Mehweb

Contributed by Michael Daniel and Majsarat Musaeva.

M.D.'s photo M.M.'s photo

The data were initially gathered in 2018 and then some changes have been made in 2024. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Daniel, Michael and Majsarat Musaeva. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Mehweb. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 21, 2024; last revised on March 19, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 42.25, 47.05.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Dargwic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain izes (IPFV)

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Patʼimat-la	bečʼ	iz-uwe	le-b
pn - gen	head	ache: ipfv - cvb	be- n
‘Patimat has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) -aʔile le- (RES)

Valency pattern: SUPER.LAT_NOM

X: SUPER.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Patʼimat-iče	ʁʷadubar-t	d-aʔ-i-le	le-r
pn - super ( lat )	flu- pl	npl -arrive: pfv - pst - cvb	be- npl
‘Patimat has the flu.’

3. be afraid uruχ -aqaˁs

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.EL

Locus: Y

Patʼimat	χʷe-li-če-la	uruχ	kʼ-uwe	le-r
pn	dog- obl - super - el	afraid	lv : ipfv - cvb	be- f
‘Patimat is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw ihʷes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-jni	ʁarʁa	ih-ub	ha-b-ha-b
pn - erg	stone	throw: pfv - aor	ahead- n -ahead- n
‘Patimat threw a stone first.’

5. have enough -eʔes

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

hanna	il-li-s	arc	d-elʔ-an
now	this- obl - dat	money	npl -suffice: ipfv - hab
‘Now he has enough money.’

6. resemble mešul le-

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Pajzula	il-li-ču	mešu-l	le-w
pn	this- obl - com	similar- attr	be- m
‘Pajzula resembles him.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe -irχawʔes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Pajzula	Musa-če	w-irχ-ilʔʷ-an
pn	pn - super ( lat )	m -believe- lv : ipfv - hab
‘Pajzula believes Musa.’

8. take ases

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-ni	pоlka-li-če-la	kung	as-ib
pn - erg	shelf- obl - super - el	book	take: pfv - pst
‘Pajzula took a book from the shelf.’

9. see gʷes

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM

X: CONT.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pajzula-ze	g-ub	qali
pn - cont ( lat )	see: pfv - aor	house
‘Pajzula sees a house.’

10. influence irʁes (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.LAT

X: NOM

Y: CONT.LAT

Locus: Y

χʷala	w-aʔ-ri	ʡaˤqʼlu-li-ze	irʁ-an
big	m -arrive: pfv - nmlz	intelligence- obl - cont ( lat )	hear: ipfv - hab
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter huneče -ikes

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM

X: CONT.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pajzula-ze	huneče	w-ik-ib	Musa
pn - cont ( lat )	road. super ( lat )	m -happen: pfv - pst	pn
‘Pajzula encountered Musa on the way.’

12. enter -erχʷes

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.LAT

X: NOM

Y: IN.LAT

Locus: Y

Pajzula	qulle-ħe	w-erχ-ur
pn	house. obl - in ( lat )	m -walk: pfv - aor
‘Pajzula entered the house.’

13. win derqʷ -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

Pajzula	Nadir-li-če-w	derqʷ	uh-ub
pn	pn - obl - super - m ( ess )	winning	m .become: pfv - aor
‘Pajzula beat Nadir.’

14. go out dura -uqes

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.EL

X: NOM

Y: IN.EL

Locus: Y

Pajzula	dura	uq-un	tukaj-ħe-la
pn	outside( lat )	m .go: pfv - aor	shop- in - el
‘Pajzula went out of the shop.’

15. drive -arx aʔas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-jni	qʼʷaˤl	b-arx	aʔ-ib
pn - erg	cow	n -send	drive: pfv - pst
‘Pajzula is driving the cow.’

16. bend ʁaˤm -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Patʼimat-li-n	qʼaˤjʔi	ʁaˤm	b-aqʼ-ib
pn - obl - erg	branch	wrong	n -do: pfv - pst
‘Patimat bent the branch.’

17. tell es

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.LAT

X: ERG

Y: CONT.LAT

Locus: Y

Patʼimat-li-ni	ib	Musa-li-ze:	"ħu	di-šu	ʡoˤχlad-deš-in	w-akʼ-e"
pn - obl - erg	say: pfv . aor	pn - obl - cont ( lat )	you.sg	i . obl - apud ( lat )	visiting- nmlz - erg	m -come: pfv - imp
‘Patimat told Musa: come and visit me.’

