BivalTyp

‘hold’

Argument frame: X (hold) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. is holding a book (in his hands).
Predicate label Ru: держать
Argument frame Ru: X (держать) Y (-а)
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. держит книгу (в руках).

Abaza ma

Valency pattern: IO_ABS
X: IO
Y: ABS
Locus: X
a-phʷə́spa á-pχ’aga lə́-ma-ṗ
def -girl def -book 3 sg . f . io -be- npst . dcl
‘The girl is holding the book.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ʔəʁ

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pŝaŝe-m txələ-r ə-ʔəʁ
girl- obl book- abs 3 sg . erg -hold
‘The girl is holding the book.’

Aghul χil.i-ʔ a-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan.a-n χil.i-ʔ kitab a-a
pn - gen hand- in book { in }be- prs
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Alik Kryz yuqhric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir ug xab-a kitab yiqhir-ca
pn - erg refl . m ( gen ) hand- in book catch. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan is holding a book.’

Archi -sas

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patʼimat-li qʼonqʼ so-li
pn - obl ( erg ) book 4.take. pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘Pasha is holding a book.’
Note: Resultative construction.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic davək

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata ctava dvəkt-u=la ṗ id-o
girl( f ) book( m ) seize. res . f - p .3 m =3 f with hand( f )- p .3 f
‘The girl is holding a book in her hands.’

Avar kkeze

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca t’ex kkun b-ugo kodo-b
pn - erg book catch. seq n - cop hand. loc - n
‘Ali is holding a book.’

Azerbaijani tutmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan ǝl-i-ndǝ bir kitab tut-ub
pn hand- poss 3- loc one book catch- perf (3)
‘Aslan is holding a book.’

Bafut tʃwá

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à tʃwá-kɨ́ ŋwàʔànɨ̀
pn sm hold- ipfv book
‘Ambe is holding a book.’

Bambara bɛ́/tɛ́

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
gáfe` bɛ́ Sékù bólo
book\ art be pn cntrl
‘Seku holds a book in his hands.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Brazilian Portuguese segurar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro segur-a o livro
pn ( m ) hold-3 sg . prs def . m book( m )
‘Pedro is holding a book.’

Budugh surqhu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır uga' xab-a' sab kita'b süqhür-cü
pn - erg refl . loc hand- loc one. a book( a ) a .hold. pf - aor
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’

Catalan agafar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere està agaf-ant un llibre
def . sg . m pn ( m ) be.3 sg . prs . ind hold- ger indf . sg . m book( m )
‘Pere is holding a book.’

Chechen AGR-u

Valency pattern: ALL_ABS
X: ALL
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-aga kinizhla j-u
pn - all book. abs j -be. prs
‘Islam is holding a book.’

Chirag b-uci

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le na̰qː-a̰ žuz b-uc-ub-le
pn - erg hand- loc book( abs ) n . sg -catch: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali is holding a book in his hand.’

Czech držet

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr drží knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr is holding a book.’

Danish holde

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter holde-r en bog
pn hold- prs indf . sg book( c )
‘Peter is holding a book.’

Dutch houden

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet houd-t het boek vast
pn (С) hold-3 sg art . def . n book( n ) tightly
‘Piet is holding the book tightly.’

Eastern Maninka yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kàfa` dó yé Sékù bólo` rɔ́.
book\ art indf be pn hand\ art in
‘Seku is holding a book.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

English hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter is holding a book.

Estonian hoidma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter hoia-b raamatu-t käe-s
pn . sg . nom hold- prs .3 sg book- sg . part hand- iness
‘Peeter is holding the book in his hands.’

Finnish pitää

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka pit-ää kirja-a käde-ssä-än
pn . nom hold- prs .3 sg book- part hand- ine - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka is holding a book in his hand.’

Forest Enets nɔɔbera

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ tʃezi-da nɔɔbera
i man- nom . sg .1 sg lasso- obl . sg .3 sg hold( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is holding his lasso’.

