Budugh

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile)

G.A.'s photo A.H.'s photo

The data were collected in 2024 using the Russian and Azerbaijani versions of the questionnaire. The data have been generously provided by Adigözel Haciyev (pictured on the right-hand side photo above).

How to cite

Authier, Gilles. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Budugh. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on March 17, 2024; last revised on October 4, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 41.18, 48.37.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain tutkor

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-a'	yaman	q'ıl	tutkor-i
pn - loc	terribly	head( a )	hurt. ipf - prs
‘Aslan has a headache.’

2. have (illness) yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

aslan	grip	saxha-ci
pn	flu	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid kiç' yıxhar

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL

X: DAT

Y: ABL

Locus: XY

aslan-ız	xor-a'r	kiç'	yıxhar-i
pn - dat	dog- abl	fear	( n )be. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

4. throw ğucorgu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	ğaye	ğicebgir-ci
pn - erg	stone( a )	a .throw. pf - aor
‘Aslan threw a stone.’

5. have enough çuraq’ar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ız	hil	pul	çuraq'ar-i
pn - dat	now	money	arrive. ipf - prs
‘Now Aslan has enough money.’

6. resemble uxşami yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	mixayil-a'	uxşami	yıxhar-i
pn	pn - loc	resemble	( m )be. ipf - prs
‘Aslan resembles Mikhail.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe ʕaşği

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	rosul-a'	ina'm	ʕöşğü-rü
pn - erg	pn - loc	faith	a .bring. ipf - prs
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’

8. take ğonu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	ref-il-a'r	kita'b	ğevin-ci
pn - erg	shelf- obl - abl	book( a )	a .take. pf - aor
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

9. see irqhi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ız	k'ul	ürqhü-rü
pn - dat	house( a )	a .see. ipf - prs
‘Aslan sees a house.’

10. influence tesir siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ya'ş-ın-ır	ya'dda'ş-ca	tesir	siʔi-ri
year- obl - erg	keepsake- loc	effect	n .do. ipf - prs
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter ra'stla'şmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_zin

X: NOM

Y: zin

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-uzun	ra'stla'şmi	saxha-ci
pn	pn -with	meeting	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan encountered Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter ʕaç’i

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	k'ul-ca	ʕaç'u-ci
pn	house- loc	go_in. pf - aor
‘Aslan entered the house.’

13. win *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

14. go out ğeç’i

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

aslan	k'ul-ca'r	ğaç'u-ci
pn	house- obl . abl	go_out. pf - aor
‘Aslan went out of the house.’

15. drive çoroğu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	zar	xham-ıla'	çoroğu-ri
pn - erg	cow	pasture- obl . loc	a .drive. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend egmi siʔir

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	budağ	egmi	siʔir-ci
pn - erg	branch	bend	n .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

17. tell yuʔu

Valency pattern: ERG_ADR

X: ERG

Y: ADR

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	rosul-ovon	yıpa-ci	vın	ye-ce	ğuş
pn - erg	pn - adr	say. pf - aor	2. nom	1 pl . obl - loc	come( imper )
‘Aslan told Rasul: come and visit us.’

18. hold surqhu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	uga'	xab-a'	sab	kita'b	süqhür-cü
pn - erg	refl . loc	hand- loc	one. a	book( a )	a .hold. pf - aor
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up çuraq’ar

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla'-xun	çurq'u-ci
pn	pn - dir	h .arrive. pf - aor
‘Aslan caught up with Leyla.’

20. milk sozu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	zar	savaza-ci
pn - erg	cow	a .milk. pf - aor
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

21. reach çuraq’ar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	sahil-ce	çurq'u-ci
pn	shore- obl . loc	h .arrive. pf - aor
‘Aslan reached the bank.’

22. touch veşki

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	diva'r-ca	vaka-ci
pn	wall- obl . loc	attach. pf - aor
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

23. fight da'vʕa süʔü

Valency pattern: ERG_zin

X: ERG

Y: zin

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	rosul-uzun	da'vʕa	süʔü-ra'vi
pn - erg	pn -with	fight( a )	a .do. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends dustuvol siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_zin

X: ERG

Y: zin

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	rosul-uzın	dustuvol	siʔi-ra'vi
pn - erg	pn -with	friendship	n .do. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is friends with Rasul.’

25. think fikir süʔü

Valency pattern: ERG_LOCgure

X: ERG

Y: LOCgure

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	leyla'	güre-ce	fikir	süʔü-ra'vi
pn - erg	pn ( loc )	considering- loc	thought( a )	a .do. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’
Note: Arguably, "güre-ce" is a free variant of "güre".

