‘tell’
| Argument frame: | X (tell) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. told M. : (‘Call me this evening.’) |
| Predicate label Ru: | говорить |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (говорить) Y -у |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. сказал М. : ("Приходи ко мне в гости"). |
Abaza hʷa
| Valency pattern: ERG_IO |
| X: ERG |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| fatíma | zaréma | j-l-á-l-hʷa-ṭ: | sas-rá | s-pnə | b-ʕa-j |
| pn | pn | 3 sg . n . abs -3 sg . f . io - dat -3 sg . f . erg -say( aor )- dcl | guest- nml | 1 sg . io -to | 2 sg . f . abs - cisl -come( imp ) |
| ‘Fatima told Zarema: «Come to my place!».’ | |||||
| Note: The absolutive slot corresponds to the content of speech. | |||||
Adyghe (West Circassian) je-ʔʷe
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| dirjekterə-m | č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-m | r-jə-ʔʷa-ʁ: |
| director- obl | teacher- obl | 3 sg . io + dat -3 sg . erg -say- pst |
| ‘The director told the teacher: ...’ | ||
Aghul p.u-
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a | meʜemed.i-s | p.u-ne… |
| pn ( erg ) | pn - dat | tell. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan told Muhammad: (‘...’)’ | ||
Akhvakh (Northern) eƛ’ƛ’uruƛa
| Valency pattern: ERG_LAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| patħudi-de | eƛ’ƛ’-ari | musa-ga |
| pn - erg | say- aor | pn - lat |
| ‘Pathudi told Musa.’ | ||
Andi (Zilo) rutɬ.i:
| Valency pattern: ERG_INST |
| X: ERG |
| Y: INST |
| Locus: Y |
| ali-di | umarħadʒi-qχi | rutɬ.i: “…” |
| pn - erg | pn - inst | say. pst ( aor ) |
| ‘Ali said to Umargaji: “…”’ | ||
| Valency pattern: SBJ_IO |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| Abrahām | qal-la | l-Maryam | (...) |
| pn | say. pf .3 ms - io .3 fs | to- pn | (...) |
| ‘Abraham told Maryam (...).’ | |||
| Valency pattern: SBJ_l |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: l |
| Locus: Y |
| Aḥmad | yəgūl | lə | Mḥammad | taʕāl | nẓayf-ek |
| pn | say. ipfv .3 m | to | pn | come. ipv . sg | host. ipfv .1 pl - o .2 m |
| ‘Ahmad says to Muhammad: come visit us!’ | |||||
Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ḥ.k.a
| Valency pattern: SBJ_la |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Shadi | ḥaka | la-Reem… |
| pn | tell. pst .3 m . sg | to- pn |
| ‘Shadi told Reem….’ | ||
Arabic (standard) qāla
| Valency pattern: NOM_liGEN |
| X: NOM |
| Y: liGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Badr-un | qāla | li=Maryam-a |
| pn - nom | say. pf .3 m | to= pn - acc |
| ‘Badr told Maryam.’ | ||
Archi bos
| Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.ALL |
| X: ERG |
| Y: CONT.ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| paša-mu | moħommad-li-r-ši | bo |
| pn - obl . m ( erg ) | pn - obl - cont - all | say. pfv |
| ‘Pasha told Muhammad.’ | ||
Armenian (Eastern) asel
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petros-ə | Mher-i-n | asac’ |
| pn [ nom ]- def | pn - dat - def | tell: aor :3 sg |
| ‘Petros told Mher.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic tanə
| Valency pattern: SBJ_ka |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ka |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur | tuni-l | ka | +xor-u | atə | bet-u | arxa |
| pn | say. pst - ls .3 m | to | friend( m )- p .3 m | come. prs | house( m )- p .3 m | guest( m ) |
| ‘Ashur told his friend: “Call me this evening.”’ | ||||||
Avar abize
| Valency pattern: ERG_LOC |
| X: ERG |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali-ca | aħmad-i-da | niže-qe | hobolɬu-q | w-ač’-a-jila-n | ab-una |
| pn - erg | pn - obl - loc | 1 pl . excl . obl - apudlat | invitation. obl - apud | m -come- imp . itr - quot - seq | say- ipf |
| ‘Ali told Ahmad to come to their place.’ | |||||
Azerbaijani demək
| Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DATLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Aslan | Rǝsul-a | de-di | biz-ǝ | gǝl |
| pn | pn - dat / lat | say- pst (3) | 1 pl - dat / lat | come( imp ) |
| ‘Aslan told Rasul: "Come and visit us!"’ | ||||
Bafut ʃwóŋə̂
| Valency pattern: SBJ_mbo |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mbo |
| Locus: Y |
| àmbɛ́ | à | kɨ̀ | ʃwóŋə̂ | mbô | sùù | tóŋə̂ | ɣà | fâ | ŋ̀kwɛ̂fɔ̀ |
| pn | sm | p 2 | tell | to | pn | call | me | this | evening |
| ‘Ambe told Suh: “Call me this evening”.’ | |||||||||
Bambara fɔ́
| Valency pattern: SBJ_ye |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ye |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù | y'à | fɔ́ | Fántà | yé: | nà | bɔ́ | ń | fɛ̀ |
| pn | pfv . tr .3 sg | say | pn | as | come | go.out | 1 sg | by |
| ‘Seku said to Fanta: call on me.’ | ||||||||
Bartangi luvdow
| Valency pattern: NOM_EL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| Ahmed | az | Abdullo | luv-d |
| pn | el | pn | say- pst |
| ‘Ahmed told Abdullo: ...’ | |||
| Note: This is not a DOM pattern. | |||
Belarusian skazać
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Alieś | skaza-ŭ | Vasil-ju |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | tell( pfv )- pst . sg . m | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Ales told Vasil: ...’ | ||
Beserman veranə̑
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petʼa | (mar-ke) | vera-z | Maša-lə̑ |
| pn . nom | what- indef | say- pst .3 sg | pn - dat |
| ‘Petja said (something) to Masha.’ | |||
Budugh yuʔu
| Valency pattern: ERG_ADR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ADR |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan-ır | rosul-ovon | yıpa-ci | vın | ye-ce | quş |
| pn - erg | pn - adr | say. pfv - prf | 2. nom | 1 pl . obl - loc | come( imper ) |
| ‘Aslan told Rasul: come and visit us.’ | |||||
Bulgarian kazha
| Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na) |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DAT(na) |
| Locus: Y |
| Petăr | kaza | na | Mihail: | "Ela | mi | na | gosti" |
| pn | tell( pfv ). aor .3 sg | on | pn | come( pfv ).2 sg . imp | pro .1 sg . dat | on | guest. pl |
| ‘Petar told Mihail: Come visit me.’ | |||||||
Catalan dir
| Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: NDIR.OBJ |
| Locus: Y |
| en | Pere | va | dir | al | Marc… |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | say. inf | to. def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere told Marc: …’ | |||||
| Note: Cf. "en Pere li va dir" | |||||
Chechen aala
| Valency pattern: ERG_ALL |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam-as | Nadir-aga | ael-la |
| pn - erg | pn - all | say- prf |
| ‘Islam told Nadir: ...’ | ||
Chinese (Mandarin) shuō
| Valency pattern: SBJ_dui |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: dui |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān | duì | Lǐsì | shuō |
| pn | towards | pn | say |
| ‘Zhangsan told Lisi.’ | |||
Chirag i
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| ʡa̰li-le | rasul-l-i | ṵq’-e | uč’-e... |
| pn - erg | pn - obl - super | ( m . sg )go- imp | ( m . sg )say: pf - ipf .3 |
| ‘Ali said to Rasul: Go!’ | |||
Croatian reći
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Per-o | je | reka-o | Miš-i: … |
| pn - nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | tell( pfv )- part . perf . m . sg | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Pero told Mišo: ...’ | |||
Czech říct
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | řek-l | Michal-ovi: | "…" |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( m )- dat . sg | "…" |
| ‘Petr told Michal "…".’ | |||
Dan (Eastern) pɤ̄
| Valency pattern: SBJ_dhe |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: dhe |
| Locus: Y |
| Gbȁtȍ | yȁ | pɤ̄ | Gɤ́ɤ̏ | dhɛ̏ | yɤ̏ | dhūn | ɤ̄ | pi̋ɤ |
