BivalTyp

Komi-Zyrian

Contributed by Ekaterina Sergeeva (Academia.edu profile).

E.S.'s photo

Translations were elicited from two native speakers of Komi-Zyrian in Syktyvkar in 2013, using the Russian version of the questionnaire.

How to cite

Sergeeva, Ekaterina. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Komi-Zyrian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on May 26, 2025; last revised on December 12, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Further details can be found in Sergeeva (2018).

Sergeeva, E. N. 2018. Markirovanie aktantov dvuxmestnyx predikatov v komi-zyryanskom literaturnom yazyke [Bivalent verbs' argument coding in standard Komi-Zyrian]. In S. S. Say (ed.). Valentnostnye klassy dvuxmestnyx predikatov v raznostrukturnyx jazykax [Bivalent valency classes in structurally diverse languages]. Saint Petersburg: ILS RAN. 339–353.

Basic info

Komi-Zyrian belongs to the Permic subgroup of Finno-Ugric languages and is closely related to Komi-Permyak and Udmurt. Komi-Zyrian and Komi-Permyak can be regarded as varieties of a single pluricentric Komi language.

The language is primarily spoken in the Komi Republic, Russia, and its native speaker population has declined to approximately 100,000, placing it in the endangered category.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the nominative-accusative alignment. In the basic transitive construction the subject appears in the nominative, while the object displays variable marking depending on the morphosyntactic and semantic properties of the clause. Three options are available: unmarked, marked with the suffix -e̮s, or marked with the cumulative third-person possessive-accusative marker -se̮. The choice is influenced by animacy, definiteness, and clause structure.

Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers and postpositions (with cases).

Case system

According to the commonly accepted analysis, standard Komi-Zyrian has a total of 16 distinct cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, ablative, dative, instrumental, comitative, abessive, consecutive, inessive, illative, elative, approximative, egressive, prolative, terminative.

Glossing abbreviations

ABE — abessive; ABL — ablative; ACC — accusative; ADJ — adjective; AG — agent; COM — comitative; DAT — dative; ELA — elative; GEN — genitive; ILL — illative; INE — inessive; INS — instrumental; NEG — negation; OBL — oblique; P — possessor; PC — participle; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRET — preterite; PROL — prolative; PRS — present; SG — singular; TERM — terminative.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain viśni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-le̮n viś-e̮ jur-i̮s
pn - gen ache- prs .3 head- p .3
‘Petja has a headache.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) viśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a viś-e̮ gripp-e̮n
pn ache- prs .3 flu- ins
‘Petja has the flu.’

3. be afraid povni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pet'a pol-e̮ pon.j-i̮ś
pn be_afraid- prs .3 dog. obl - ela
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw šibitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a šibit-i-s iz
pn throw- pret -3 stone
‘Petja threw a stone.’

5. have enough ti̮rmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-li̮ ti̮rm-e̮ śe̮m-i̮s
pn - dat suffice- prs .3 money- p .3
‘Petja has enough money.’

6. resemble vetli̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a vetl-e̮ Maša vi̮l-e̮
pn resemble- prs .3 pn top- ill
‘Petja resembles Masha.’

7. believe eski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a esk-e̮ Maša-li̮
pn believe- prs .3 pn - dat
‘Petja believes Masha.’

8. take bośtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a bośt-i-s ńebe̮g
pn take- pret -3 book
‘Petja took a book.’

9. see adʒ́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a adʒ́-e̮ kerka
pn see- prs .3 house
‘Petja sees a house.’

10. influence te̮dč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
arli̮d te̮dč́-e̮ veže̮r vi̮l-e̮
age influence- prs .3 memory top- ill
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter pani̮daśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a pani̮daś-i-s Maša-ke̮d
pn meet- pret -3 pn - com
‘Petja encountered Masha.’

12. enter pi̮rni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Pet'a pi̮r-i-s kerka-e̮
pn go_in- pret -3 house- ill
‘Petja entered the house.’

13. win vermi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a verm-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn win- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja beat Masha.’

14. go out petni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pet'a pet-i-s kerka-i̮ś
pn go_out- pret -3 house- ela
‘Petja went out of the house.’

15. drive ve̮tli̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ve̮tl-e̮ me̮sk-e̮s
pn drive- prs .3 cow- acc
‘Petja is driving the cow.’

16. bend kusi̮ńtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kusi̮ńt-i-s č́al'
pn bend- pret -3 branch
‘Petja bent the branch.’

17. tell šuni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a šu-i-s Maša-li̮
pn say- pret -3 pn - dat
‘Petja told Masha.’