18. hold -ucile le- (RES)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Patʼimat-li-ni	kung	b-uc-i-le	le-b	kʷe-b
pn - obl - erg	book	n -get.hold.of: pfv - pst - cvb	be- n	in.hands- n ( ess )
‘Patimat is holding a book.’

19. catch up ʡa- -aʔes

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pajzula	ʡa-w	w-aʔ-ib	Musa-li-s
pn	behind- m	m -arrive: pfv - pst	pn - obl - dat
‘Pajzula caught up with Musa.’

20. milk -erzes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Patimat-li-ni	qʼʷaˤl	b-erz-ib
pn - obl - erg	cow	n -milk: pfv - pst
‘Patimat milked the cow.’

21. reach -aʔes

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.LAT

X: NOM

Y: CONT.LAT

Locus: Y

Pajzula	ħarkʼʷ-la	dub-li-ze	w-aʔ-ib
pn	river- gen	edge- obl - cont ( lat )	m -arrive: pfv - pst
‘Pajzula reached the riverbank.’

22. touch -arχes

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.LAT

X: NOM

Y: CONT.LAT

Locus: Y

baˤʜ-ize	w-arχ-arijal	Pajzula	čuruk	uh-ub
wall- cont ( lat )	m -touch: pfv - cvb . imm	pn	dirty	m .become: pfv - aor
‘Pajzula touched the wall and got dirty.’

23. fight -urʁes

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Pajzula	urʁ-uwe	le-w	Musa-li-ču
pn	m .fight: ipfv - cvb	be- m	pn - obl - com
‘Pajzula is fighting with Musa.’

24. be friends urtaqʼ le-

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMwara

X: NOM

Y: NOMwara

Locus: Y

Pajzula	urtaqʼ	le-w	Musa=wara
pn	friend	be- m	pn =and
‘Patimat is friends with Musa.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think pikriliče- le-

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Pajzula	le-w	Madinat-la	pikri-li-če-w
pn	be- m	pn - gen	thought- obl - super - m
‘Pajzula is thinking about Madinat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

26. eat -erkʷes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Patimat-li-ni	b-erk-un	inc
pn - obl - erg	n -eat: pfv - aor	apple
‘Patimat ate an apple.’

27. fry -ercʼes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Patimat-li-ni	b-ercʼ-ib	kʼas
pn - obl - erg	n -fry: pfv - pst	fish
‘Patimat fried the fish.’

28. wait ħule le-

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Pajzula	le-w	ħule	Musa-če
pn	be- m	look	pn - super ( lat )
‘Pajzula is waiting for Musa.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

29. forget qumartes

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM

X: CONT.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pajzula-li-ze	ittili	huni	qum-art-ul-le	le-b
pn - obl - cont ( lat )	other	road	forget- lv : pfv - aor - cvb	be- n
‘Pajzula forgot about the other road.’

30. depend *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʡumru-li-če	b-aʔ-ib-i	b-uʔ-an	ʡaˤqʼlu=ra
life- obl - super ( lat )	n -arrive: pfv - pst - attr	n -be- hab	intelligence= add
‘Intelligence comes with age.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

31. call waˤbbaˤtes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-li-ni	Nadir	waˤb-b-aˤt-ur
pn - obl - erg	pn	call- n - lv : pfv - aor
‘Pajzula called Nadir.’

32. get to know -ahas

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM

X: CONT.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pajzula-li-ze	Musa	w-ah-ur	dus-la	ha-w-le
pn - obl - cont ( lat )	pn	m -know: pfv - aor	year- gen	before- m - advz
‘Pajzula got to know Musa a year ago.’

33. know -ahas

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM

X: CONT.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pajzula-li-ze	w-alh-an	Musa
pn - obl - cont ( lat )	m -know: ipfv - hab	pn
‘Pajzula knows Musa.’

34. play (instrument) -aqaˁs

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-li-ni	gitara	b-irq-uˁwe	le-b
pn - obl - erg	guitar	n -hit: ipfv - cvb	be- n
‘Pajzula is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid ħagʷes res baqʼas

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ilʔʷana	Pajzula-li-ni	Musa	ħa-gʷ-es	res	b-iqʼ-uwe	le-b
therefore	pn - obl - erg	pn	neg -see: pfv - inf	possibility	n -do: ipfv - cvb	be- n
‘Therefore, Pajzula is looking for a possibility to not see Musa.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

36. make -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-li-ni	b-aqʼ-ib	bоmba
pn - obl - erg	n -do: pfv - pst	bоmb
‘Pajzula made a bomb.’