| pn ( m ) | 3 sg . exi >3 sg . nsbj | say | pn ( m ) | for | 3 sg . sbjv | come | refl . sg | at |
| ‘Gbato told Gueu to come to him.’ | ||||||||
Danish sige
| Valency pattern: SBJ_til |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: til |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | sagde | til | Marie: ... |
| pn | say. pst | to | pn |
| ‘Peter told Marie: ...’ | |||
Dargwa (Itsari) B-urs-uj
| Valency pattern: ERG_IN.LAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: IN.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam-il | Nadir-ri-cːi | b-urs-ib |
| pn - erg | pn - obl - in ( lat ) | n -tell. pfv - aor |
| ‘Islam told Nadir.’ | ||
Dargwa (Kadar) es (PFV)
| Valency pattern: ERG_IN |
| X: ERG |
| Y: IN |
| Locus: Y |
| meħamad-li | ʡaˤšura-l-ze | ib | r-aš-i | nam-ču |
| pn - erg | pn - obl - in | say. pfv . pret | f -walk. ipfv - imp | i . obl - ad |
| ‘Muhammad told Ashura: "Come and visit me".’ | ||||
Dargwa (Kaytag) bera
| Valency pattern: ERG_INTER |
| X: ERG |
| Y: INTER |
| Locus: Y |
| Petja-l | Miša-c:i | biv | kaˁ | du-sa | šet:ir |
| pn - erg | pn - inter | say. aor (3) | come. pf | 1 sg - ante | as_guest |
| ‘Petja told Misha: "Come and visit me".’ | |||||
| Valency pattern: ERG_INTERLAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: INTERLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| gal-di-l | denil-cːe | ha-aj |
| boy- obl - erg | neighbor- inter ( lat ) | say. pfv -3. aor . tr |
| ‘The boy told his neighbour.’ | ||
Dargwa (Tsudakhar) b-urs-iz
| Valency pattern: ERG/LOC(LAT)_INTER(LAT) |
| X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
| Y: INTER(LAT) |
| Locus: Y |
| uršːi-le | unra-c:e | b-urs-ib |
| boy- erg / loc ( lat ) | neighbor- inter ( lat ) | n -tell- pret (3) |
| ‘The boy told his neighbor.’ | ||
Dargwa (Tsugni) ag-i / ig-i
| Valency pattern: ERG_INTER(LAT) |
| X: ERG |
| Y: INTER(LAT) |
| Locus: Y |
| durħaˤ-li | zumra-cːe | ag-ib |
| boy- erg | neighbor- inter ( lat ) | say. pfv - pret (3) |
| ‘The boy told his neighbor.’ | ||
Dutch zeggen
| Valency pattern: SBJ_tegen |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: tegen |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet | zei | tegen | Marie |
| pn (С) | say. pst | against | pn (С) |
| ‘Piet told Marie: ...’ | |||
Enets (Forest) man
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | mana-ʃ | genka-xo-da: | mɛ-ko-nʲiʔ | to-nʲi-d | mɛziza-ʃ |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | say( pfv )-3 sg . s . pst | pn - dat . sg - obl . sg .3 sg | chum- dat - obl . sg .1 sg | come( pfv )- sbjv -2 sg . s | be_on_visit( ipfv )- cvb |
| ‘My friend told to Genka: “Come to my place to stay as a guest”’. | ||||||
English tell
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | told | Mary: | ‘Call | me | this | evening.’ |
Estonian ütlema
| Valency pattern: NOM_ALL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | ütle-s | Mareti-le: ... |
| pn . sg . nom | say- pst .3 sg | pn - all |
| ‘Peeter said to Maret: ...’ | ||
Finnish sanoa
| Valency pattern: NOM_ALL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka | san-oi | Mati-lle: |
| pn . nom | say- pst .3 sg | pn - all |
| ‘Pekka told Matti: ...’ | ||
French dire
| Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: NDIR.OBJ |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul | a | dit | à | Michel: | viens | me | voir |
| pn ( m ) | have. prs .3 sg | say. pst . ptcp . m | to | pn ( m ) | come. imp | i . acc | see. inf |
| ‘Paul told Michel: “Come and see me.”’ | |||||||
Gascon dishó
| Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: NDIR.OBJ |
| Locus: Y |
| Pau | dishó | a | Miquèu: | “ven | a | véde’=m” |
| pn | say. pst .3 sg | to | pn | come. imp | to | see. inf = i . acc |
| ‘Pau told Miquèu: “Come and see me.”’ | ||||||
Gban zè
