BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘understand (language)’

Argument frame:

X (understand) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. understands French .

Predicate label Ru:

понимать#язык#

Argument frame Ru:

X (понимать) Y

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. понимает французский язык .

Abaza ʕa-[gʷə.n-]ʕʷə

Valency pattern: LOCgwene_ABS

X: LOCgwene

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatíma	francúz–bəzŝá	ʕá-l-gʷə.n-ʕʷ-əj-d
pn	f rench–language	cisl -3 sg . f . io - loc -understand- prs - dcl
‘Fatima understands French.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) qə-gʷə-rə-ʔʷe

Valency pattern: LOC.HEART.PRV.INSTR_ABS

X: LOC.HEART.PRV.INSTR

Y: ABS

Locus: X

pŝaŝe-m	frencʷəzə–bze-r	qə-gʷə-r-e-ʔʷe
girl- obl	f rench–language- abs	csl - loc : heart - instr - dyn -say
‘The girl understands French.’

Aghul ʁawur.di arx.a-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aslan	ʡurus	č’al.a-n	ʁawur.di	arx.a-a
pn	russian	speech- gen	understanding( in )	{ in }get. ipf - prs
‘Aslan understands Russian.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Akhvakh (Northern) bič’č’uruƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pataħi-ƛa	francuzskij	bič’č’il-eri
pn - dat	f rench	understand- ipf 3
‘Patahi understands French.’

Andi (Zilo) batʃ’ː.u-mado

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

he-ge-ʃːu-<b>o	b-atʃ’ː.u-mado	hin-gi-b-ul	roʃol
dem - ll - obl - aff < inan 1>	inan 1- pl \understand. pst - prog	dem - ll - inan 1- pl [ nom ]	word[ inan 1]. pl [ nom ]
‘He understands these words.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) fthm

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Abrahām	yǝftahǝm	frǝnsāwi
pn	understand. ipf .3 ms	f rench
‘Abraham understands French.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) fəhəm

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəfham	farānsi
pn	understand. ipfv .3 m	f rench
‘Ahmad understands French.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) f.h.m

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	bifham	fransāwe
pn	understand. prs .3 m . sg	f rench
‘Shadi understands French.’

Arabic (standard) fahima

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yafhamu	l-faransiyyat-a
pn - nom	understand. ipf .3 m	def - f rench( f )- acc
‘Badr understands French.’

Archi sini

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

paša-s	francija-li-n	čʼat	sini
pn - dat	f rance- obl - gen	language	know
‘Pasha understands the French language.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (stative).

Armenian (Eastern) haskanal

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DAT~NOM

Locus: TR

Petros-ə	haskanum+ē	franseren
pn [ nom ]- def	understand: prs :3 sg	f rench[ nom ]
‘Petros understands French.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +ṗarmə

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

brun-i	+ṗarmuy=əl	lišana=ət	suray
son( m )- p .1 sg	understand. prog =3 m	language( m )= rel	a ssyrian. pl
‘My son understands the Assyrian language.’

Avar bič’č’ize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali-da	parang	mac’	b-ič’č’-ula
pn - loc	f rench	tongue	n -understand- ipf
‘Ali understands French.’

Azerbaijani başa düşmək

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Aslan	fransız	dil-i-ni	baş-a	düş-ür
pn	f rench	language- poss 3- acc	head- dat / lat	descend- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan understands French.’

Bafut júʔú

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

àmbɛ́	à	júʔú-nɨ̀	ɣàâ	tó	njá
pn	sm	hear- ipfv	language	country	def
‘Ambe understands the country’s language.’

Bambara fàamu

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	ye	kúma	ìn	fàamu
pn	pfv . tr	speech	this	understand
‘Seku understood these words.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmed	francuzi	ziw	fām-t
pn	french	language	understand-3 sg
‘Ahmed understands French.’

Belarusian razumieć

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Alieś	razumie-je	francuzsk-uju	mov-u
pn [ nom . sg ]	understand( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	f rench- acc . sg . f	language- acc . sg
‘Ales understands the French language.’

Budugh q'ala' ʕaraq'ar

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

aslan	fireng-co	mez	q'ala'	ʕaraq'ar-i
pn	f rench- obl . gen	tongue( a )	head. obl . loc	m .enter. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan understands French.’

Bulgarian razbiram

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	razbira	frenski
pn	understand( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	f rench
‘Petar understands French.’