37. make fun dučirkʼes (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

hanna	Pajzula	duč-irkʼ-uwe=gʷa	Musa-li-če-w
now	pn	laugh- lv : ipfv - cvb = ptcl	pn - obl - super - m ( ess )
‘Now Pajzula is making fun of Musa.’

38. have le-

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pajzula-la	le-b	mašina
pn - gen	be- n	car
‘Pajzula has a car.’

39. look for χal -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-li-ni	χal	d-iqʼ-uwe	le-r	urx-ne
pn - obl - erg	search	npl -do: ipfv - cvb	be- npl	key- pl
‘Pajzula is looking for his keys.’

40. paint rang -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-li-ni	rang	d-aqʼ-ib	azbar-t
pn - obl - erg	paint	npl -do: pfv - pst	fence- pl
‘Pajzula painted the fence.’
Note: Gender agreement is controlled by Y.

41. bite qʼacʼ -ikes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

χʷe	qʼacʼ	b-ik-ib	Pajzula-li-če
dog	bite	n - lv : pfv - pst	pn - obl - super ( lat )
‘A dog bit Pajzula.’
Note: Gender agreement is controlled by X.

42. forfeit -azes

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.EL

X: NOM

Y: CONT.EL

Locus: Y

Islam	qaj-ze-la	w-az-ib
pn	house- cont - el	m -be.deprived: pfv - pst
‘Islam lost his house.’

43. try to catch -uces

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula	le-w	il	b-ulc-uwe
pn	be- m	this	n -get.hold.of: ipfv - cvb
‘Pajzula is trying to catch it.’
Note: Binominative construction resolves into transitive.

44. break -urʡaˤqas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-li-ni	b-urʡ-aˤq-ib	derxa
pn - obl - erg	n -break: pfv - caus - pst	stick
‘Pajzula broke a stick.’

45. flatter *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Pajzula	le-w	Madina-li-s	žigʷa	w-iz-es	uʜaˤqʼ-uwe
pn	be- m	pn - obl - dat	beautiful	m -stand.up: pfv - inf	m .talk: ipfv - cvb
‘Pajzulla is talking to Madina in a way that Madina would like him.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

46. love (person) -iges (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pajzula-li-s	d-ig-an	Madina
pn - obl - dat	f -want- hab	pn
‘Pajzula loves Madina.’
Note: “-ig-” ‘want’ tends to be used with the same gender prefix d- independent of the controller; one could interpret dig- as the imperfective stem of the verb.

47. wave xʷaʡ -ukʼes (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Majsarat	pardaw-iču	xʷaʡ	d-ukʼ-uwe	le-r
pn	handkerchief- com	wave	f - lv : ipfv - cvb	be- f
‘Majsarat is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream anišː le-

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER.LAT

X: GEN

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: XY

Pajzula-la=gʷa	anišː	saga-l	mašina-li-če
pn - gen = ptcl	dream	new- attr	car- obl - super ( lat )
‘Pajzula is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

49. wash -azes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-li-ni	b-az-ib	ʁadara
pn - obl - erg	n -wash: pfv - pst	dish
‘Pajzula washed the dish.’

50. put on ikʼʷes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Pajzula-li-ni	ikʼ-ub	waχčag
pn - obl - erg	put.on: pfv - aor	trousers
‘Pajzula put on his trousers.’

51. be called es

Valency pattern: SUPER.LAT_ile

X: SUPER.LAT

Y: ile

Locus: XY

hel	sikʼaj-če	b-ukʼ-an	kоmpas	i-le
that	thing. obl - super ( lat )	hpl -say: ipfv - hab	compass	say: pfv - cvb
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: Transimpersonal construction.

52. punish tamiħ baqʼas

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam-ini	il-li-s	tamiħ	b-aqʼ-ib
pn - erg	that- obl - dat	punishment	n -do: pfv - pst
‘Islam punished him.’

53. attack aqu -uqes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

sinka	aqu	b-uq-un	kʼusreʡaj-če
bear	on.top( lat )	n -go: pfv - aor	fisherman. obl - super ( lat )
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) -icʼes

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

bidra	ši-ja	b-icʼ-ib
bucket	water- gen	n -fill: pfv - pst
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find -arges

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM

X: CONT.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-ize	d-arg-ib	urx-ne
pn - cont ( lat )	npl -find: pfv - pst	key- pl
‘Islam found the keys.’