French tenir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul tient un livre à la main
pn ( m ) hold. prs .3 sg indf . sg . m book( m ) to def . sg . f hand( f )
‘Paul is holding a book in his hand.’

Georgian Ø-u-č'ir-av-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s xel-ši c'ign-i Ø-u-č'ir-av-s
pn - dat hand- pstp : iness book- nom io 3- ver : o -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre is holding a book in his hand.’

German halten

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl hält ein Buch
pn [ nom . sg ] hold. prs .3 sg indf [ n . acc . sg ] book[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl is holding a book.’

Guinean Kpelle káa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zɛ̀ɓɛ̂ káa Pépèe yée ɲá
def \book cop pn hand on3
‘Pepee holds the book in his hand.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Hindi pakaṛnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne ek kitāb pakṛ-ī hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg one book( f ). sg . dir grab. pfv - f . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek holds a book.’

Icari Dargwa kʷi=b=uc-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il žuz kʷi=b=uc-ib-ca=b
pn - erg book. abs in . hands = n =hold: pf - aor - cop = n
‘Islam is holding a book.’

Irish bí

Valency pattern: aige_SBJ
X: aige
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Tá leabhar aige Pól in-a lámh.
be. prs book at pn in- poss .3 sg hand
‘Pól is holding a book in his hands.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Ismayilli Kryz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ugura xab-a sad kitab yiqhir-ce
pn - erg m . refl . iness hand- in one. n book n .catch. pf - perf . n
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’

Italian tenere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo tien-e un libr-o in man-o
pn ( m ) hold-3 sg . prs indf . sg . m book- sg . m in hand- sg . f
‘Leo holds a book in his hands.’

Kadar Dargwa CL-uc-es / CL-urc-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li kitap b-uc-i-le naˤq'-i-ze
pn - erg book n -catch. pfv - pret - cvb hand- obl - in
‘Muhammad is holding a book in his hands.’

Kalderash Romani nikərəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a nikər-əl ə knišk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg hold- prs .3 sg art . f . dir . sg book- acc . sg
‘Murša is holding a book.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi ktab χl.i di-b-is-na
pn - erg book( abs ) hand( in ) res - n . sg -catch- res
‘Mahamad is holding a book.’

Karata bikkaɬa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-l qoča kwadi b-ikk-e idja
pn - erg book hand. in n -hold- pf cop
‘Ali is holding a book in his hands.’

Kaytag Dargwa bucara

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
petja-l kiniga b-uc-ivca naˁq:-bal-c:i
pn - erg book n -catch. pf - perf hand- pl . obl - inter
‘Petja is holding a book.’

Kazakh usta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kіtap usta-p tur
pn book hold- cvb stand.3 sg
‘Petya is holding a book.’

Kazym Khanty jɔšən tǎjti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en kinška jɔš-ən tǎj-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg book hand- loc have- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’

Khoekhoe hâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǂkhani-s-a ǃkhō hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl book-3 f . sg - obl hold pfv
‘Peter is holding a book.’

Khwarshi j/aqaχa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
di-lo uža b-aqaχ-χo hĩše
1 sg . o - gen 2 son\ erg iii -hold- prs book( iii )
‘My son is holding a book.’

Kina Rutul χaq’ɨra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rasul-a kitab (χɨl-e) χ-aq’ɨ-r=a
pn - erg book( nom ) (hand. obl - in ) pv -4.catch. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is holding a book (in his hands).’

Kryz Proper

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ug xab-a sad kitab iqh yaʕa
pn - erg refl hand- iness one. n book hold. pf exist. pf . ptcp
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’

Kumyk tutmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat kitap-nɨ tut-ʁan
pn book- acc get.hold- pf
‘Patimat is holding the book.’
Note: Apparently, a resultative verb.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) girtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam pirtûk-ek girt-iye
man book( f )- indef grab. pfv - perf . sg
‘The man is holding a book.’