Catalan entendre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	entèn	francès
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	understand.3 sg . prs . ind	f rench( m )
‘Pere understands French.’

Chechen qieta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

Islam-ana	francuzki	mott	qieta
pn - dat	f rench	tongue. abs	hit. prs
‘Islam understands French.’

Chinese (Mandarin) dǒng

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	dǒng	fǎyǔ
pn	understand	f rench
‘Zhangsan understands French.’

Chirag čaʁʷi

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS

X: SUPER

Y: ABS

Locus: X

taˤ	admi-l-i	nixːa-la	kub	čarʁʷ-le
dem . dist	man- obl - super	we. incl - gen	language( abs )	understand- dur . prs .3
‘That man understands our language.’

Croatian razumjeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	razumije	francusk-i
pn - nom . sg	understand( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	f rench- acc . sg . m
‘Pero understands French.’

Czech rozumět

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	rozumí	francouzštin-ě
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	understand( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	f rench- f . dat . sg
‘Petr understands French.’

Danish forstå

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	forstå-r	fransk
pn	understand- prs	french( n ). sg
‘Peter understands French.’

Dargwa (Itsari) irʁ-uj

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-il	francuz-a-lla	ʁaj	irʁ-a=ca-d
pn - erg	f renchman- obl - gen	language( abs )	understand. ipfv - prs = cop - npl
‘Islam understands French.’

Dargwa (Kadar) CL-ah-es / CL-al-es

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

meħamad-li	francuzskij	mez	d-al-a
pn - erg	f rench	language	npl -know. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad understands French.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) irʁara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Petja-l	irʁ-ul=ca	franciaˁl-la	ʁaj
pn - erg	understand. ipf - prog . cvb = cop (3)	f rench. pl . obl - gen	word( npl )
‘Petja understands French.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

gal-i	ʡuˤrus	kub	d-ak'-ul=saw
boy- dat	russian	speech	npl -know. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . m
‘The boy understands the Russian language.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) arʁ-iz/irʁ-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-z	ʡurus	mec	irʁ-ule=sad
boy- dat	russian	language	understand. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . npl (3)
‘The boy understands Russian.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) arʁ-i / irʁ-i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

durħaˤ-j	ʡurus	mec	irʁ-u
boy- dat	r ussian	language	understand. ipfv -3 hab . prs
‘The boy understands Russian.’

Dutch verstaan

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	verstaa-t	Frans
pn ( c )	understand-3 sg	f rench
‘Piet understands French.’

Enets (Forest) kameku

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	dʲurak	baza	kamekuɔ-za
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	n enets	language	understand( ipfv )-3 sg . so sg
‘My friend understands the Nenets language’.

English understand

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	understands	French.

Estonian aru saama

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Peeter	saa-b	prantsuse	keele-st	aru
pn . sg . nom	get- prs .3 sg	f rench	language- ela	wit. sg . part
‘Peeter understands French.’

Finnish ymmärtää

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	ymmärt-ää	ranska-a
pn . nom	understand- prs .3 sg	f rench- part
‘Pekka understands French.’

French comprendre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	comprend	l’	allemand
pn ( m )	understand. prs .3 sg	def . sg . m	g erman( m )
‘Paul understands German.’

Gascon compren

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pau	compren	lo	francés
pn	understand. prs .3 sg	def . sg . m	f rench
‘Pau understands French.’

Gban mà̰

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	dȉfà	mà̰
pn	3 sg	g uro	ipfv \hear
‘Zan understands Guro.’

Georgian Ø-e-sm-i-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

p'et're-s	prangul-i	Ø-e-sm-i-s
pn - dat	f rench- nom	io 3- ver : r -hear- sm - s 3 sg
‘Petre understands French.’

German verstehen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	versteh-t	Französisch
pn [ nom . sg ]	understand- prs .3 sg	f rench[ acc . sg }
‘Karl understands French.’
Note: In this example, the second argument is not a real NP, but with different arguments, the pattern is clearly transitive.

Hebrew (modern) mevin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	mevin	tsarfatit
pn	understand[ ptcp . sg . m ]	f rench
‘Pinchas understands French.’

Hindi samājh ānā

Valency pattern: DAT_DIR

X: DAT

Y: DIR

Locus: X

Pratīk	ko	freṁč	samajh	ā-t-ī	hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . obl	acc / dat	f rench( f ). sg . dir	understanding( f ). sg . dir	come- ipfv - f	prs .3 sg
‘Prateek understands French.’