26. eat soʡulu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	yeç	söʡül-cü
pn - erg	apple	a .eat. pf - aor
‘Aslan ate an apple.’

27. fry sorʕu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	ba'luğ	sebʕir-ci
pn - erg	fish	a .cook. pf - aor
‘Aslan fried the fish.’

28. wait ʕül ʕosu

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	rosul-a'	ʕül	ʕave-ci
pn - erg	pn - loc	eye( a )	a .put_in. pf - aor
‘Aslan is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget k'eʕan senxi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	laʔa	rix	k'eʕan	söxün-cü
pn - erg	other	road( a )	heart. lat	a .forget. pf - aor
‘Aslan forgot about the other road.’

30. depend asıli yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

ya'dda	ya'ş-ın-a'r	asıli	vi
memory	age- obl - abl	depending	cop
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call naʕra siʔi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	rosul	naʕra	siʔir-ci
pn - erg	pn	call	n .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan called Rasul.’

32. get to know tanış yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_zin

X: NOM

Y: zin

Locus: Y

aslan	şeşe	rosul-uzun	tanış	saxha-ci
pn	the_year_before	pn -with	known	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know hats'ar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ız	rosul	hats'ar-i
pn - dat	pn	m .know. ipf - prs
‘Aslan knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) çorot'u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	gitara	çorot'u-ri
pn - erg	guitar	play. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid çekinmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-a'r	çekinmi	yıxhar-i
pn	pn - abl	avoid	( m )be. ipf - prs
‘Aslan avoids Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

36. make duzaltmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	q'al-ild-o	q'ap	duzaltmi	siʔir-ci
pn - erg	mouse- obl - gen	trap	arrange	n .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun sataşmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-a'	sataşmi	yıxhar-i
pn	pn - loc	annoying	( m )be. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

38. have yıxhar

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ox	hulu	dam-ca	ma'şin	vi
pn - apud	just_this	moment- loc	car	cop
‘Aslan has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for ʕalsal

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

aslan	heçer-boxun	ʕalsal-a'vi
pn	key- pl . dir	explore. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is looking for his keys.’

40. paint renglemi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	hasar	renglemi	süʔür-cü
pn - erg	fence( a )	paint	a .do. pf - perf
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

41. bite k’usu

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

xor-ur	aslan-a'	k'ısa-ci
dog- erg	pn - loc	bite. pf - aor
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

42. forfeit maħrım yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

aslan	ug-o	k'ul-ca-kir	maħrım	saxha-ci
pn	refl - gen	house- obl - part	deprived	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan lost his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

43. try to catch surqhu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	gaç	surqhu-ra'vi
pn - erg	cat	hold. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break sorğu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	raz	soğu-ci
pn - erg	stick	break. pf - aor
‘Aslan broke a stick.’

45. flatter yaltağlenmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla'	yaltağlenmi	yıxhar-a'vi
pn	pn . loc	flatter	( m )be. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is flattering Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

46. love (person) yıkan yıxhar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ız	leyla'	yuko-ci
pn - dat	pn	a .want. pf - aor
‘Aslan loves Leyla.’

47. wave yelletmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	ug-o	yoyluğ	dasmal	yelletmi	siʔi-ra'vi
pn - erg	refl - gen	veil	tissue	wave	n .do. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is waving a veil.’

48. dream havasce yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	sad	taza	ma'şin-ce	havas-ce	vi
pn	one. n	recently	car- loc	desire- loc	cop
‘Aslan is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

49. wash sonzu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	suk'ra	sebzin-ci
pn - erg	vessel( a )	a .wash. pf - aor
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

50. put on ğuşulu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	uga'	şa'lva'r	ğıxha-ci
pn - erg	refl . loc	trousers	put_on. pf - aor
‘Aslan put on his trousers.’

51. be called yuʔu

Valency pattern: ADR_NOM

X: ADR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ulu	ħacat-covon	kompas	yuʔu-ri
prox	tool- obl . adr	compass	say. ipf - prs
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Transimpersonal construction.

52. punish caza yuts’u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	uga'	duxor-uz	caza	yıva-ci
pn - erg	refl . loc	son. obl - dat	punishment	give. pf - aor
‘Aslan punished his son.’

