BivalTyp

Budugh

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo A.H.'s photo

The data were collected in 2024 using the Russian and Azerbaijani versions of the questionnaire. The data have been generously provided by Adigözel Haciyev (pictured on the right-hand side photo above).

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Budugh. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on March 17, 2024; last revised on October 1, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-nominative alignment, except on personal pronouns, which have non-ergative morphology. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the ergative, and the P-argument, in the (unmarked) nominative. All oblique cases including the ergative are based on an oblique stem which does not correspond to a case. The verb takes gender-number prefixes, infixes and/or suffixes agreeing with the S/P argument in the nominative. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers or by postpositions (usually in combination with the locative case or, more rarely, the genitive or the dative case).

Case system

Overall, there are 19 case forms in Budugh. The original non-locative cases are nominative, ergative, dative, comitative. Historically, the system of locative cases consisted of two layers, involving 5 localizations and 3 directions (the unmarked essive, the lative and the elative), which yields 15 locative combinations. However, most of these combinations have shifted to more abstract, argumental functions; spatial functions were taken over by postpositions. The apudelative is rare and some other cases are lexically restricted. The comitative case also conveys the instrumental meaning. The case labeled as “LOC” synchronically denotes both spatial and more abstract functions, including ‘inalienable genitive’. The former adlocative has become an alienable genitive. (cf. Authier 2013. “The origin of two genitive cases and inalienability split in Budugh (East Caucasian)”, Faits de Langues 41.)

For more details on new case forms and replacements, see Authier (forthcoming) ‘Heterogeneous flagging in Budugh’ to appear in Gilles Authier & Kirill Kozhanov, The Diachrony of Flagging. Language Science Press

Table 1 shows the relationships between the labels used in the data below (these labels are based on synchronic functions) and the original functions of cases.

case label form ‘house’ ‘man’ original function
NOM -Ø k’ul furi = NOM
ERG -r(i) k’ul-ci-r fura-ri = EL
DAT -z k’ul-ci-z fura-z = DAT
TERM -z-ker k’ul-ci-zker fura-z-ker < DAT+’down’
COM -zın k’ul-ci-zin fura-zın < DAT+?
PER -zın-qal k’ul-ci-zin Ø = COM+UP
PER.DOWN -zın-ʕal k’ul-ci-zinʕal Ø = COM+DOWN
LOC -a’ k’ul-ca fura’ < IN
ABL -a’r k’ul-car fura’r < IN+EL
TRANS -a’n k’ul-can fura’n < IN+LAT
GEN -u/o k’ul-cu/-o furo < AD
ADR -von Ø furovon < AD+LAT
ADEL -vor k’ul-covor furovor < AD+EL
POSS -ux k’ul-cux furox < POST
DIR -xv-an k’ul-coxun furoxun < POST+LAT
APUDEL -xv-ar k’ul-coxor Ø < POST+EL
SUB/CONT -k k’ul-ci-k Ø < SUB/CONT
PART -kir k’ul-ce-kir Ø < SUB/CONT+EL
SIMIL -cma k’ul-ci-cma fura-cma = GEN+’ma’

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited by their imperfective stem, with masculine or neuter agreement.

Glossing abbreviations

A — the "A" gender; ABL — ablative; ADR — addressee (case marker); ADV — adverb; APUD — localization "at, near, by"; CO — coverb; COM — comitative; COP — copula; DAT — dative; DIR — directional (case); ERG — ergative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; H — human; HPL — human plural; IMPER — imperative; IPFV — imperfective; LOC — locative; M — masculine; N — neuter; NEG — negation; NOM — nominative; NONPST — nonpast; OBL — oblique; PART — partitive; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRF — perfect; PROG — progressive; PROX — proximate; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SEQ — sequential; SG — singular; SUB — localization "under".

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain tutkor

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-a' yaman q'ıl tutkor-i
pn - loc terribly head hurt. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan has a headache.’