18. hold kutni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kut-e̮ ńebe̮g
pn hold- prs .3 book
‘Petja is holding a book.’

19. catch up sue̮dni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a sue̮d-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn catch_up- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja caught up with Masha.’

20. milk li̮śti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a li̮śt-i-s me̮s.k-e̮s
pn milk- pret -3 cow. obl - acc
‘Petja milked the cow.’

21. reach voe̮dč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_TERM
X: NOM
Y: TERM
Locus: Y
Pet'a voe̮dč́-i-s bereg-e̮ʒ́
pn reach- pret -3 bank- term
‘Petja reached the bank.’

22. touch inme̮dč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Pet'a inme̮dč́-i-s st'en.m-e̮
pn touch- pret -3 wall. obl - ill
‘Petja touched the wall.’

23. fight ti̮škaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a ti̮škaś-e̮ Maša-ke̮d
pn fight- prs .3 pn - com
‘Petja is fighting with Masha.’

24. be friends jortaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a jortaś-e̮ Maša-ke̮d
pn be_friends- prs .3 pn - com
‘Petja is friends with Masha.’

25. think me̮vpavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_jilis
X: NOM
Y: jilis
Locus: Y
Pet'a me̮vpal-e̮ Maša ji̮l-i̮ś
pn think- prs .3 pn top- ela
‘Petja is thinking about Masha.’

26. eat śojni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a śoj-i-s jable̮g
pn eat- pret -3 apple
‘Petja ate an apple.’

27. fry žaritni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a žarit-i-s č́eri
pn fry- pret -3 fish
‘Petja fried the fish.’

28. wait vič́č́i̮śni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a vič́č́i̮ś-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn wait- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja is waiting for Masha.’

29. forget vi̮ne̮dni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_jilis
X: NOM
Y: jilis
Locus: Y
Pet'a vune̮d-i-s me̮d tuj ji̮l-i̮ś
pn forget- pret -3 second road top- ela
‘Petja forgot about the other road.’

30. depend te̮dč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
veže̮r vi̮l-e̮ te̮dč́-e̮ arli̮d
memory top- ill influence- prs .3 age
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

31. call korni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kor-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn call- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja called Masha.’

32. get to know te̮dmaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a te̮dmaś-i-s Maša-ke̮d vo saj-i̮n
pn get_to_know- pret -3 pn - com year back- ine
‘Petja got to know Masha a year ago.’

33. know te̮dni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a te̮d-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn know- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja knows Masha.’

34. play (instrument) vorsni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vilin
X: NOM
Y: vilin
Locus: Y
Pet'a vors-e̮ gitara vi̮l-i̮n
pn play- prs .3 guitar top- ine
‘Petja is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid pi̮šji̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pet'a pi̮šjal-e̮ Maša-i̮ś
pn run_away- prs .3 pn - ela
‘Petja avoids Masha.’

36. make ve̮č́ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ve̮č́-i-s bomba
pn make- pret -3 bomb
‘Petja made a bomb.’

37. make fun t'ešitč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vilin
X: NOM
Y: vilin
Locus: Y
Pet'a t'ešitč́-e̮ Maša vi̮l-i̮n
pn make_fun- prs .3 pn top- ine
‘Petja is making fun of Masha.’

38. have ve̮vni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-le̮n em mašina
pn - gen be. prs .3 sg car
‘Petja has a car.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

39. look for korśni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a korś-e̮ kl'uč́-jjas
pn look_for- prs .3 key- pl
‘Petja is looking for the keys.’

40. paint kraśitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kraśit-i-s je̮r
pn paint- pret -3 fence
‘Petja painted the fence.’

41. bite kurč́č́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a-e̮s kurč́č́-i-s pon
pn - acc bite- pret -3 dog
‘A dog bit Petja.’

42. forfeit kol'ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABE
X: NOM
Y: ABE
Locus: Y
Pet'a kol'-i-s gort-te̮g
pn leave- pret -3 house- abe
‘Petja lost his house.’

43. try to catch kutni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kut-e̮ kań-e̮s
pn catch- prs .3 cat- acc
‘Petja is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break č́egni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a č́eg-i-s bed'
pn break- pret -3 stick
‘Petja broke a stick.’

45. flatter uśke̮dč́i̮ni̮ č́eśte̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vozin
X: NOM
Y: vozin
Locus: Y
Pet'a uśke̮dč́-i-s č́eśt-e̮ Maša voʒ́-i̮n
pn attack- pret -3 honor- ill pn place.in.front- ine
‘Petja flattered Masha.’