53. attack ħucum siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_LOCada

X: ERG

Y: LOCada

Locus: Y

sor-uldu-r	ba'luğça'	ʕada'	ħucum	siʔir-ci
bear- obl - erg	fisherman. loc	on	attack( n )	n .do. pf - aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

54. fill (intr) sarts'ar

Valency pattern: NOM_zin

X: NOM

Y: zin

Locus: Y

vedre	xhiy-ezın	sabts'a-ci
bucket( a )	water. obl -with	a .fill. pf - aor
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find q'axuts’u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	heçer-ber	q'axu-ci
pn - erg	key- pl	find. pf - aor
‘Aslan found his keys.’

56. be short çudaraq'ar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ız	sad	dullar	çuraq'ar	dad
pn - dat	one. n	dollar	arrive. ipf	neg . cop . n
‘Aslan is one dollar short.’

57. hate iciğ ʕaşxar

Valency pattern: DAT_PART

X: DAT

Y: PART

Locus: XY

aslan-ız	rosul-ekir	iciğ	ʕaşxar-i
pn - dat	pn - obl . part	anger	come. ipf - prs
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’

58. like ħaz ʕaşxar

Valency pattern: DAT_PART

X: DAT

Y: PART

Locus: XY

ulu	pirem-cekir	aslan-ız	ħaz	ʕaşxar-i
prox	shirt- obl . part	pn - dat	pleasure	come. ipf - prs
‘Aslan likes this shirt.’

59. need la'zım yıxhar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ız	pul	la'zım	i
pn - dat	money	necessary	cop
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ehate süʔü

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

diva'r-beri	şeher	ehate	süʔü-rü
wall- pl . erg	town( a )	surround	a .do. ipf - prs
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain ınkan

Valency pattern: APUD_NOM

X: APUD

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ux	pa'ga'-ciz	veʕi-dodu	yıts'ıd	dullar	itkin-ci
pn - apud	tomorrow- obl . dat	cop . ptcp - neg . n . ptcp	ten. n	dollar	n .remain. pf - aor
‘Aslan has ten dollars left for tomorrow.’

62. answer cuğab yuts’u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	meʕlim-ciz	cuğab	yıva-ci
pn - erg	teacher- dat	answer	give. pf - aor
‘Aslan answered the teacher.’

63. open eçmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	sab	banka	eçmi	süʔür-cü
pn - erg	one. a	jar( a )	open	a .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan opened a can.’

64. be different seçilmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

a	pirem	va'-ye-kir	seçilmi	yuxhor-i
dist	shirt( a )	you( sg )- obl - part	distinct	a .be. ipf - prs
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind xan ınkan

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-a'r	xan	irkin-ci
pn	pn - abl	after	h .remain. pf - aor
‘Aslan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough şumlami siʔi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	nik	şumlami	siʔi-ri
pn - erg	field	plow	n .do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell neʕ ğaşxar

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

za	xabt'im-beʕar	benzin-co	neʕ	ğaşxar-a'vi
1. obl	hand- pl . abl	oil- obl . gen	smell	come. ipf - prog
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross yeç’i

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

aslan	rix-a'r	yoç'u-ci	tuka'n-ca	ʕaç'u-ci
pn	road- abl	pass. pf - aor	shop- loc	go_in. pf - aor
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’

69. sing suxots’u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	kuçagi	maʕni	suxo-ci
pn - erg	pretty	song	read. pf - aor
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write yezmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	mektub	yezmi	süʔür-cü
pn - erg	letter( a )	write	a .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan wrote a letter.’

71. drink soğuru

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	yux	seğir-ci
pn - erg	milk	drink. pf - aor
‘Aslan drank the milk.’

72. melt aritmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	sad	ç'uk'ol	ğurğuşun	aritmi	süʔür-cü
pn - erg	one. n	piece	lead( a )	melt	a .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’

73. match ğınaxhan

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ulu	ğeyiş	za	halavar-a'	ğınaxhan-i
prox	belt	1. obl	clothes- loc	suit. ipf - prs
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave ğaç' çarağar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

aslan	ug-o	duğma	şeher-cer	ğaç'u	ğaç'	vixhi-ci
pn	refl - gen	native	town- abl	go_out. pf	out	( m )go. pf - aor
‘Aslan left his native city.’
Note: This sequence of two verbs of motion probably adds expressivity.

75. cover çuraq’ar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

q'alça	q'um-a'	ba'şpütö	çuroq'or-i
carpet( a )	ground- loc	totally	a .reach. ipf - prs
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember k'eʕan ınkan

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ug-o	boʕlus	saxha	k'ul	aslan-a'	ʕari	k'eʕan	ipkin-ci
refl - gen	older	( m )be. pf	house( a )	pn - loc	good	heart. lat	a .remain. pf - aor
‘Aslan remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help kumok süʔü

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	rosul-uz	kumok	süʔür-cü
pn - erg	pn - dat	help( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) q'ala' ʕaraq'ar

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

aslan	fireng-co	mez	q'ala'	ʕaraq'ar-i
pn	f rench- obl . gen	tongue( a )	head. obl . loc	m .enter. ipf - prs
‘Aslan understands French.’