Indonesian (standard) me-maham-i

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ahmad	me-maham-i	bahasa	Prancis
pn	act -understand- appl	language	f rance
‘Ahmad understands French.’

Irish tuig

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Tuig-eann	Pól	Fraincis.
understand- prs	pn	f rench
‘Pól understands French.’

Italian capire

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	capisc-e	il	frances-e
pn ( m )	understand-3 sg . prs	def . sg . m	f rench- sg . m
‘Leo understands French.’

Karata b-ič’č’aɬa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕalja	parank’dilo-b	mac’c’i	bič’č’eda
pn . dat	f rench- n	tongue	understand. ipf
‘Ali understands French.’

Kazakh tüs-іn

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	frantsuwz	tіl-і-n	tüs-іn-edі
pn	f rench	language- poss 3- acc	understand- refl - prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya understands the French language.’

Khanty (Kazym) χǫλti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	χǎnti	jasǝŋ	χǫλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	k hanty	language	hear. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja understands the Khanty language.’

Khoekhoe ǁnâuǃā

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	Herero-b-a	ra	ǁnâuǃā
pn -3 m . sg	decl	h erero-3 m . sg - obl	ipfv	understand
‘Peter understands Herero.’

Khwarshi bič'ida

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

di-l	dahab	bič’i:da	aƛ'ilzis	mec
1 sg . o - dat	small	understand\ gnt	k hwarshi	language( iii )
‘I understand Khwarshi a bit.’

Komi-Permyak вежöртны

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Петя	вежöрт-ö	францускöй	кыв
pn	понимать- prs .3	французский	язык
‘Петя понимает французский язык.’

Komi-Zyrian ge̮ge̮rvoni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	ge̮ge̮rvo-e̮	francuz	ki̮v
pn	understand- prs .3	f rench	language
‘Petja understands French.’

Kpelle (Guinean) mǎŋ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pépèe	ǎ	kpɛ̀lɛɛ-woo	màŋ
pn	3 sg . hab	kpelle-language\ l	understand\ l
‘Pepee understands the Kpelle language.’

Kryz (Alik) q'aleʕ ʕapic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN

X: NOM

Y: IN

Locus: Y

terlan	fransuz-ca	q'aleʕ	ʕarfar-e
pn	f rench- obl . in	head. obl . in	m .go(down). ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan understands French.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) başa apsic

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

aslan	fransizca	mez	ghala	başa	arsa-re
pn	f rench	tongue	well	in_head	fall. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan understands French.’
Note: This is an Azerbaijani loan, not clearly ingrated syntactically. Some speakers use the regular transitive pattern here.

Kryz (proper) q'all-e ʕaxhric

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

aslan	fransiz-a	mez	q'all-e	ʕaxha-ri
pn	f rench- attr	tongue( f )	head. obl - iness	come_down. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan understands French.’
Note: The verb agrees with the person name.

Kumyk anglamaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	francuz	til-ni	ang-la-j
pn	f rench	language- acc	conscious- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat understands French.’

Kurdish (Sorani) têgeîʂtin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	Fer̂anseî	tê-de-g-a
pn	f rench	prev - ind -arrive. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa understands French.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) nas kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

zilam	ziman-ê	fransî	nas	di-k-e
man	language( m )- ez . m	f rench	acquainted	prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man understands French.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Maħammad-u-n	b-u<w>č'-la-j	b-ur	francuz-ra-l	maz
pn - obl - dat	3-<3>understand- ipfv - cvb . ipfv	3-be. prs .3 p	f rench- obl - gen	tongue
‘Mohammad understands French.’

Latin scio

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

is	omn-is	lingu-as	sci-t,	sed	dissimula-t	sci-ens	ne	sci-re
that. nom . sg . m	each- acc . pl	language( f )- acc . pl	know[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg	but	hide[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg	know- prs . ptcp . act . nom . sg	not	know[ prs . act ]- inf
‘He knows all languages, but, knowing them, simulates not knowing (them).’
Note: (Pl. Poen. 112)

Laz o-c'on-u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Käzim-i-k	almanǯa-Ø	oxo-Ø-c'on-am-s
pn - b - erg	g erman- nom	prv - do 3-memorize- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim understands German.’