56. be short ħa-eʔes

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-is	ħa-b-elʔ-an	darša-l	ʁuruš
pn - dat	neg - n -suffice: ipfv - hab	hundred- card	rouble
‘Islam is one hundred roubles short.’

57. hate ebal le-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-is	eba-l=gʷa	Nadir
pn - dat	boring- attr = ptcl	pn
‘Islam hates Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like žigʷa -izes

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-is	žigʷa	b-ilz-uwe	le-b	hel	ħawa
pn - dat	beautiful	n -stand.up: ipfv - cvb	be- n	that	shirt
‘Islam likes this shirt.’

59. need ʡaˤrkʷije le-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

hanna	Islam-is	ʡaˤrkʷi-je	le-r	arc
now	pn - dat	necessary- advz	be- npl	silver
‘Now Islam needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround le-

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMarsum

X: NOM

Y: NOMarsum

Locus: Y

baˤʜ-aˤne	le-r	šahar	aršːum
wall- pl	be- npl	town	around
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

61. remain kalʔes

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

telewizоr	as-ib-ičela	il-li-ja	kalʔ-un	wecʼ-al	dоllar
tv[ r ]	take: pfv - pst - cvb . post	that- obl - gen	remain: pfv - aor	ten- emph	dоllar
‘After buying the tv, he has ten dollars left.’

62. answer žawab ges

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT.LAT

X: ERG

Y: CONT.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam-ini	učitij-ze	žawab	g-ib
pn - erg	teacher. obl - cont ( lat )	answer	give: pfv - pst
‘Islam answered the teacher.’

63. open abxes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	abx-ib	pankʼa
pn - erg	open: pfv - pst	jar[ r ]
‘Islam opened a can.’

64. be different dekʼari le-

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

di-la	ħawa	ħa-la-j-če-b	dekʼari	le-b
i . obl - gen	shirt	you.sg. obl - gen - obl - super - n ( ess )	different	be- n
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind ʡa- kalʔes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

Islam	ʡa-w	kalʔ-un	Nadir-li-če-w
pn	behind- m	remain: pfv - aor	pn - obl - super - m ( ess )
‘Islam fell behind Nadir.’

66. plough haj -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	haj	b-aqʼ-ib	qu
pn - erg	plough	n -do: pfv - pst	field
‘Islam ploughed the field.’

67. smell deħle le-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

di-la	nuʁ-e	benzija	deħ-le	le-r
i . obl - gen	hand- pl	gaz. gen	smell- advz	be- npl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

68. cross alʔes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

tukaj-ħe	d-uˤqʼ-es	i-le	Patimat-ini	huni	alʔ-un
shop. obl - in ( lat )	f -go. pfv - inf	say. pfv . aor - cvb	pn - erg	road	cut: pfv - aor
‘Patimat crossed the road in order to enter the shop.’

69. sing -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	b-aqʼ-ib	b-aršː-ib-i	dečʼ
pn - erg	n -do: pfv - pst	n -be.nice- pst - attr	song
‘Islam sang a beautiful song.’

70. write -elkʼes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	b-elkʼ-un	kaʁar
pn - erg	n -write: pfv - aor	paper
‘Islam wrote a letter.’

71. drink -eržes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	niʔ	d-erž-ib
pn - erg	milk	npl -drink: pfv - pst
‘Islam drank the milk.’

72. melt -acʼaqas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	b-acʼ-aq-ib	čʼutʼi-la	kesek
pn - erg	n -melt: pfv - caus - pst	lead- gen	piece
‘Islam melted a piece of lead.’

73. match cenħe -ikes

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

heš	irʔi	cenħe	b-irk-uwe	le-b	di-la	ħawa-li-ču
this	belt	together( lat )	n -happen: ipfv - cvb	be- n	i . obl - gen	gown- obl - com
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave ka-ates

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-li-ni	ka-b-at-ur	sune-la-l	šahar
pn - obl - erg	pv - n -leave: pfv - aor	self. obl - gen - emph	town
‘Islam left his native town.’

75. cover gʷer -aqʼile le- (RES)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

bartbisu-li-ni	qaja	lutʼi	gʷer	b-aqʼ-i-le	le-b
carpet- obl - erg	house. gen	bottom	cover	n -do: pfv - pst - cvb	be- n
‘The carpet covers the floor.’