2. have (illness) yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
aslan grip saxha-ci
pn flu m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid kiç' yıxhar

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
aslan-ız xor-a'r kiç' yıxhar-i
pn - dat dog- abl fear n .be. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw qucorgu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır qaye qicebgir-ci
pn - erg stone( a ) a .throw. pfv - prf
‘Aslan threw a stone.’

5. have enough çuraq’ar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ız hil pul çuraq'ar-i
pn - dat now money n .reach. ipfv - nonpst
‘Now Aslan has enough money.’

6. resemble uxşami yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan mixayil-a' uxşami yıxhar-i
pn pn - loc resemble m .be. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan resembles Mikhail.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe ʕaşği

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan-ır rosul-a' ina'm ʕöşğü-rü
pn - erg pn - loc faith( a ) a .bring. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’

8. take qonu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır ref-il-a'r kita'b qevin-ci
pn - erg shelf- obl - abl book( a ) a .take. pfv - prf
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

9. see irqhi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ız k'ul ürqhü-rü
pn - dat house( a ) a .see. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan sees a house.’

10. influence tesir siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ya'ş-ın-ır ya'dda'ş-ca tesir siʔi-ri
year- obl - erg keepsake- loc effect n .do. ipfv - nonpst
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter ra'stla'şmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan rosul-uzun ra'stla'şmi saxha-ci
pn pn - com meeting m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan encountered Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter ʕaç’i

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan k'ul-ca ʕaç'u-ci
pn house- loc m .enter. pfv - prf
‘Aslan entered the house.’

13. win *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

14. go out qeç’i

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
aslan k'ul-ca'r qaç'u-ci
pn house- obl . abl m .go_out. pfv - prf
‘Aslan went out of the house.’

15. drive çoroğu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır zar xham-ıla' çoroğu-ri
pn - erg cow pasture- obl . loc drive. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend egmi siʔir

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır budağ egmi siʔir-ci
pn - erg branch bend n .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

17. tell yuʔu

Valency pattern: ERG_ADR
X: ERG
Y: ADR
Locus: Y
aslan-ır rosul-ovon yıpa-ci vın ye-ce quş
pn - erg pn - adr say. pfv - prf 2. nom 1 pl . obl - loc come( imper )
‘Aslan told Rasul: come and visit us.’

18. hold surqhu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır ug-a' xab-a' sa-bkita'b süqhür-cü
pn - erg refl - loc hand- loc one- a book( a ) a .hold. pfv - prf
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up çuraq’ar

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
aslan leyla'-xun çurq'u-ci
pn pn - dir h .reach. pfv - prf
‘Aslan caught up with Leyla.’

20. milk sozu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır zar savaza-ci
pn - erg cow a .milk. pfv - prf
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

21. reach çuraq’ar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan sahil-ce çurq'u-ci
pn shore- obl . loc h .reach. pfv - prf
‘Aslan reached the bank.’

22. touch veşki

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan diva'r-ca vaka-ci
pn wall- obl . loc m .touch. pfv - prf
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

23. fight da'vʕa süʔü

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan-ır rosul-uzun da'vʕa süʔü-ra'vi
pn - erg pn - com fight( a ) a .do. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends dustuvol siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan-ır rosul-uzun dustuvol siʔi-ra'vi
pn - erg pn - com friendship n .do. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan is friends with Rasul.’

25. think fikir süʔü

Valency pattern: ERG_LOCgure
X: ERG
Y: LOCgure
Locus: Y
aslan-ır leyla' gürece fikir süʔü-ra'vi
pn - erg pn ( loc ) considering thought( a ) a .do. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’
Note: Arguably, "güre-ce" is a free variant of "güre".

26. eat soʡulu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır yeç söʡül-cü
pn - erg apple( a ) a .eat. pfv - prf
‘Aslan ate an apple.’

27. fry sorʕu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır ba'luğ sebʕir-ci
pn - erg fish a .cook. pfv - prf
‘Aslan fried the fish.’

28. wait ʕül ʕosu

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan-ır rosul-a' ʕül ʕave-ci
pn - erg pn - loc eye( a ) a .put_in. pfv - prf
‘Aslan is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget k'eʕan senxi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır laʔa rix k'eʕan söxün-cü
pn - erg other road( a ) heart. adv a .forget. pfv - prf
‘Aslan forgot about the other road.’