79. hit (target) araxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCada

X: NOM

Y: LOCada

Locus: Y

ildirim	k'ul-ca	ʕada'	atku-ci
lightning	house- loc	on	n .fall. pf - aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself irdoxuna yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_zin

X: NOM

Y: zin

Locus: Y

aslan	ülgüc-cizın	irdoxuna	saxha-ci
pn	razor-with	in_blood	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan cut himself with a razor.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

81. get stuck ğişki

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

iska'n	masa-ca	ğıka	itkin-ci
glass	table- loc	( n )stick_on. pf	n .remain. pf - aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) uduzmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-uz	uduzmi	saxha-ci
pn	pn - dat	losing	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan lost to Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

83. be glad nuğa yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	ğüxhü	mektub-ca	nuğa	saxha-ci
pn	come. pf	letter- loc	happy	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan was glad about the letter that arrived.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak ħaraq'ar

Valency pattern: NOM_zin

X: NOM

Y: zin

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-u-zin	ħaraq'ar-a'vi
pn	pn - obl -with	( m )talk. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth xosu

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

leyla'-ri	sar	dix	xeye-ci
pn - erg	one. h	son	m .give_birth. pf - aor
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

86. drop serʕi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	iska'n	q'um-a'	saʕa-ci
pn - erg	glass	ground- loc	( n )throw. pf - aor
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

87. govern boʕlutuvol siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	yö	ğesebe-ciz	boʕlutuvol	siʔi-ri
pn - erg	we. gen	village- dat	leadership	n .do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan runs our village.’

88. miss darixmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_DATbadala

X: NOM

Y: DATbadala

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla'-z	badala	darixmi	yıxhar-a'vi
pn	pn - dat	for	bored	( m )be. ipf - prog
‘Aslan misses Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow çağar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCxakila

X: NOM

Y: LOCxakila

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-a'	xakila'	çağar-i
pn	pn - loc	behind	go. ipf - prs
‘Aslan follows Rasul.’
Note: “xakila'” is a postposition rather than an adverb-like element associated with the verb.

90. dismount eşi

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

aslan	xilğıld-a'r	eşe-ci
pn	horse. obl - abl	dismount. pf - aor
‘Aslan got down from the horse.’

91. listen ibir ğusu

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	radyo-ca	ibir	ğusu-ra'vi
pn - erg	radio- loc	ear	put_on. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

92. obey ç'eloxun irħar

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aslan-ır	ug-unda	dido	ç'el-oxun	irħar-a'vi
pn - erg	refl - hpl . obl	mother. gen	word- dir	look. ipf - prog
‘Aslan always listens to his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear ixhi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ız	maʕni	ixhi-ra'vi
pn - dat	song	hear. ipf - prog
‘Aslan hears the music.’

94. mix çıxar yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

yit	yux-a'	çıxar	saxha-ci
honey	milk- loc	mixed	( n )be. pf - aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

95. look irħar

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR

X: ERG

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	bultor-oxun	irħar-a'vi
pn - erg	cloud. pl - dir	look. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off eçħi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	uga'	pirem	avħa-ci
pn - erg	refl . loc	shirt( a )	a .take_off. pf - aor
‘Aslan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) neq'ircik irqhi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ız	neq'ir-cik	leyla'	ürqhü-rü
pn - dat	dream- obl . sub	pn	a .see. ipf - prs
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’

98. agree ra'zıleşmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_zin

X: NOM

Y: zin

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla'-zın	ra'zıleşmi	saxha-ci
pn	pn -with	agreed	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan agreed with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel da'vʕa süʔü

Valency pattern: ERG_zin

X: ERG

Y: zin

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	leyla'-zın	da'vʕa	süʔür-cü
pn - erg	pn -with	fight( a )	a .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan had a quarrel with Leyla.’

100. cost yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ulu	suk'ra	suncu	dullar-ca	vi
prox	vessel( a )	one. obl	dollar- loc	cop
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at ateş siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	ğuş-ula'	ateş	siʔir-ci
pn - erg	bird- obl . loc	shoot	n .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan shot at the bird.’