| Valency pattern: SBJ_nen |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: nen |
| Locus: Y |
| Zá̰ | y | ä | zè | Mɔ̰̈bì | nɛ̰̀ | nḭ́ | bȅ | nṵ̀ | ḭ̀ | yɔ́ |
| pn | 3 sg \ pst | s/he/it | say[ pfv . hod ] | pn | at | that | 2 sg . sbjv | come[ sbjv ] | i | at |
| ‘Zan told Monbi: “Come to my place”.’ | ||||||||||
Georgian Ø-e-ubn-eb-a (PRS)
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-m | mašo-s | raγaca-Ø | Ø-u-txr-a |
| pn - erg | pn - dat | something- nom | io 3- ver : o -tell- sm - s 3 sg . pst |
| ‘Petre told Masho something.’ | |||
German sagen
| Valency pattern: NOM_zuDAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zuDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| “komm | zu | Besuch”, | sag-te | Karl | zu | Marie |
| come. imp | to | visit[ dat . sg ] | say- pst .3 sg | pn [ nom . sg ] | to | pn [ dat . sg ] |
| ‘Karl told Marie: “Come to visit”.’ | ||||||
Hebrew (modern) amar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_le |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas | amar | le | Menaχem |
| pn | say[ pst .3 sg . m ] | to | pn |
| ‘Pinchas told Menachem.’ | |||
Hindi kahnā
| Valency pattern: ERG_ABL |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Pratīk | ne | Mohan | se | kah-ā… |
| pn ( m ). sg . obl | erg | pn ( m ). sg . obl | abl say. pfv - m . sg | |
| ‘Prateek told Mohan…’ | ||||
Indonesian (standard) ber-kata
| Valency pattern: SBJ_pada |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pada |
| Locus: Y |
| Ali | ber-kata | pada | Dewi |
| pn | ber -say | for | pn |
| ‘Ali told Dewi.’ | |||
Irish abair
| Valency pattern: SBJ_le |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Dúirt | Pól | le | Mícheal... |
| tell. pst | pn | with | pn ... |
| ‘Pól told Mícheal.’ | |||
Italian dire
| Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: NDIR.OBJ |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo | ha | detto | a | Maria: | vieni | a | trovar-mi |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | say. pst . ptcp | to | pn ( f ) | come. imp .2 sg | to | find. inf -me |
| ‘Leo told Maria: "Come visit me".’ | |||||||
Karata keƛ’ƛ’anɬa
| Valency pattern: ERG_LAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali-l | aħmat’-jar | keƛ’ƛ’-en |
| pn - erg | pn - lat | say- pf |
| ‘Ali told Ahmat.’ | ||
Kazakh ayt
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-ɣa | ayt-tï |
| pn | pn - dat | say- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya told Masha: ...’ | ||
Khanty (Kazym) lŏpti
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en | maša-j-en-a | lŏp-ǝs: … |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat | tell- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja told Maša: ...’ | ||
Khoekhoe mîba
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b | ge | Maria-s-a | ge | mîba |
| pn -3 m . sg | decl | pn -3 f . sg - obl | pst | tell |
| ‘Peter told Maria.’ | ||||
Khwarshi iƛa
| Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.LAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: CONT.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| šamil-i | di-qo-l | iƛ-ƛa | žan | nišo | horo=ƛƛa |
| pn - erg | 1 sg . o - cont - lat | say- pst . w | more | evening | come. imp = quot |
| ‘Shamil told me: “Come again tonight”.’ | |||||
Komi-Permyak šuni̮
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet'a | šu-i-s | Maša-vö |
| pn | tell- pret -3 | pn - dat |
| ‘Petja told Masha.’ | ||
Komi-Zyrian šuni̮
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet'a | šu-i-s | Maša-li̮ |
| pn | say- pret -3 | pn - dat |
| ‘Petja told Masha.’ | ||
Kpelle (Guinean) kɛ́
| Valency pattern: SBJ_bha |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bha |
| Locus: Y |
| Pépèe | yɛ̀ | Hèhee | ɓà: | Pá | é | gáa |
| pn | 3 sg .say | pn | on1 | come | 2 sg | 1 sg \see |
| ‘Pepee told Hehee: Come see me.’ | ||||||
Kryz (Alik) lipic