30. depend asıli yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
ya'dda ya'ş-ın-a'r asıli vi
memory age- obl - abl depending cop
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call naʕra siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır rosul naʕra siʔir-ci
pn - erg pn call m .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan called Rasul.’

32. get to know tanış yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan şeşe rosul-uzun tanış saxha-ci
pn the_year_before pn - com known m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know hats'ar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ız rosul hats'ar-i
pn - dat pn m .know. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) çorot'u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır gitara çorot'u-ri
pn - erg guitar play. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid çekinmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
aslan rosul-a'r çekinmi yıxhar-i
pn pn - abl avoid m .be. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan avoids Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

36. make duzaltmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır q'al-ild-o q'ap duzaltmi siʔir-ci
pn - erg mouse- obl - gen trap fix n .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun sataşmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan rosul-a' sataşmi yıxhar-i
pn pn - loc mock m .be. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

38. have yıxhar

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM
X: POSS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ox hulu dam-ca ma'şin vi
pn - poss just_this moment- loc car cop
‘Aslan has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for ʕalsal

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
aslan heçer-boxun ʕalsal-a'vi
pn key- pl . dir m .walk. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan is looking for his keys.’

40. paint renglemi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır hasar renglemi süʔür-cü
pn - erg fence( a ) paint a .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

41. bite k’usu

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
xor-ur aslan-a' k'ısa-ci
dog- erg pn - loc bite. pfv - prf
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

42. forfeit maħrım yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
aslan ug-o k'ul-ca-kir maħrım saxha-ci
pn refl - gen house- obl - part deprived m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan lost his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

43. try to catch surqhu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır gaç surqhu-ra'vi
pn - erg cat hold. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break sorğu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır raz soğu-ci
pn - erg stick break. pfv - prf
‘Aslan broke a stick.’

45. flatter yaltağlenmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan leyla' yaltağlenmi yıxhar-a'vi
pn pn . loc flatter m .be. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan is flattering Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

46. love (person) yıkan yıxhar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ız leyla' yuko-ci
pn - dat pn ( a ) a .want. pfv - prf
‘Aslan loves Leyla.’

47. wave yelletmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır ug-o yoyluğ yelletmi siʔi-ra'vi
pn - erg refl - gen veil wave n .do. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan is waving a veil.’

48. dream havasce yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan sa-d taza ma'şin-ce havas-ce vi
pn one- n recently car- loc desire- loc cop
‘Aslan is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

49. wash sonzu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır suk'ra sebzin-ci
pn - erg vessel( a ) a .wash. pfv - prf
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

50. put on quşulu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır ug-a' şa'lva'r qıxha-ci
pn - erg refl - loc trousers n .put_on. pfv - prf
‘Aslan put on his trousers.’

51. be called yuʔu

Valency pattern: ADR_NOM
X: ADR
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ulu ħacat-covon kompas yuʔu-ri
prox tool- obl . adr compass say. ipfv - nonpst
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Transimpersonal construction.

52. punish caza yuts’u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ır ug-a' duxor-uz caza yıva-ci
pn - erg refl - loc son. obl - dat punishment give. pfv - prf
‘Aslan punished his son.’

53. attack ħucum siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_LOCada
X: ERG
Y: LOCada
Locus: Y
sor-uld-ur ba'luğça' ʕada' ħucum siʔir-ci
bear- obl - erg fisherman. loc on attack( n ) n .do. pfv - prf
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

54. fill (intr) sarts'ar

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
vedre xhiy-ezın sabts'a-ci
bucket( a ) water. obl - com a .fill. pfv - prf
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find q'axuts’u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır heçer-ber q'axu-ci
pn - erg key- pl find. pfv - prf
‘Aslan found his keys.’

56. be short çudaraq'ar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ız sa-d dullar çuraq'ar da-d
pn - dat one- n dollar n .reach. ipfv neg . nonpst - n
‘Aslan is one dollar short.’