76. remember urče- le-

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-is	urče-b	le-b	sa<w>i	χʷala	w-aʔ-ib-i	qali
pn - dat	heart. in - n ( ess )	be- n	self< m >	big	m -arrive: pfv - pst - attr	house
‘Islam remembers the house where he grew up.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help kumak baqʼas

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam-ini	Nadir-li-s	kumak	b-aqʼ-ib
pn - erg	pn - obl - dat	help	n -do: pfv - pst
‘Islam helped Nadir.’

78. understand (language) arʁes

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM

X: CONT.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-ize	francuz-ane-la	mez	irʁ-an
pn - cont ( lat )	f rench- pl - gen	language	hear: ipfv - hab
‘Islam understands French.’

79. hit (target) -aˤqas

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.LAT

X: NOM

Y: CONT.LAT

Locus: Y

parχ	qaj-ze	b-aˤq-ib
lightning	house. obl - cont ( lat )	n -hit: pfv - pst
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam-is	britwa-li-n	b-uʔ-ri	b-aqʼ-ib
pn - dat	razor- obl - erg	n -spoil: pfv - nmlz	n -do: pfv - pst
‘The razor hurt Islam.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

81. get stuck askʼes

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.LAT

X: NOM

Y: CONT.LAT

Locus: Y

istikan	ustuj-ze	askʼ-ur
glass	table. obl - cont ( lat )	stick: pfv - aor
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) durʡaˤ -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

Islam	durʡaˤ	uh-ub	Nadir-li-če-w
pn	losing	m .become: pfv - aor	pn - obl - super - m ( ess )
‘Islam lost to Nadir.’

83. be glad ħili bikes

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

Islam-is	kaʁar-la	ħili	b-ik-ib
pn - dat	paper- gen	joy	n -happen: pfv - pst
‘Islam was glad about the letter.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

84. speak -uʜaˤqʼas (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Islam	uʜaˤqʼ-uwe	le-w	Nadir-li-ču
pn	m .talk: ipfv - cvb	be- m	pn - obl - com
‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’

85. give birth -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Madina-jni	urši	w-aqʼ-ib
pn - erg	son	m -do: pfv - pst
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’

86. drop ar-ikes

Valency pattern: CONT.EL_NOM

X: CONT.EL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-ize-la	istikan	ar-b-ik-ib
pn - cont - el	glass	pv - n -fall: pfv - pst
‘Islam dropped the glass.’

87. govern bečʼdeš diqʼes (IPFV)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam-ini	bečʼ-deš	d-iqʼ-an	pоselоk-is
pn - erg	head- nmlz	npl -do: ipfv - hab	village- dat
‘Islam runs our village.’

88. miss bizar -urhes

Valency pattern: NOM_AD.ESS

X: NOM

Y: AD.ESS

Locus: Y

Islam	bizar	urh-uwe	le-w	Madina-le-ʡe-w
pn	missing	m .become: ipfv - cvb	be- m	pn - obl - ad - m ( ess )
‘Islam misses Madina.’

89. follow ʡala le-

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Islam	ʡa-la	le-w	Nadir-li-s
pn	behind- el	be- m	pn - obl - dat
‘Islam follows Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

90. dismount če- -arces

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.EL

Locus: Y

Islam	če-w-w-arc-ur	jaˤbu-li-če-la
pn	pv - m - m -unmount: pfv - aor	horse- obl - super - el
‘Islam got down from the horse.’

91. listen liħi bixes

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER.LAT

X: ERG

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

radiʔu-li-če	liħi	b-irx-an	Islam-ini
radio- obl - super ( lat )	ear	n -put: ipfv - hab	pn - erg
‘Islam listens to the radio.’

92. obey liħi bixes

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER.LAT

X: ERG

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam-ini	abaj-če	liħi	b-irx-an
pn - erg	mother- super ( lat )	ear	n -put: ipfv - hab
‘Islam listens to his mother.’

93. hear arʁes

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM

X: CONT.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-ize	irʁ-uwe	le-r	muzɨka
pn - cont ( lat )	hear: ipfv - cvb	be- npl	music[ r ]
‘Islam hears the music.’