| Valency pattern: ERG_ADR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ADR |
| Locus: Y |
| terlan-ir | rasul-van | lip-uc-ki | ja-vas | ʕaşa |
| pn - erg | pn - adr | say. pfv - aor . n - compl | 1 plexcl . obl - cum | come. imper . m |
| ‘Terlan told Rasul: “Come to our place!”’ | ||||
Kryz (Ismayilli) lupuc
| Valency pattern: ERG_ADR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ADR |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan-ir | rasul-uvan | lar | ki | ya-xun | ʕaşe |
| pn - erg | pn - adr | say | that | 1 pl . obl - dir | come. imper . m |
| ‘Aslan told Rasul: "Come and visit us!"’ | |||||
Kryz (proper) ʕuxhric
| Valency pattern: ERG_ADR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ADR |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan-ir | rasul-van | leyir | ja-xun | ʕuşa |
| pn - erg | pn - adr | say. prs | 1 pl . excl . obl - dir | come_level. imper |
| ‘Aslan told Rasul: "Come and visit us!"’ | ||||
Kumyk ajtmaq
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| patimat | musa-ʁa | ajt-d-ɨ |
| pn | pn - dat | say- pst -3 sg |
| ‘Patimat told Musa.’ | ||
Kurdish (Sorani) witin
| Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_be |
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: be |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa | be | Perî=î | wit-Ø | ewr̂o | zeng=im | bo | lê-d-e |
| pn | to | pn =3 sg . pc | tell. pst -3 sg | today | bell=1 sg . pc | for | prev -hit. imp -2 sg |
| ‘Hiwa told Peri to call him today.’ | |||||||
| Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. The 1SG.PC morpheme indexes the complement of the adposition. | |||||||
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) gotin (tr)
| Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBLre |
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: jiOBLre |
| Locus: Y |
| wer | serdan-ê | jinik-ê | ji | zilam | re | got |
| come. imp . sg | visit- obl . f | woman- obl . f | from | man | to | say. pfv . sg |
| ‘“Come for a visit!” — said the woman to the man.’ | ||||||
| Valency pattern: GEN_APUD |
| X: GEN |
| Y: APUD |
| Locus: Y |
| Maħammad-u-l | u<w>k-und-i | Aˁšura-x | : | b-uxːu | tːu-č'a-n qmalu |
| pn - obl - gen | <1>say- aor -3 p | pn - apud | 3-come. imp | i - cont - lat guest | |
| ‘Mohammad told Ashura: “Come and visit me”.’ | |||||
Latin dico
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| haec | nobis | Attal-us | dix-it, | natur-a | omn-ibus | dix-it |
| this. acc . sg . n | we. dat | pn ( m )- nom . sg | say[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg | nature( f )- nom . sg | each- dat . pl | say[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg |
| ‘Attalus told it to us, and the nature told it to everyone.’ | ||||||
| Note: (Sen. Ep. 110, 20) | ||||||
Laz o-c'-um-u
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Käzim-i-k | Fatma-s | Ø-u-c'-u |
| pn - b - erg | pn - dat | io 3- ver : o -tell- s 3 sg . pst |
| ‘Käzim told Fatma.’ | ||
Lezgian (Yargun) luhun
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Sahib-a | Eldar-a-z | laha-na |
| pn - erg | pn - obl - dat | say. pfv - aor |
| ‘Sahib told Eldar.’ | ||
| Valency pattern: NOM_ALL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet'a | sanu-i | tovariš’a-le: | "Tule | huomen!" |
| pn | say- pst | friend- all | come. imp | tomorrow |
| ‘Peter told his friend, “Come by tomorrow!”’ | ||||
| Note: был также вариант "An'a sanoi Grišaha", где Гриша в иллативе | ||||
Macedonian reče
| Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na) |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DAT(na) |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar | ì | reče | na | Maja: | “Dojd-i | na | gosti | kaj | mene!” |
| pn | pro .3 sg . f . dat | tell( pfv ). aor .3 sg | on | pn | come( pfv )-2 sg . imp | on | guest. pl | at | i . obl |