57. hate iciğ ʕaşxar

Valency pattern: DAT_PART
X: DAT
Y: PART
Locus: XY
aslan-ız rosul-ekir iciğ ʕaşxar-i
pn - dat pn - obl . part anger n .come. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’

58. like ħaz ʕaşxar

Valency pattern: DAT_PART
X: DAT
Y: PART
Locus: XY
ulu pirem-cekir aslan-ız ħaz ʕaşxar-i
prox shirt- obl . part pn - dat pleasure n .come. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan likes this shirt.’

59. need la'zım yıxhar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ız pul la'zım i
pn - dat money necessary cop
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ehate süʔü

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
diva'r-beri şeher ehate süʔü-rü
wall- pl . erg town( a ) surround a .do. ipfv - nonpst
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain ınkan

Valency pattern: POSS_NOM
X: POSS
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ux pa'ga'-ciz veʕi-dodu yıts'ıd dullar itkin-ci
pn - poss tomorrow- obl . dat cop . ptcp - neg . n . ptcp ten. n dollar n .remain. pfv - prf
‘Aslan has ten dollars left for tomorrow.’

62. answer cuğab yuts’u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ır meʕlim-ciz cuğab yıva-ci
pn - erg teacher- obl . dat answer give. pfv - prf
‘Aslan answered the teacher.’

63. open eçmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır sa-b banka eçmi süʔür-cü
pn - erg one- a jar( a ) open a .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan opened a can.’

64. be different seçilmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
a pirem va'-ye-kir seçilmi yuxhor-i
dist shirt( a ) you( sg ). gen - obl - part distinct a .be. ipfv - nonpst
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind xan ınkan

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
aslan rosul-a'r xan irkin-ci
pn pn - abl after h .remain. pfv - prf
‘Aslan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough şumlami siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır nik şumlami siʔi-ri
pn - erg field plow n .do. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell neʕ qaşxar

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
za xabt'im-beʕar benzin-co neʕ qaşxar-a'vi
1. obl hand- pl . abl oil- obl . gen smell n .come. ipfv - prog
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross yeç’i

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
aslan rix-a'r yoç'u-ci tuka'n-ca ʕaç'u-ci
pn road- abl m .pass. pfv - prf shop- loc m .enter. pfv - prf
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’

69. sing suxots’u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır kuçagi maʕni suxo-ci
pn - erg pretty song read. pfv - prf
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write yezmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır mektub yezmi süʔür-cü
pn - erg letter( a ) write a .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan wrote a letter.’

71. drink soğuru

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır yux seğir-ci
pn - erg milk n .drink. pfv - prf
‘Aslan drank the milk.’

72. melt aritmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır sa-dç'uk'ol qurğuşun aritmi süʔür-cü
pn - erg one- n piece lead( a ) melt a .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’

73. match qınaxhan

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ulu qeyiş za' halavar-a' qınaxhan-i
prox belt 1. loc clothes- loc n .suit. ipfv - nonpst
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave qaç' çarağar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
aslan ug-o duğma şeher-cer qaç'u qaç' vixhi-ci
pn refl - gen native town- obl . abl m .go_out. pfv m .out m .go. pfv - prf
‘Aslan left his native city.’
Note: This sequence of two verbs of motion probably adds expressivity.

75. cover çuraq’ar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
q'alça q'um-a' ba'şpütö çuroq'or-i
carpet( a ) ground- loc totally a .reach. ipfv - nonpst
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember k'eʕan ınkan

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ug-o boʕlus saxha k'ul aslan-a' ʕari k'eʕan ipkin-ci
refl - gen older m .be. pfv ( ptcp ) house( a ) pn - loc good heart. adv a .remain. pfv - prf
‘Aslan remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help kumok süʔü

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ır rosul-uz kumok süʔür-cü
pn - erg pn - dat help( a ) a .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) q'ala' ʕaraq'ar

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
aslan fireng-co mez q'ala' ʕaraq'ar-i
pn f rench- obl . gen tongue( a ) head. obl . loc m .enter. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan understands French.’