102. pour ʕats'u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	posug	suk'ra-ca	ʕabts'a-ci
pn - erg	sugar( a )	vessel- loc	a .pour. pf - aor
‘Aslan poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose ʕalgü

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	ug-o	heçer-ber	ʕagül-cü
pn - erg	refl - gen	key- pl	lose. pf - aor
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

104. sink batmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

k'ına'	xhiye	batmi	soxho-ci
wood( a )	water. loc	sink	a .be. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

105. kill arot’u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	rosul	at'u-ci
pn - erg	pn	( m )kill. pf - aor
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

106. hit ğusu

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	rosul-a'	ğive-ci
pn - erg	pn - loc	a .put_on. pf - aor
‘Aslan hit Rasul.’

107. kiss k’uf yuts’u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	leyla'-z	k'uf	yıva-ci
pn - erg	pn - dat	kiss( a )	give. pf - aor
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

108. read suxots’u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	marağlu	sab	kita'b	suxo-ci
pn - erg	interesting	one. a	book( a )	a .read. pf - aor
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) ğatar siʔi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	uga'	t'il	ğavatar	süʔür-cü
pn - erg	refl . loc	finger( a )	a .shake. ipf	a .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan moved his finger.’

110. respect ħürmet siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	rosul-uz	ħürmet	siʔi-ri
pn - erg	pn - dat	esteem	n .do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish igrenmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

aslan	ʕaka	ğab-ra'r	igrenmi	yıxhar-i
pn	stick. pf	vessel- pl . abl	disgusted	( m )be. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content ğaʕil yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

aslan	ug-a	duxor-ikir	ğaʕil	i
pn	refl - obl	son. obl - part	content	cop
‘Aslan is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love vurulmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla'	vurulmi	saxha-ci
pn	pn . loc	in_love	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust eħtiba'r süʔü

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	leyla'	eħtiba'r	süʔü-rü
pn - erg	pn	trust( a )	a .do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’

115. sympathise yozuğuvol ʕaşxar

Valency pattern: DAT_LOC

X: DAT

Y: LOC

Locus: XY

aslan-ız	ug-unda'	dida'	yozuğ-uvol	ʕaşxar-i
pn - dat	refl - hpl . loc	mother. loc	pitied- nmlz	come. ipf - prs
‘Aslan sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy paxıruvol siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	rosul-uz	paxıruvol	siʔi-ri
pn - erg	pn - dat	envy	n .do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

117. be angry ç'innemi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCgure

X: NOM

Y: LOCgure

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-a'	güre	ç'innemi	saxha-ci
pn	pn - loc	considering	be_mad	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised teʕeccüblenmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

aslan	ulu	bexşeyiş-cekir	teʕeccüblenmi	saxha-ci
pn	prox	gift- obl . part	surprised	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) ħaz ʕaşxar

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL

X: DAT

Y: ABL

Locus: XY

aslan-ız	çay-ın-a'r	ħaz	ʕaşxar-i
pn - dat	tea- obl - abl	pleasure	come. ipf - prs
‘Aslan loves tea.’

120. enjoy ħaz ʕaşxar

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL

X: DAT

Y: ABL

Locus: XY

aslan-ız	feyi	çay-ın-a'r	ħaz	ʕaşxar-i
pn - dat	warm	tea- obl - abl	pleasure	come. ipf - prs
‘Aslan enjoys hot tea.’

121. want yıkan yıxhar

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-ız	taza	cib-il-o	telefun	yıka-ci
pn - dat	recently	pocket- obl - gen	telephone	want. pf - aor
‘Aslan wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge iciğlu yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-ekir	iciğlu	vi
pn	pn - obl . part	angry	cop
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence incimi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-ekir	incimi	saxha-ci
pn	pn - obl . part	offended	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan took offence at Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

124. upset *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

125. marvel heyran yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	ulu	şeher-ce	heyran	saxha-ci
pn	prox	town- loc	impressed	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan was impressed by this town.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

127. get upset pert yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCgure

X: NOM

Y: LOCgure

Locus: Y

aslan	uga'	duxor-a'	güre	pert	saxha-ci
pn	refl . loc	son. obl - loc	considering	unhappy	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated esebleşmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCgure

X: NOM

Y: LOCgure

Locus: Y

aslan	ug-o	rij-a'	güre	esebleşmi	yıxhar-i
pn	refl - gen	girl- loc	considering	irritated	( m )be. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

130. be shy uta'nmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

aslan	uga'	buy-un-a'r	uta'nmi	yıxhar-i
pn	refl . loc	size- obl - abl	ashamed	( m )be. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.