| ‘Petar told Maja: come to my place.’ | |||||||||
Maltese qal
| Valency pattern: SBJ_lil |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: lil |
| Locus: Y |
| Ġwanni | qal | lil | Mark: … |
| pn | tell. pf . m .3 sg | to | pn |
| ‘Ġwanni told Mark: :..’ | |||
| Note: The use of the preposition “lil” is obligatory with this verb in this meaning. This is not an optional direct object marker. | |||
| Valency pattern: SBJ_nye |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: nye |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù | kà | à | fɔ́ | Fántà | ɲɛ́: | nà | bɔ́ | ń | mà. |
| pn | aor . tr | 3 sg | say | pn | before | come | exit | 1 sg | adr |
| ‘Seku told Fanta: call me.’ | |||||||||
Mano gèē
| Valency pattern: SBJ_lee |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: lee |
| Locus: Y |
| Pèé | ā | gèē | ŋ̄ | lɛ̀ɛ̄ |
| pn | 3 sg . pst >3 sg | say | 1 sg | to |
| ‘Pe told me..’ | ||||
| Note: Dummy 3SG direct object. | ||||
Mansi (Northern) lāwəs
| Valency pattern: NOM_LAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pājel | kol’i-n | lāw-əs … |
| pn | pn - lat | say- pst .3 sg |
| ‘Pasha told Kolja....’ | ||
Mehweb es
| Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.LAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: CONT.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Patʼimat-li-ni | ib | Musa-li-ze: | "ħu | di-šu | ʡoˤχlad-deš-in | w-akʼ-e" |
| pn - obl - erg | say: pfv . aor | pn - obl - cont ( lat ) | you.sg | i . obl - apud ( lat ) | visiting- nmlz - erg | m -come: pfv - imp |
| ‘Patimat told Musa: "Come and visit me".’ | ||||||
Mingrelian Ø-u-c'-in-s (FUT)
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-k | anučia-s | Ø-u-c'-u |
| pn - erg | pn - dat | io 3- ver : o -tell- s 3 sg . pst |
| ‘Chelo told Anuchia.’ | ||
Nanai un-
| Valency pattern: NOM_DIR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DIR |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia | Maša-či | uŋ-ki-ni |
| pn | pn - dir | tell- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia told Masha: ...’ | ||
Nivkh xеrd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | Ajsana | + | xеr-d | ɲе-rχ | pʰr̥ə-r̥ | cʰma-ja |
| pn | pn | + | tell- ind | 1 sg - dat / add | come- cvb _ nar | visit- imp .2 sg |
| ‘Kaskazik told Ajsana: “Come and visit me!”’ | ||||||
Norwegian Bokmål å si
| Valency pattern: SBJ_til |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: til |
| Locus: Y |
| «kom | på | besøk» | sa | Per | til | Ola |
| «come. imp | on | visit» | say. pst | pn | to | pn |
| ‘Per told Ola: "Come and visit".’ | ||||||
Oromo (West Central) dʒeɗa
| Valency pattern: NOM_INS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n | tolaa-ɗaan | "..." | dʒeɗ-e |
| pn - nom | pn - ins | … | say-3 sg . m . pfv |
| ‘Obsa said to Tola... ’ | |||
Persian goftan
| Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM |
| X: NOM |
| Y: beNOM |
| Locus: Y |
| ahmad | be | mariam | goft |
| pn | to | pn | say. pst .3 sg |
| ‘Ahmad told Mariam.’ | |||
Polish powiedzieć
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Franek | powiedzia-ł | Anc-e |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | tell: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Franek told Anka.’ | ||
Portuguese (Brazilian) dizer
| Valency pattern: SBJ_para |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: para |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | disse | para | Miguel: «…» |
| pn ( m ) | say.3 sg . pst | towards | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro told Miguel: ‘…’.’ | |||
Romani (Kalderash) phenel
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| o | Murš-a | phen-ď-a | man-gə |
| art . m . dir . sg | pn - nom . sg | tell- pst -3 sg | i - dat |
| ‘Murša told me.’ | |||
Romanian a spune
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petru | i-a | spus | Mari-ei | vino | la | mine | în | vizit-ă |