79. hit (target) araxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCada
X: NOM
Y: LOCada
Locus: Y
ildirim k'ul-ca ʕada' atku-ci
lightning house- loc on n .fall. pfv - prf
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself irdoxuna yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan ülgüc-cizın irdoxuna saxha-ci
pn razor- obl . com in_blood m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan cut himself with a razor.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

81. get stuck qişki

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
iska'n masa-ca qıka itkin-ci
glass table- loc n .stick_on. pfv ( seq ) n .remain. pfv - prf
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) uduzmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan rosul-uz uduzmi saxha-ci
pn pn - dat losing m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan lost to Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

83. be glad nuğa yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan qüxhü mektub-ca nuğa saxha-ci
pn come. pfv ( ptcp ) letter- loc happy m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan was glad about the letter that arrived.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak ħaraq'ar

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan rosul-uzun ħaraq'ar-a'vi
pn pn - com m .talk. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth xosu

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
leyla'-ri sa-r dix xeye-ci
pn - erg one- h son m .give_birth. pfv - prf
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

86. drop serʕi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır iska'n q'um-a' saʕa-ci
pn - erg glass ground- loc n .throw. pfv - prf
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

87. govern boʕlutuvol siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ır yö qesebe-ciz boʕlutuvol siʔi-ri
pn - erg we. gen village- dat leadership n .do. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan runs our village.’

88. miss darixmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_DATbadala
X: NOM
Y: DATbadala
Locus: Y
aslan leyla'-z badala darixmi yıxhar-a'vi
pn pn - obl . dat for bored m .be. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan misses Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow çağar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCxakila
X: NOM
Y: LOCxakila
Locus: Y
aslan rosul-a' xakila' çağar-i
pn pn - loc behind m .go. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan follows Rasul.’
Note: “xakila'” is a postposition rather than an adverb-like element associated with the verb.

90. dismount eşi

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
aslan xilğıld-a'r eşe-ci
pn horse. obl - abl m .dismount. pfv - prf
‘Aslan got down from the horse.’

91. listen ibir qusu

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan-ır radyo-ca ibir qusu-ra'vi
pn - erg radio- obl . loc ear put_on. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

92. obey ç'eloxun irħar

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan-ır ug-und-a' dido ç'el-oxun irħar-a'vi
pn - erg refl - hpl . obl - loc mother. gen word- dir look. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan always listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear ixhi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ız maʕni ixhi-ra'vi
pn - dat song n .hear. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan hears the music.’

94. mix çıxar yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
yit yux-a' çıxar saxha-ci
honey milk- loc mixed n .be. pfv - prf
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

95. look irħar

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR
X: ERG
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
aslan-ır bultor-oxun irħar-a'vi
pn - erg cloud. pl - dir look. ipfv - prog
‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off eçħi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır ug-a' pirem avħa-ci
pn - erg refl - loc shirt( a ) a .take_off. pfv - prf
‘Aslan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) neq'ircik irqhi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ız neq'ir-cik leyla' ürqhü-rü
pn - dat dream- obl . sub / cont pn ( a ) a .see. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’

98. agree ra'zıleşmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan leyla'-zın ra'zıleşmi saxha-ci
pn pn - com agreed m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan agreed with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel da'vʕa süʔü

Valency pattern: ERG_COM
X: ERG
Y: COM
Locus: Y
aslan-ır leyla'-zın da'vʕa süʔür-cü
pn - erg pn - com fight( a ) a .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan had a quarrel with Leyla.’

100. cost yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ulu suk'ra suncu dullar-ca vi
prox vessel( a ) one. obl dollar- loc cop
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at ateş siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan-ır quş-ul-a' ateş siʔir-ci
pn - erg bird- obl - loc shoot n .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan shot at the bird.’