94. mix cenħe -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

warʔa	cenħe	b-uh-ub	niʔ-iču
honey	together( lat )	n -become: pfv - aor	milk- com
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look ħule le-

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	dirig-une-če	ħule	le-w
pn	cloud- pl - super ( lat )	look	be- m
‘Islam is looking at the clouds.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

96. take off -ates

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	ħawa	b-at-ur
pn - erg	shirt	n -take.off: pfv - aor
‘Islam took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) muʔerlize- gʷes

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM

X: CONT.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Madina	muʔer-li-ze-w	irgʷ-an	Islam-ize
pn	dream- obl - cont - m ( ess )	see: ipfv - hab	pn - cont ( lat )
‘Islam dreams about Madina.’

98. agree raˤzi -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Islam	raˤzi	uh-ub	Madina-ču
pn	pleased	m .become: pfv - aor	m adina- com
‘Islam agreed with Madina.’

99. have a quarrel daʡlumeze -ikes

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Islam	daʡlume-ze	w-ik-ib	Nadir-li-ču
pn	conflict. pl - cont ( lat )	m -happen: pfv - pst	pn - obl - com
‘Islam had a quarrel with Nadir.’

100. cost baha le-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

heš	ʁadar-la	baha=gʷa	ca	dоllar
this	dish- gen	price= ptcl	one	dоllar
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

101. shoot at ihʷes

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER.LAT

X: ERG

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam-ini	ih-ub	čiqʷaˤ-li-če
pn - erg	throw: pfv - aor	bird- obl - super ( lat )
‘Islam shot at the bird.’

102. pour aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	aqʼ-ur	čakar
pn - erg	pour: pfv - aor	sugar
‘Islam poured the sugar.’

103. lose ar-uʔes

Valency pattern: CONT.EL_NOM

X: CONT.EL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-ize-la	ar-d-uʔ-ur	urx-ne
pn - cont - el	pv - npl -lose: pfv - aor	key- pl
‘Islam lost his keys.’

104. sink ʁanqʼ -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.ESS

X: NOM

Y: CONT.ESS

Locus: Y

b-aˤq-ib-i	ulculi	ʁanqʼ	b-uh-ub	šin-ze-b
n -hit: pfv - pst - attr	firewood	sink	n -become: pfv - aor	water- cont - n ( ess )
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill -aˁbʡas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	w-aˤbʡ-ib	Nadir
pn - erg	m -kill: pfv - pst	pn
‘Islam killed Nadir.’

106. hit -aˤqas

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER.LAT

X: ERG

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam-in	b-aˤq-ib	Nadir-li-če
pn - erg	n -hit: pfv - pst	pn - obl - super ( lat )
‘Islam hit Nadir.’

107. kiss umma daqʼas

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER.LAT

X: ERG

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam-ini	umma	d-aqʼ-ib	Madina-če
pn - erg	kiss	npl -do: pfv - pst	pn - super ( lat )
‘Islam kissed Madina.’

108. read -elčʼes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	b-elčʼ-un	ʡaˤχ-il	kung
pn - erg	n -read: pfv - aor	good- attr	book
‘Islam read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) šːiš -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	šːiš	b-aqʼ-ib	tʼul
pn - erg	move	n -do: pfv - pst	finger
‘Islam moved his finger.’
Note: Gender agreement is controlled by Y.

110. respect hurmat baqʼas

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN

X: ERG

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Islam-ini	ħurmat	b-iqʼ-an	Nadir-la
pn - erg	respect	n -do: ipfv - hab	pn - gen
‘Islam respects Nadir.’

111. be squeamish urkʼi buces

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER.EL

X: GEN

Y: SUPER.EL

Locus: XY

Islam-la	urkʼi	b-ulc-an	čuruk-i	pоsuda-li-če-la
pn - gen	heart	n -get.hold.of: ipfv - hab	dirty- attr	dishes[ r ]- obl - super - el
‘Islam is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. The verb itself is transitive, but used intransitively in this context.

112. be content raˤzile le-

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.EL

Locus: Y

Islam	raˤzi-le	le-w	sune-la-l	urši-li-če-la
pn	pleased- advz	be- m	self. obl - gen - emph	boy- obl - super - el
‘Islam is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love -iges -aʔas

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-is	d-ig-es	d-aʔ-ib	Madina
pn - dat	f -want: ipfv - inf	f -arrive: pfv - pst	pn
‘Islam fell in love with Madina.’
Note: “-ig-” ‘want’ tends to be used with the same gender prefix d- independent of the controller; one could interpret dig- as the imperfective stem of the verb.