| pn | s/he. dat . nant - aux .3 sg | tell. pst . ptcp | pn - obl | come. imp | at | i . acc . acnt | in | visit- indf . dir |
| ‘Petru told Maria: “Come and visit me!”.’ | ||||||||
Russian skazatʹ
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | skaza-l | Maš-e | prixod-i | ko | mne | v | gost-i |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( f )- dat . sg | come( ipfv )- imp . sg | to | i . dat | in | guest( m )- acc 2. pl |
| ‘Petja told Maša: come to my place.’ | |||||||
Rutul (Kina) huxur
| Valency pattern: ERG_APUD |
| X: ERG |
| Y: APUD |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a | huxu-r | ramazan-da |
| pn - erg | 4.tell. pfv - cvb | pn - apud |
| ‘Rasul told Ramazan.’ | ||
Rutul (Mukhad) huxun
| Valency pattern: ERG_AD |
| X: ERG |
| Y: AD |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-a | q'urban-da | huxu-ri |
| pn - erg | pn - ad | ( n ) pf .say- aor |
| ‘Murad told Kurban.’ | ||
| Valency pattern: ERG_AD |
| X: ERG |
| Y: AD |
| Locus: Y |
| duxvar-a | rasul-da | huxhu-ri |
| son. obl - erg | pn - ad | say. pf - aor |
| ‘Murad told Rasul: ...’ | ||
Rutul (Shin-Borch) huxhun
| Valency pattern: ERG_AD |
| X: ERG |
| Y: AD |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-a | natig-ı-da | huxhu-r |
| pn - erg | pn - obl - ad | n .say. pf - aor |
| ‘Murad told Natig.’ | ||
Rutul (Shinaz) xu-n
| Valency pattern: ERG_AD |
| X: ERG |
| Y: AD |
| Locus: Y |
| basir | xu-rɨ | karam-da |
| pn ( erg ) | say. pf - perf | pn - ad |
| ‘Basir told Karam.’ | ||
Saami (Skolt) ceäʹlǩǩed
| Valency pattern: NOM_ILL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ILL |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt | cieʹlǩ-i | Märjj-a: |
| pn . sg . nom | say- pst .3 sg | pn - sg . ill |
| ‘Pete told Maria: “...”.’ | ||
Sagada eƛa
| Valency pattern: ERG_POSS.LAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: POSS.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pari | eƛ-ii | Maħama-qo-r | horo | mi | di-ʁo-ʁor | ƛirba-ƚun |
| pn . erg | say- pst . w | pn - poss - lat | come | 2 sg . abs | 1 sg - apud - all | guest- cmpr |
| ‘Pari told Muhamad: You come and visit my place.’ | ||||||
Serbian reći
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar | je | reka-o | Marij-i |
| pn . nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | tell- part . perf . m . sg | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Petar told Maria.’ | |||
Shughni lůvdow
| Valency pattern: NOM.CL_DAT |
| X: NOM.CL |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim=i | Lola-yard | lůd: | te | tar | čīd=aθ |
| pn =3 sg | pn - dat | say. pst | go. imper | eq | house= adv |
| ‘Azim told Lola: “Go home”.’ | |||||
Slovak povedať
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | poveda-l | Mark-ovi: | "…" |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( m )- dat . sg | "…" |
| ‘Peter told Marek: "…".’ | |||
Slovenian povedati
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | je | poveda-l | An-i |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | tell: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Peter told Ana.’ | |||
Spanish decir
| Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: NDIR.OBJ |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | ha | dich-o | a | María: | ven | a | ver-me |
| pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | tell- ptcp : prf | ndir . obj | pn [ sg . f ] | come. imp | to | see. inf - dir . obj .1 sg |
| ‘Pedro told Maria: come to my place!’ | |||||||
Svan x-a-t'uːl-i (PRS)
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| maizer-d | lile-s | x-äː-kw-e |
| pn - erg | pn - dat | io 3- ver : sup -tell- pst |
| ‘Maizer told Lile.’ | ||
Swedish att säga
| Valency pattern: SBJ_till |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: till |
| Locus: Y |