Latin teneo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
is-que hac ara-t infelix, hac tene-t arm-a man-u
he[ nom . sg ]-and this. abl . sg . f plough[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg unhappy. nom . sg this. abl . sg . f hold[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg weapon( n )- acc . pl hand( f )- abl . sg
‘And he, an impious man, is ploughing with one arm, holding weapons in the other.’
Note: (Ov. Tristia. V, 10, 24)

Laz o-krač-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s kitab-i Ø-o-krač-un-Ø
pn - b - dat book- nom io 3- ver : sup -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is holding a book.’

Mandarin Chinese ná zhe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān zhèng ná zhe yì-běn shū
pn right hold dur one- clf book
‘Zhangsan is holding a book.’

Mano kɔ̀ be

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pèé kɔ̀ lɛ̄ sɛ́ɓɛ̀ mɔ̀
pn arm 3 sg . exi book on
‘Pe is holding a book.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Mehweb -ucile le- (RES)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Pat’imat-li-ni kung b-uc-i-le le-b kʷe-b
pn - obl - erg book n -get.hold.of: pfv - pst - cvb be- n in.hands- n ( ess )
‘Patimat is holding a book.’

Mingrelian Ø-u-k'eb-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s c'ing-i xe-s Ø-u-k'eb-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat book- nom hand- dat io 3- ver : o -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is holding a book in his hand.’

Modern Hebrew maχzik

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas maχzik sefer
pn hold[ ptcp . sg . m ] book
‘Pinchas is holding a book.’

Mukhad Rutul χaq'ın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a kitab χaq'ı-r a
pn - erg book ( n )catch. pf - seq be_in
‘Murad is holding a book.’

Nanai ǯapača-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ŋaala-do-i daŋsa-wa ǯapa-ča-j-ni
pn hand- dat - p . refl . sg book- obl grab- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is holding a book in his hands.’

Nivkh evd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ e-v-d
pn book 3 sg -hold- ind
‘Kaskazik is holding a book.’

Northern Akhvakh bixuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
patħudi-de ʁoča b-ix-e godi kwadi
pn - erg book n -hold- seq n . cop hand. in
‘Pathudi is holding a book.’

Northern Mansi ūri

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel ūr-i nēpak kāt-ta
pn hold- npst .3 sg book hand- loc
‘Pasha is holding a book in his hand(s).’

Northern Yukaghir mо̄j=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn kinigǝ-lǝ mōj-mǝ-lǝ
pn book- acc hold- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien is holding a book.’

Norwegian Bokmål å holde

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per holde-r ei bok i hend-ene
pn hold- prs indf . f . sg book in hand- def . pl
‘Per is holding a book in his hands.’

Polish trzymać

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Franek trzyma książk-ę
pn [ nom . sg ] hold: ipfv . prs .3 sg book- acc . sg
‘Franek is holding a book.’

Russian deržatʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja derž-it knig-u v ruk-ax
pn ( m )- nom . sg hold( ipfv )- prs .3 sg book( f )- acc . sg in hand( f )- loc . pl
‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’

Serbian držati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar drži knjig-u
pn . nom . sg hold. prs .3 sg book- acc . sg
‘Petar is holding a book.’

Shinaz Rutul χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir χaqhɨ-r a kitab
pn ( erg ) ( n )catch. pf - seq exist book
‘Basir is holding a book.’

Shughni anǰīvdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Ahmed=i mu kitob anǰūv-d
pn =3 sg 1 sg . obl book hold- pst
‘Ahmed was holding my book.’

Skolt Saami tuõʹllʼjed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt tuõʹlla-i ǩeeʹrj
pn . sg . nom hold. prs .3 sg book. sg . acc
‘Pete is holding a book.’

Slovak držať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter drží knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg book( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter is holding a book.’

Slovenian držati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter drži knjig-o
pn [ nom . sg ] hold: ipfv . prs .3 sg book- acc . sg
‘Peter is holding a book.’