102. pour ʕats'u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır posug suk'ra-ca ʕabts'a-ci
pn - erg sugar( a ) vessel- obl . loc a .pour. pfv - prf
‘Aslan poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose ʕalgü

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır ug-o heçer-ber ʕagül-cü
pn - erg refl - gen key- pl lose. pfv - prf
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

104. sink batmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
k'ına' xhiye batmi soxho-ci
wood( a ) water. loc sink a .be. pfv - prf
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

105. kill arot’u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır rosul at'u-ci
pn - erg pn m .kill. pfv - prf
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

106. hit qusu

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan-ır rosul-a' qive-ci
pn - erg pn - loc a .put_on. pfv - prf
‘Aslan hit Rasul.’

107. kiss k’uf yuts’u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ır leyla'-z k'uf yıva-ci
pn - erg pn - dat kiss give. pfv - prf
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

108. read suxots’u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır marağlu sa-b kita'b suxo-ci
pn - erg interesting one- a book( a ) read. pfv - prf
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) qatar siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır ug-a' t'il qavatar süʔür-cü
pn - erg refl - loc finger( a ) a .shake( co ) a .do. pfv - prf
‘Aslan moved his finger.’

110. respect ħürmet siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ır rosul-uz ħürmet siʔi-ri
pn - erg pn - dat esteem n .do. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish igrenmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
aslan ʕaka qab-ra'r igrenmi yıxhar-i
pn stick. pfv ( ptcp ) vessel- pl . abl disgusted m .be. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content qaʕil yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
aslan ug-a duxor-ikir qaʕil i
pn refl - obl son. obl - part content cop
‘Aslan is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love vurulmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan leyla' vurulmi saxha-ci
pn pn ( loc ) in_love m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust eħtiba'r süʔü

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır leyla' eħtiba'r süʔü-rü
pn - erg pn ( loc ) trust( a ) a .do. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’

115. sympathise yozuğuvol ʕaşxar

Valency pattern: DAT_LOC
X: DAT
Y: LOC
Locus: XY
aslan-ız ug-und-a' dida' yozuğuvol ʕaşxar-i
pn - dat refl - hpl . obl - loc mother. loc pity n .come. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy paxıruvol siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ır rosul-uz paxıruvol siʔi-ri
pn - erg pn - dat envy n .do. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

117. be angry ç'innemi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCgure
X: NOM
Y: LOCgure
Locus: Y
aslan rosul-a' güre ç'innemi saxha-ci
pn pn - loc considering be_mad m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised teʕeccüblenmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
aslan ulu bexşeyiş-cekir teʕeccüblenmi saxha-ci
pn prox gift- obl . part surprised m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) ħaz ʕaşxar

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
aslan-ız çay-ın-a'r ħaz ʕaşxar-i
pn - dat tea- obl - abl pleasure n .come. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan loves tea.’

120. enjoy ħaz ʕaşxar

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
aslan-ız feyi çay-ın-a'r ħaz ʕaşxar-i
pn - dat warm tea- obl - abl pleasure n .come. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan enjoys hot tea.’

121. want yıkan yıxhar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ız taza cib-il-o telefun yıka-ci
pn - dat recently pocket- obl - gen telephone n .want. pfv - prf
‘Aslan wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge iciğlu yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
aslan rosul-ekir iciğlu vi
pn pn - obl . part angry cop
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence incimi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
aslan rosul-ekir incimi saxha-ci
pn pn - obl . part offended m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan took offence at Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

124. upset *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

125. marvel heyran yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan ulu şeher-ce heyran saxha-ci
pn prox town- obl . loc impressed m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset pert yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCgure
X: NOM
Y: LOCgure
Locus: Y
aslan ug-a' duxor-a' güre pert saxha-ci
pn refl - loc son. obl - loc considering unhappy m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated esebleşmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCgure
X: NOM
Y: LOCgure
Locus: Y
aslan ug-o rij-a' güre esebleşmi yıxhar-i
pn refl - gen girl- loc considering irritated m .be. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy uta'nmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
aslan ug-a' buy-un-a'r uta'nmi yıxhar-i
pn refl - loc size- obl - abl ashamed m .be. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan is embarrassed about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.