| “Kom | på | besök”, | sade | Björn | till | Maja |
| come. imp | on | visit | say. pst | pn | to | pn |
| ‘Björn told Maja: “Come and visit”.’ | ||||||
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| fatima-ji | maˁhaˁmad.a-z | fuvuš | ʁa-p-nu |
| pn - erg | pn - dat | something | pf -say- pst |
| ‘Fatima told Mahamad something.’ | |||
Tagalog sabihan
| Valency pattern: ACT_LOC |
| X: ACT |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| s<in>abih-an | ni | Pedro | si | Miguel |
| < pfv >say- lv | pers . gen | pn | pers . subj | pn |
| ‘Pedro told Miguel.’ | ||||
Telugu ceppu
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ | maheṣ-ku | ceppāḍu |
| pn ( m ). sg . nom | pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat | say. pst .3 sg . m |
| ‘Praveen told Mahesh...’ | ||
Tsakhur uvhay
| Valency pattern: ERG_AFF |
| X: ERG |
| Y: AFF |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-ee | aydın-ı-k’le | uvha-yn |
| pn - erg | pn - obl - aff | say. pf - ptcp . n |
| ‘Murad told Aydin.’ | ||
Tswana bolelela
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| o-m-polel-ets-e | gore | ngw-ana | o-bu-il-e | ma-aka |
| s i :cl1-o i :1 sg -tell- appl . prf - fv | that | sg -child(1) | s i :cl1-tell- prf - fv | pl -lie(6) |
| ‘S/he told me that the child was lying.’ | ||||
Turkish demek
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Filiz-e | de-di | ki, | “Misafirliğ-e | gel-Ø!” |
| pn | pn - dat | say- pst | that | visit- dat | come- imp |
| ‘Mehmet told Filiz: “Come to visit me”’. | |||||
Turoyo omər
| Valency pattern: SBJ_IO |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| Šabo | mər-le | l | Maryam | ʕaṣriye | haw-li | talafon |
| pn | say. pfv - ls .3 m | to | pn | evening | give. imp . sg - ls .1 sg | telephone |
| ‘Shabo told Maryam: “Call me in the evening.”’ | ||||||
Twi kakyerε
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kofi | kakyerε-ε | nana |
| pn | tell- pst | grandfather |
| ‘Kofi told grandfather.’ | ||
Udi pes
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Art'ur-en | Ruslan-a | p-i=ne |
| pn - erg | pn - dat | say- aor =3 sg |
| ‘Artur told Ruslan.’ | ||
Udmurt verani̮
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet'a | Maša-li̮ | vera-z ... |
| pn . nom | pn - dat | say- pst .3 sg |
| ‘Petja said to Masha: …’ | ||
Ukrainian skazaty
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr-o | skaza-v | Marij-i |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | tell( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( f )- dat . sg |
| ‘Petro told Mariya: …’ | ||
Ulcha wən-
| Valency pattern: NOM_LAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| xusə | piktə | əktə | piktə-ti | wən-či-n: | ńimər-u | min-ti! |
| male | child | female | child- lat | say- pst -3 sg | visit- imp | i - lat |
| ‘The boy told the girl: come and visit me!’ | ||||||
Uzbek demoq
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-ga: | “mehmon-ga | kel” | de-di |
| pn | pn - dat | visit- dat | come. imp | say- pst .3 sg |
| ‘Petja told Maša: come to my place.’ | ||||
Wolof ne
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBJ |
| Locus: TR |
| Gaynde | ne | y-eneen | rab | y-i | gan | g-i | nit | la |
| pn | tell | cl y -other | animal( w ) | cl y - def | stranger( g ) | cl g - def | person( k /Ñ) | e q cop |
| ‘Gaynde (Lion) told the other animals: "The stranger is a human being".’ | ||||||||
Yukaghir (Northern) mon=
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn | Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ | mon-i |
| pn | pn - dat | tell- intr .3 sg |
| ‘Semien told Akulina.’ | ||
| Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_re.PSTP |
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: re.PSTP |
| Locus: Y |
| oxɨr-i | hɛsɛn-i=re | vat |
| pn - m . obl | pn - m . obl =for | say. pst |
| ‘Oxir told Hesen.’ | ||