Sorani Kurdish be destewe bûn

Valency pattern: EXT_SBJ.INTR
X: EXT
Y: SBJ.INTR
Locus: X
Hîwa kitêb-êk=î be dest-ewe-(y)e
pn book- indf =3 sg . pc to hand- dem -be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa is holding a book in his hand.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Southern Rutul faqhın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a kitab faqha-r
pn - erg book ( n ).catch. ipf - prs
‘Murad is holding a book.’

Spanish tener

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro tien-e un libro en la-s mano-s
pn [ sg . m ] have- prs .3 sg art . ndef . sg . m book[ sg . m ] in art . def . f - pl hand[ sg . f ]- pl
‘Pedro is holding a book in his hands.’

Standard Arabic masaka

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un yamsiku kitāb-a-n
pn - nom seize. ipf .3 m book- acc - indef
‘Badr is holding a book.’

Svan x-o-qdaːn-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s ši-isga lǝir-Ø x-o-qdaːn-a
pn - dat hand- iness book- nom io 3- ver : o -hold- prs
‘Maizer is holding a book in his hand.’

Swedish att hålla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn håll-er en bok i händ-erna
pn hold- prs indf . c . sg book in hand- def . pl
‘Björn is holding a book.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: SBJNV_LIN
X: SBJNV
Y: LIN
Locus: XY
may hawak na libro si Pedro
exist hold lin book pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is holding a book.’

Telugu paṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ pustakānni paṭṭukuni unnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom book( n ). sg . acc take_hold. cvb . ant be. prs .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is holding a book.’

Tsakhur aq:q:iy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee kitab aq:q:ı
pn - erg book n .hold. pf
‘Murad is holding a book.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa ka-b-uc-iz/ka-b-urc-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
uršːi-le nuqba-cːe kniža ka-b-uc-ible=saj
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) hand. pl . obl - inter ( lat ) book down - n -keep. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-uc-i / b-urc-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
durħaˤ-li žuz nuqba-cːe-b b-uc-ible=caj
boy- erg book hand. pl . obl - inter - n ( ess ) n -keep. pfv - cnv . pret = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’

Turkish tutmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet kitap tut-uyor
pn book hold- prs
‘Mehmet is holding a book.’

Turoyo zobəṭ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel ko-zobəṭ u kṯowo b iḏ-e
pn prs -hold. ipfv .3 m art . m book( m ) in hand( f )- p .3 m
‘Gabriyel is holding the book in his hands.’

Twi kita

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi re-kita nwoma bi
pn prog -hold book indef
‘Kofi is holding a book.’

Udmurt возьыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя книга воз-е
pn . nom book. nom hold- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is holding a book.’

Ulcha ǯapča-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xusə piktə ŋāla-ǯi daŋsa-wa ǯap-č-i-ni
male child hand- ins book- acc take- res - prs -3 sg
‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’

Uzbek ušlamoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kitob-ni ušla-b tur-ib-ti
pn book- acc hold- cvb stand- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja is holding a book.’

West Central Oromo k'abata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n kitaaba k'ab-at-ee dʒir-a
pn - nom book. abs hold- mid - pfv . conv aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is holding a book.’

Wolof ŋàbb

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
xale b-i dafa ŋàbb a-b téere
child( b ) cl b - def f oc v .s i :3 sg hold indef -cl b book( b )
‘The child is holding a book in his hands.’

Yargun Lezgian qan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Sahib-a kittab qu-nva
pn - erg book take. pfv / mas - prf
‎‎‎‘Sahib is holding a book.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
oxɨr kɨtab-e g-ɛn-o=pe
pn book- indf get. prs - aug -3 sg . m =with
‘Oxir is holding a book.’

Zilo Andi 0

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM
X: CONT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ali-tʃ’u kodu χutʃa
pn - cont hands. in book[ inan 2][ nom ]
‘Ali is holding a book.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.