Locus: Y

ovaj	kaiš	mi	ide	uz	haljin-u
this. nom . sg . m	belt[ nom . sg ]	i . dat	go. prs .3 sg	near	dress- acc . sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave napustiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	napusti-o	rodn-i	grad
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	leave- part . perf . m . sg	native- acc . sg . m	city[ acc . sg ]
‘Pero left his native city.’

75. cover pokriti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

tepih	pokriva	sav	pod
carpet[ nom . sg ]	cover. prs .3 sg	all. acc . sg . m	floor[ acc . sg ]
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember sjećati se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	dobro	sjeća	kuć-e
pn - nom . sg	refl	well	remember. prs .3 sg	house- gen . sg
‘Pero remembers the house well.’

77. help pomoći

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	pomoga-o	Miš-i
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	help- part . perf . m . sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Pero helped Mišo.’

78. understand (language) razumjeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	razumije	francusk-i
pn - nom . sg	understand. prs .3 sg	f rench- acc . sg . m
‘Pero understands French.’

79. hit (target) udariti

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC

X: NOM

Y: uACC

Locus: Y

grom	je	udari-o	u	kuć-u
thunder- nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	hit- part . perf . m . sg	in	house- acc . sg
‘Lightning (lit. thunder) struck the house.’

80. cut oneself porezati se

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	poreza-o	britv-om
pn - nom . sg	refl	cut- part . perf . m . sg	razor- ins . sg
‘Pero cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck zalijepiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_zaACC

X: NOM

Y: zaACC

Locus: Y

čaš-a	se	zalijepi-l-a	za	stol
glass- nom . sg	refl	stick- part . perf - f . sg	behind	table[ acc . sg ]
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) izgubiti

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN

X: NOM

Y: odGEN

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	izgubi-o	od	Miš-e
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	lose- part . perf . m . sg	from	pn - gen . sg
‘Pero lost to Mišo.’

83. be glad obradovati se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	obradova-o	pism-u
pn - nom . sg	refl	gladden- part . perf . m . sg	letter- dat . sg
‘Pero was glad about the letter.’

84. speak pričati

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Per-o	priča	s	Miš-om
pn - nom . sg	speak. prs .3 sg	with	pn - ins . sg
‘Pero is speaking with Mišo.’

85. give birth roditi

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Marij-a	je	rodi-l-a	sin-a
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	give.birth- part . perf - f . sg	son- acc . sg
‘Marija gave birth to a son.’

86. drop ispasti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Per-i	je	ispa-l-a	čaš-a
pn - dat . sg	be. prs .3 sg	fall_down- part . perf - f . sg	glass- nom . sg
‘Pero dropped the glass.’

87. govern upravljati

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Per-o	upravlja	poduzeć-em
pn - nom . sg	manage. prs .3 sg	company- ins . sg
‘Pero manages the company.’

88. miss nedostajati

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Per-i	nedostaje	Marij-a
pn - dat . sg	miss. prs .3 sg	pn - nom . sg
‘Pero misses Marija.’

89. follow ići

Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS

X: NOM

Y: zaINS

Locus: Y

Per-o	ide	za	Miš-om
pn - nom . sg	go. prs .3 sg	behind	pn - ins . sg
‘Pero follows Mišo.’

90. dismount sjahati

Valency pattern: NOM_sGEN

X: NOM

Y: sGEN

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	sjaha-o	s	konj-a
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	go_down- part . perf . m . sg	from_on	horse- gen . sg
‘Pero got down from the horse.’

91. listen slušati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	sluša	radi-o
pn - nom . sg	listen. prs .3 sg	radio- acc . sg
‘Pero is listening to radio.’

92. obey slušati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	sluša	mam-u
pn - nom . sg	listen. prs .3 sg	mother- acc . sg
‘Pero obeys his mother.’

93. hear čuti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	čuje	glazb-u
pn - nom . sg	hear. prs .3 sg	music- acc . sg
‘Pero hears the music.’

94. mix stopiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

med	se	stopi-o	s	mlijek-om
honey[ nom . sg ]	refl	mix- part . perf . m . sg	with	milk- ins . sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look gledati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	gleda	oblak-e
pn - nom . sg	look. prs .3 sg	cloud- acc . pl
‘Pero is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off skinuti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	skinu-o	košulj-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	put_off- part . perf . m . sg	shirt- acc . sg
‘Pero took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) sanjati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	sanja	Marij-u
pn - nom . sg	see_in_dream. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero dreams about Marija.’

98. agree složiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	složi-o	s	Marij-om
pn - nom . sg	refl	unite- part . perf . m . sg	with	pn - ins . sg
‘Pero agreed with Marija.’

99. have a quarrel posvađati se

Valency pattern: NOM_sINS

X: NOM

Y: sINS

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	posvađa-o	s	Marij-om
pn - nom . sg	refl	quarrel- part . perf . m . sg	with	pn - ins . sg
‘Pero had a quarrel with Marija.’

100. cost koštati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

t-a	šalic-a	košta	jedn-u	kun-u
this- nom . sg . f	cup- nom . sg	cost. prs .3 sg	one- acc . sg . f	kuna- acc . sg
‘This cup costs one kuna.’
Note: Unlike canonical transitive verbs, this verb cannot be used with pronominal objects in the accusative case.