Lezgian (Yargun) ʕavurda aqˈan

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Sahib	fransuz	çˈal-a-n	ʕavur-d-a	aqˈa-zva
pn	f rench	language- obl - gen	understanding- obl - in	bump. ipfv - prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib understands French.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Macedonian razbira

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	razbira	francuski
pn	understand( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	f rench_language( m ). sg
‘Petar understands French.’

Maltese fehem

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ġwanni	jifhem	il-Franċiż
pn	understand. ipf . m .3 sg	def - f rench
‘Ġwanni understands French.’

Maninka (Eastern) ɲáye

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	fàranse`	ɲáye-la.
pn	be	f rench\ art	understand- inf . la
‘Seku understands French.’

Mano mā

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

lɛ́ɛ̀	máá	wè	mā
3 sg . ipfv	m ano	speech	hear: ipfv
‘S/he understands Mano.’

Mansi (Northern) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Mehweb arʁes

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM

X: CONT.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-ize	francuz-ane-la	mez	irʁ-an
pn - cont ( lat )	f rench- pl - gen	language	hear: ipfv - hab
‘Islam understands French.’

Mingrelian Ø-a-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	šonur-(i)	Ø-a-rčkil-e(n)-Ø
pn - dat	s van-( nom )	io 3- pot -hear- pot - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo understands Svan.’
Note: The verb is the lexicalized potential form of ‘to hear’.

Nanai otoli-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	francuskij	xəsə-wə	otoli-ni
pn	f rench	word- obl	be_able. npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia understands French.’

Nivkh jajmd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	lоci	+	duf	j-ajm-d
pn	r ussian	+	language	3 sg -understand- ind
‘Kaskazik understands Russian.’

Norwegian Bokmål å forstå

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	forstå-r	fransk
pn	understand- prs	f rench
‘Per understands French.’

Oromo (West Central) ɗagaʔa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

boontuu-n	afaan	faransaayii	ɗageessi
pn - nom	language. abs	f rance. gen	hear.3 sg . f . ipfv
‘Bontu understands French.’

Persian fahmīdan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	zabān-e	farānsavī-rā	mī-fahm-ad
pn	language- izaf	f rench- acc	cont -understand. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad understands French.’

Polish rozumieć

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Staszek	rozumie	język	francusk-i
pn [ nom . sg ]	understand: ipfv . prs .3 sg	language[ acc . sg ]	f rench- m . acc . sg
‘Staszek understands French.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) entender

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	entend-e	francês
pn ( m )	understand-3 sg . prs	f rench( m )
‘Pedro understands French.’

Romani (Kalderash) aťarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	aťarə-l	francusko	śib
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	understand- prs .3 sg	f rench	language[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša understands French.’

Romanian a înțelege

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petru	înțelege	limb-a	franceză
pn	understand. prs .3 sg	language- def . dir	f rench. f
‘Petru understands French.’

Russian ponimatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	ponima-et	francuzsk-ij	jazyk
pn ( m )- nom . sg	understand( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	f rench- m . acc . sg	language( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja understands French.’

Rutul (Kina) gijirq’ara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

rasul	francuskij	č’ilɨ-χda	gi-jirq’a-r=a
pn ( nom )	french	language. obl - sub	pv -1.understand. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul understands French.’

Rutul (Mukhad) gijq'ın

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

murad	francuz-aš-dı	č'ili-χda	gijq'a-ra
pn	f rench- hpl . obl - gen	word. obl - apud	m .understand. ipf - hab
‘Murad understands French.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

mırad	frantsuzki	ç'il-ı-xda	giyq'a-ra	yi
pn	f rench	language. obl - apud	m .reach. ipf - cv	m . cop
‘Murad understands French.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) başa itxhun

Valency pattern: DAT.AGR_NOM

X: DAT.AGR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ıs	fransız	ç'al	baş-a	iyxhu-r
pn - dat	f rench	language( a )	head- in	m .fall_in. ipf - prs
‘Murad understands French.’
Note: Exceptionally, the verb agrees with the X argument in the dative case.

Rutul (Shinaz) gijq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

basir	gijq'ɨ-j	francuz	č'il-ɨχda
pn	m .understand. pf - aor . m	f rench	language. obl - apud
‘Basir understands French.’

Saami (Skolt) fiʹttjed

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	fiʹttai	franskk-ǩiõl
pn . sg . nom	understand. prs .3 sg	f rench-language. sg . acc
‘Pete understands French.’