46. love (person) rad'ejtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a rad'ejt-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn love- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja loves Masha.’

47. wave šenaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a šenaś-i-s č́i̮šjan-e̮n
pn wave- pret -3 kerchief- ins
‘Petja waved a handkerchief.’

48. dream me̮vpavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_jilis
X: NOM
Y: jilis
Locus: Y
Pet'a me̮vpal-e̮ mašina ji̮l-i̮ś
pn dream- prs .3 car top- ela
‘Petja is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash mi̮śki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a mi̮śk-i-s č́aška
pn wash- pret -3 cup
‘Petja washed the cup.’

50. put on paśtavni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a paśtal-i-s gač́
pn put_on- pret -3 trousers
‘Petja put on the trousers.’

51. be called šuśi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
taje̮ emtor-i̮s šuś-e̮ kompas-e̮n
this thing- p .3 be_called- prs .3 compass- ins
‘This thing is called a compass.’

52. punish nakažitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a nakižit-i-s as-śi̮s pi-se̮
pn punish- pret -3 self- abl . p .3 sg son- acc . p .3
‘Petja punished his son.’

53. attack uśke̮dč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
oš uśke̮dč́-i-s č́eri ki̮j-i̮ś vi̮l-e̮
bear attack- pret -3 fish catch- pc . ag top- ill
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ti̮rni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
vetra ti̮r-i-s va-e̮n
bucket fill- pret -3 water- ins
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find adʒ́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a adʒ́-i-s kl'uč́-jjas
pn see- pret -3 key- pl
‘Petja found his keys.’

56. be short NEG + ti̮rmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-li̮ o-z ti̮rmi̮ e̮t'i šajt
pn - dat neg . prs -3 suffice one rouble
‘Petja is one rouble short.’

57. hate muste̮mtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a muste̮mt-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn hate- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja hates Masha.’

58. like kažitč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-li̮ kažič́č́-e̮ taje̮ de̮re̮m-i̮s
pn - dat like- prs .3 this shirt- p .3
‘Petja likes this shirt.’

59. need kovni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-li̮ kol-e̮ śe̮m
pn - dat be_needed- prs .3 money
‘Petja needs money.’

60. surround ki̮čovti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kar ki̮čovt-e̮-ni̮ st'en-jas
town encircle- prs .3- pl wall- pl
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain kol'ni̮

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-le̮n kol'-i-s śurs šajt
pn - gen remain- pret -3 thousand rouble
‘Petja has one thousand roubles left.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

62. answer voč́aviʒ́ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a voč́aviʒ́-i-s vele̮di̮ś-li̮
pn answer- pret -3 teacher- dat
‘Petja answered the teacher.’

63. open vośti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a vośt-i-s banka
pn open- pret -3 can
‘Petja opened a can.’

64. be different torjavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
me-nam de̮re̮m-e̮j tor-jal-e̮ te-i̮ś
i - gen shirt- p .1 be_different- prs .3 you- ela
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind kol'č́č́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pet'a kol'č́č́-i-s Maša-i̮ś
pn fall_behind- pret -3 pn - ela
‘Petja fell behind Masha.’

66. plough ge̮rni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ge̮r-e̮ mu
pn plough- prs .3 ground
‘Petja is ploughing the field.’

67. smell ki̮vni̮

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
me-nam ki-jas-i̮ś ki̮l-e̮ benźin duk
i - gen hand- pl - ela hear- prs .3 gasoline smell
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross vuǯni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a vuǯ-i-s tuj
pn cross- pret -3 street
‘Petja crossed the street.’

69. sing śi̮vni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a śi̮l-i-s mič́-a śi̮lanki̮v
pn sing- pret -3 beautiful- adj song
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

70. write gižni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a giž-i-s piśme̮
pn write- pret -3 letter
‘Petja wrote a letter.’

71. drink juni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ju-i-s je̮v
pn drink- pret -3 milk
‘Petja drank the milk.’

72. melt si̮vdi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a si̮vd-i-s svińeč́ tor
pn melt- pret -3 lead piece
‘Petja melted a piece of lead.’

73. match le̮śavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_dore
X: NOM
Y: dore
Locus: Y
taje̮ ve̮ń-i̮s le̮śal-e̮ me-nam platt'e̮ dor-e̮
this belt- p .3 match- prs .3 i - gen dress edge- ill
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave kol'ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kol'-i-s č́užan kar-se̮
pn leave- pret -3 native town- acc . p .3
‘Petja left his native city.’