101. shoot at pucati

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC

X: NOM

Y: uACC

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	puca-o	u	ptic-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	shoot- part . perf . m . sg	in	bird- acc . sg
‘Pero shot at the bird.’

102. pour nasipati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	nasipa-o	šećer	u	kutij-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	put- part . perf . m . sg	sugar[ acc . sg ]	in	box- acc . sg
‘Pero poured the sugar into the box.’

103. lose izgubiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	izgubi-o	ključ-eve
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	lose- part . perf . m . sg	key- acc . pl
‘Pero lost his keys.’

104. sink potonuti

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC

X: NOM

Y: uACC

Locus: Y

cjepanic-a	je	potonu-l-a	u	vod-u
log- nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	sink- part . perf - f . sg	in	water- acc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill ubiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	ubi-o	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	kill- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero killed Mišo.’

106. hit udariti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	udari-o	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	hit- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero hit Mišo.’

107. kiss poljubiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	poljubi-o	Marij-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	kiss- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero kissed Marija.’

108. read pročitati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	pročita-o	zanimljiv-u	knjig-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	read- part . perf . m . sg	interesting- acc . sg . f	book- acc . sg
‘Pero read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) micati

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	mica-o	prst-ima
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	move- part . perf . m . sg	finger- ins . pl
‘Pero was moving his fingers.’

110. respect poštovati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	poštuje	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	respect. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero respects Mišo.’

111. be squeamish gaditi se

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Per-i	se	gadi	prljav-o	suđ-e
pn - dat . sg	refl	disgust. prs .3 sg	dirty- nom . sg . n	dishes- nom . sg
‘Pero is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content biti zadovoljan

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	zadovoljan	svoj-im	sin-om
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	content. nom . sg . m	one’s- ins . sg . m	son- ins . sg
‘Pero is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love zaljubiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC

X: NOM

Y: uACC

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	zaljubi-o	u	Marij-u
pn - nom . sg	refl	fall.in.love- part . perf . m . sg	in	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero fell in love with Marija.’

114. trust imati povjerenja

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC

X: NOM

Y: uACC

Locus: Y

Per-o	ima	povjerenj-a	u	Marij-u
pn - nom . sg	have. prs .3 sg	trust- gen . sg	in	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero trusts Marija.’

115. sympathise biti žao

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

Per-i	je	žao	majk-e
pn - dat . sg	be. prs .3 sg	sorry	mother- gen . sg
‘Pero sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy zavidjeti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	zavidi	Miš-i
pn - nom . sg	envy. prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Pero envies Mišo.’

117. be angry ljutiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	ljuti	na	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	refl	anger. prs .3 sg	on	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero is angry with Mišo.’

118. be surprised iznenaditi se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	iznenadi-o	t-om	poklon-u
pn - nom . sg	refl	surprise- part . perf . m . sg	this- dat . sg . m	gift- dat . sg
‘Pero was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) voljeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	voli	čaj
pn - nom . sg	like. prs .3 sg	tea[ acc . sg ]
‘Pero loves tea.’

120. enjoy uživati

Valency pattern: NOM_uLOC

X: NOM

Y: uLOC

Locus: Y

Per-o	uživa	u	vruć-em	čaj-u
pn - nom . sg	enjoy. prs .3 sg	in	hot- loc . sg . m	tea- loc . sg
‘Pero enjoys hot tea.’

121. want željeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	želi	nov-i	mobitel
pn - nom . sg	want. prs .3 sg	new- acc . sg . m	mobile_phone[ acc . sg ]
‘Pero wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ljutiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	ljuti	na	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	refl	anger. prs .3 sg	on	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero holds a grudge against Mišo.’

123. take offence naljutiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	naljuti-o	na	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	refl	offend- part . perf . m . sg	on	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero took offence at Mišo.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

124. upset razočarati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	jako	razočara-o	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	very	disappoint- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero greatly disappointed Mišo.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

125. marvel ostati iznenađen

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	osta-o	iznenađen	tim	grad-om
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	remain- part . perf . m . sg	amaze. part . pass . nom . m . sg	this. ins . sg . m	city- ins . sg
‘Pero was amazed by this town.’

126. despise prezirati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	prezire	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	despise. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero despises Mišo.’

127. get upset rastužiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_zbogGEN

X: NOM

Y: zbogGEN

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	rastuži-o	zbog	sin-a
pn - nom . sg	refl	make.sad- part . perf . m . sg	because.of	son- gen . sg
‘Pero was saddened because of his son.’

128. get irritated ići na živce

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Per-i	kći	opet	ide	na	živc-e
pn - dat . sg	daughter[ nom . sg ]	again	go. prs .3 sg	on	nerve- acc . pl
‘Pero is getting irritated with his daughter again.’

129. be fond biti naklonjen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	je	naklonjen	Miš-i
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	fond	pn - dat . sg
‘Pero is fond of Mišo.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy stidjeti se

Valency pattern: NOM_zbogGEN

X: NOM

Y: zbogGEN

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	stidi	zbog	svoj-e	visin-e
pn - nom . sg	refl	shame. prs .3 sg	because	one’s- gen . sg . f	height- gen . sg
‘Pero is embarrassed about his height.’