Sagada bič’ize boqa

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

pat’imat-er	bič’ize	b-oq-o	francija-ƚ-za-s	mec
pn - dat	understand	iii -become- prs	f rance- cont - pl . obl - gen 1	tongue( iii )
‘Patimat understands French.’

Serbian razumeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	razume	francusk-i	jezik
pn . nom . sg	understand. prs .3 sg	f rench- acc . sg . m	language. acc . sg
‘Petar understands French.’

Shughni fāmtow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM.CL

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Saida	xuɣ̌nůni	fam-t
pn	s hughni	know-3 sg
‘Saida understands Shughni.’

Slovak rozumieť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	rozumie	francúzštin-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	understand( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	f rench( f )- dat . sg
‘Peter understands French.’

Slovenian razumeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	razume	francosk-i	jezik
pn [ nom . sg ]	understand: ipfv . prs .3 sg	f rench- acc . sg . m	language[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter understands French.’

Spanish entender

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	entiend-e	el	francés
pn [ sg . m ]	understand- prs .3 sg	art . def . sg . m	f rench[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro understands French.’

Svan x-e-sm-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

maizer-s	lǝznu	nin-Ø	x-e-sm-i
pn - dat	m egrelian	language- nom	io 3- ver : r -hear- prs
‘Maizer understands Megrelian.’

Swedish att förstå

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	förstå-r	franska
pn	understand- prs	f rench
‘Björn understands French.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN

X: ABS

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	aˁrab	č’al.na-n	ʁav.ri	aq-ra
pn ( abs )	a rab	language- gen	consciousness( in )	( h . sg )fall- prs
‘Mahamad understands the Arab language.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Tagalog makaintindi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

naka-ka~intindi	si	Pedro	ng	French
pot . av - ipfv ~understand	pers . subj	pn	gen	f rench
‘Pedro understands French.’

Telugu arthamu agu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	preṁcibhāṣa	artham'	avutuṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	f rench_language( n ). sg . nom	meaning( n ). sg . nom	become. npst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen understands French.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsakhur vaats’iy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM

X: AFF

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-k’le	tatar-sum	vats’a-na
pn - obl - aff	t atar-language( a )	a .know. ipf - a
‘Murad understands the Tatar language.’

Tswana tlhaloganya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ke-tlhalogany-a	se-tswana
s i :1 sg -understand- fv	sg -tswana(7)
‘I understand Tswana.’

Turkish anlamak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Fransız	dil-i-ni	anlı-yor
pn	f rench	language- p .3- acc	understand- prs
‘Mehmet understands the French language.’

Turoyo fohəm

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_DO.LS

X: SBJ.SS

Y: DO.LS

Locus: Y

Gabriyel	ko-fohəm	faransawi
pn	prs -understand. ipfv .3 m	f rench
‘Gabriyel understands French.’

Twi te ase

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kofi	te	Franse	kasa	ase
pn	understand. prs	f rench	language	understand
‘Kofi understands French.’

Udi q'amiş(bes)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS/DAT

Locus: TR

Ok'sana-n	franśuzsk'i	muz-a	q'amiş=e
pn - erg	f rench	language- dat	understand=3 sg
‘Oksana understands French.’

Udmurt valani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMsjamen

X: NOM

Y: NOMsjamen

Locus: Y

Pet'a	francuz	śamen	vala
pn . nom	f rench	in	understand. prs .3 sg
‘Petja understands French.’

Ukrainian rozumity

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	rozumij-e	francuz’k-u	mov-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	understand( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	f rench- f . acc . sg	language( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro understands French.’

Ulcha utuli-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ama	nāńi	xəsə-wə-n	utul-i-ni
father	u lcha	word- acc -3 sg	understand- prs -3 sg
‘Father understands Ulcha.’

Uzbek tušunmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	francuz	tili-ni	tušun-a-di
pn	f rench	language- acc	understand- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja understands French.’

Wolof dégg

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

dégg	ngeen	wolof
understand	prf .s i :2 pl	wolof( b )
‘Do you understand Wolof?’

Yukaghir (Northern) möri=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	čupčǝ-d-аrū-lǝ	mǝ	möri-m
pn	c hukchi- gen -language- acc	aff	understand- tr .3 sg
‘Semien understands Chukchi.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr	franski	fam	kɛ-n-o
pn	f rench	understanding	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir understands French.’