75. cover vevtti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kovjor vevtt'-e̮ ǯoǯ-se̮ stavnas
carpet cover- prs .3 floor- acc . p .3 fully
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember pomńitni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a bura pomńit-e̮ gort-se̮
pn well remember- prs .3 house- acc . p .3
‘Petja remembers the house well.’

77. help otsavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a otsal-i-s Maša-li̮
pn help- pret -3 pn - dat
‘Petja helped Masha.’

78. understand (language) ge̮ge̮rvoni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ge̮ge̮rvo-e̮ francuz ki̮v
pn understand- prs .3 f rench language
‘Petja understands French.’

79. hit (target) veśkavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
gi̮m-ńe̮v veśkal-i-s kerka-e̮
thunder-arrow hit- pret -3 house- ill
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself vundi̮śni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a vundi̮ś-i-s britva-e̮n
pn cut_oneself- pret -3 razor- ins
‘Petja cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck l'epitč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
stakan l'epitč́-i-s pi̮zan-e̮
glass stick- pret -3 table- ill
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) vorsśi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a vorsś-i-s Maša-li̮
pn lose- pret -3 pn - dat
‘Petja lost to Masha.’

83. be glad radli̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a radl-i-s piśme̮-li̮
pn rejoice- pret -3 letter- dat
‘Petja was glad about the letter.’

84. speak śorńitni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a śorńit-e̮ Maša-ke̮d
pn speak- prs .3 pn - com
‘Petja is speaking with Masha.’

85. give birth č́užtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Maša č́užt-i-s pi-e̮s
pn give_birth- pret -3 son- acc
‘Masha gave birth to a son.’

86. drop uśke̮dni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a uśke̮d-i-s stakan
pn drop- pret -3 glass
‘Petja dropped the glass.’

87. govern veśke̮dli̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a veśke̮dl-e̮ mi-jan śikt-e̮n
pn govern- prs .3 we- gen village- ins
‘Petja runs our village.’

88. miss gažte̮mtč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pet'a gažte̮mtč́-e̮ Maša-i̮ś
pn miss- prs .3 pn - ela
‘Petja misses Masha.’

89. follow munni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_berti
X: NOM
Y: berti
Locus: Y
Pet'a mun-e̮ Maša be̮r-t'i
pn go- prs .3 pn back- prol
‘Petja follows Masha.’

90. dismount leč́č́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vilis
X: NOM
Y: vilis
Locus: Y
Pet'a leč́č́-i-s ve̮v vi̮l-i̮ś
pn dismount- pret -3 horse top- ela
‘Petja got down from the horse.’

91. listen ki̮vzi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ki̮vz-e̮ rad'io
pn listen- prs .3 radio
‘Petja is listening to radio.’

92. obey ki̮vzi̮śni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pet'a ki̮vzi̮ś-e̮ mam-i̮s-li̮ś
pn obey- prs .3 mother- p .3- abl
‘Petja always listens to his mother.’

93. hear ki̮vni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ki̮l-e̮ taje̮ ši̮lad-se̮
pn hear- prs .3 this music- acc . p .3
‘Petja hears the music.’

94. mix e̮tlaaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
ma e̮tlaaś-i-s je̮v-ke̮d
honey mix- pret -3 milk- com
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look viʒ́e̮dni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a viʒ́e̮d-e̮ ki̮me̮r-jas vi̮l-e̮
pn look- prs .3 cloud- pl top- ill
‘Petja is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off pe̮rč́č́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a pe̮rč́č́-i-s de̮re̮m-se̮
pn take_off- pret -3 shirt- acc . p .3
‘Petja took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) ve̮tavni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ve̮tal-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn see_in_dreams- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja dreamed about Masha.’

98. agree voni̮ e̮t'i ki̮vje̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a vo-i-s e̮t'i ki̮v.j-e̮ Maša-ke̮d
pn come- pret -3 one speech. obl - ill pn - com
‘Petja agreed with Masha.’

99. have a quarrel pińaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Pet'a pińaś-i-s Maša-ke̮d
pn quarrel- pret -3 pn - com
‘Petja had a quarrel with Masha.’

100. cost sulavni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
taje̮ č́aška-i̮s sulal-e̮ et'i dollar
this cup- p .3 cost- prs .3 one dollar
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Unlike other transitive verbs, this verb’s Y argument is never marked accusative, due to its typically non-referential status.

101. shoot at li̮jni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Pet'a li̮j-i-s lebač́-e̮
pn shoot- pret -3 bird- ill
‘Petja shot at the bird.’