114. trust dirχdeš le-

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER.LAT

X: GEN

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: XY

Islam-la	d-irχ-deš	le-r	Madina-če
pn - gen	npl -believe: ipfv - nmlz	be- npl	pn - super ( lat )
‘Islam trusts Madina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. The controller of the prefixal gender marker on the action nominal is unclear.

115. sympathise inag -uhes

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-is	inag	d-urh-an	sune-la-l	abaj
pn - dat	pitiable	f -become: ipfv - hab	self. obl - gen - emph	mother
‘Islam sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy ħalwahaj -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	ħalwahaj	urh-an	Nadir-li-če
pn	envious	m .become: ipfv - hab	pn - obl - super ( lat )
‘Islam envies Nadir.’

117. be angry himi abizes

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER.LAT

X: GEN

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: XY

Islam-la	himi	a-b-ilz-an	Nadir-li-če
pn - gen	gall	pv - n -stand: ipfv - hab	pn - obl - super ( lat )
‘Islam is angry with Nadir.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

118. be surprised tamaša -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	tamaša	uh-ub	sajʁat-iče
pn	strange	m .become: pfv - aor	present- super ( lat )
‘Islam was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) -iges (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-is	d-ig-an	čaj
pn - dat	npl -want: ipfv - hab	tea[ r ]
‘Islam loves tea.’
Note: “-ig-” ‘want’ tends to be used with the same gender prefix d- independent of the controller; one could interpret dig- as the imperfective stem of the verb.

120. enjoy kep ases

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER.EL

X: ERG

Y: SUPER.EL

Locus: Y

Islam	kep	is-uwe	le-w	d-ucʼar-i	čaj-če-la
pn	pleasure	take: ipfv - cvb	be- m	npl -hot- attr	tea[ r ]- super - el
‘Islam enjoys hot tea.’
Note: The nominative encoding of X in the actual example is conditioned by TAM.

121. want -iges (IPFV)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-is	b-ig-uwe	le-b	saga-l	tilipun
pn - dat	n -want: ipfv - cvb	be- n	new- attr	phone[ r ]
‘Islam wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge himiliču le-

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	himi-li-ču	le-w	Nadir-li-če
pn	gall- obl - com	be- m	pn - obl - super ( lat )
‘Islam holds a grudge against Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence akes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.EL

Locus: Y

Islam	ak-ib	Nadir-li-če-la
pn	take.offence: pfv - pst	pn - obl - super - el
‘Islam took offence at Nadir.’

124. upset pašman -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	wahaj-le	pašman	d-aqʼ-ib	Madina
pn - erg	bad- advz	sad	f -do: pfv - pst	pn
‘Islam greatly upset Madina.’

125. marvel urče -arces

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Islam-is	wahaj-le-l	urče	b-arc-ur	het	šahar
pn - dat	bad- advz - emph	heart. in ( lat )	n -stick: pfv - aor	that.level	town
‘Islam was impressed by this town.’

126. despise urkʼi arases

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER.EL

X: GEN

Y: SUPER.EL

Locus: XY

Islam-la	urkʼi	ar-as-ib	Nadir-li-če-la
pn - gen	heart	away-take: pfv - pst	pn - obl - super - el
‘Islam despises Nadir.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

127. get upset pašman -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMbahandaje

X: NOM

Y: NOMbahandaj

Locus: Y

Islam	pašman	uh-ub	sune-la-l	urši	bahandaje
pn	strange	m .become: pfv - aor	self. obl - gen - emph	son	because
‘Islam got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated qaˤmčʼara baqʼas

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	qaˤmčʼara	ukʼ-uwe	le-w	sune-la-l	dursi-li-če
pn	snap	m . lv : ipfv - cvb	be- m	self- gen - emph	daughter- obl - super ( lat )
‘Islam is picking on his daughter.’

129. be fond urkʼi uržes

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER.LAT

X: GEN

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: XY

Islam-la	urkʼi	urž-uwe	le-b	Nadir-li-če
pn - gen	heart	close: ipfv - cvb	be- n	pn - obl - super ( lat )
‘Islam is fond of Nadir.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

130. be shy uruc kʼes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.EL

Locus: Y

Islam	uruc	kʼ-uwe	le-w	sune-la-l	ʁantʼ-deš-iče-la=l
pn	shy	lv : ipfv - cvb	be- m	self. obl - gen - emph	short- nmlz - super - el = emph
‘Islam is embarrased about his shortness.’