102. pour pukti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a pukt-i-s sakar
pn put- pret -3 sugar
‘Petja poured the sugar.’

103. lose vošti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a vošt-i-s kl'uč́-jjas-se̮
pn lose- pret -3 key- pl - acc . p .3
‘Petja lost his keys.’

104. sink ve̮jni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INE
X: NOM
Y: INE
Locus: Y
pes ve̮j-i-s va-i̮n
log sink- pret -3 water- ine
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill vijni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a vij-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn kill- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja killed Masha.’

106. hit kuč́ki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a kuč́k-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn hit- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja hit Masha.’

107. kiss oki̮štni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a oki̮št-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn kiss- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja kissed Masha.’

108. read li̮dd'i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a li̮dd'-i-s int'eresne̮j ńebe̮g
pn read- pret -3 interesting book
‘Petja read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ve̮re̮di̮štni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a ve̮re̮di̮št-i-s č́uń-nas
pn move- pret -3 finger- ins . p .3
‘Petja moved his finger.’

110. respect pi̮dd'i pukti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a pi̮dd'i pukt-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn behind put- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja respects Masha.’

111. be squeamish zi̮ve̮ktni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a zi̮ve̮kt-e̮ ńajt taśti-pań
pn be_squeamish- prs .3 dirty cup-spoon
‘Petja is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content de̮ve̮l'en

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a de̮ve̮l'en pi-nas
pn content son- ins . p .3
‘Petja is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love musmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-li̮ musm-i-s Maša
pn - dat like- pret -3 pn
‘Petja fell in love with Masha.’

114. trust eski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a esk-e̮ Maša-li̮
pn believe- prs .3 pn - dat
‘Petja trusts Masha.’

115. sympathise žal'itni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a žal'it-e̮ mam-se̮
pn sympathize- prs .3 mother- acc . p .3
‘Petja sympathizes with his mother.’

116. envy zavid'ti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a zavid't-e̮ Maša-li̮
pn envy- prs .3 pn - dat
‘Petja envies Masha.’

117. be angry ske̮ravni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a ske̮ral-e̮ Maša vi̮l-e̮
pn be_angry- prs .3 pn top- ill
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’

118. be surprised č́ujmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a č́ujm-i-s koźin-li̮
pn be_surprised- pret -3 present- dat
‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) rad'ejtni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a rad'ejt-e̮ čaj
pn like- prs .3 tea
‘Petja loves tea.’

120. enjoy č́e̮smaśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a č́e̮smaś-i-s pe̮ś čaj-e̮n
pn enjoy- pret -3 hot tea- ins
‘Petja enjoyed hot tea.’

121. want ke̮sji̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a ke̮sj-e̮ vi̮l' mobil'ńik
pn want- prs .3 new mobile_phone
‘Petja wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ske̮ravni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a ske̮ral-e̮ Maša vi̮l-e̮
pn be_angry- prs .3 pn top- ill
‘Petja is angry with Masha.’

123. take offence l'okavni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a l'okal-e̮ Maša vi̮l-e̮
pn take_offence- prs .3 pn top- ill
‘Petja is upset by Masha.’

124. upset majše̮dli̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a jona majše̮dl-i-s Maša-e̮s
pn strongly upset- pret -3 pn - acc
‘Petja greatly upset Masha.’

125. marvel šenźi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Pet'a šenź-i-s taje̮ kar-nas
pn be_stunned- pret -3 this town- ins . p .3
‘Petja was stunned by this town.’

126. despise muste̮mtni̮

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pet'a muste̮mt-e̮ Maša-e̮s
pn hate- prs .3 pn - acc
‘Petja hates Masha.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset šoge̮ uśni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ponda
X: NOM
Y: ponda
Locus: Y
Pet'a šog-e̮ uś-i-s pi-i̮s ponda
pn grief- ill fall- pret -3 son- p .3 because_of
‘Petja got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated de̮zmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_vile
X: NOM
Y: vile
Locus: Y
Pet'a de̮zm-e̮ ni̮v vi̮l-as
pn get_irritated- prs .3 daughter top- ill . p .3
‘Petja is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond voni̮ śe̮le̮m vi̮le̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-li̮ vo-e̮ śe̮le̮m vi̮l-as Maša
pn - dat come- prs .3 heart top- ill . p .3 pn
‘Petja is fond of Masha.’

130. be shy jandi̮śni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pet'a jandi̮ś-e̮ as-las tuša-i̮ś
pn be_shy- prs .3 self- gen . p .3 height- ela
‘Petja is embarrassed about his height.’