BivalTyp

‘fall in love’

Argument frame: X (fall in love) with Y
Stimulus sentence: P. fell in love with M .
Predicate label Ru: влюбляться
Argument frame Ru: X (влюбляться) в Y -a
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. влюбился в М .

Abaza aj.hʷapsa

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
rasúl fatíma d-l-áj.hʷapsa-ṭ
pn pn 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io -fall_in_love( aor )- dcl
‘Rasul fell in love with Fatima.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ṣ̂ʷə λeʁʷə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
č̣ʼale-m pŝaŝe-r ṣ̂ʷə ə-λeʁʷə-ʁ
guy- obl girl- abs good 3 sg . erg -see- pst
‘The guy fell in love with the girl.’

Aghul kːan-x.u-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s fat’ima kːan-x.u-ne
pn - dat pn love-become. pf - aor
‘Aslan fell in love with Fatima.’

Akhvakh (Northern) roƛ’ƛ’i buxuruƛa

Valency pattern: POSS_AD
X: POSS
Y: AD
Locus: XY
pataħi-ƛƛi madina-qqe roƛ’ƛ’i b-ux-e godi
pn - gen pn - ad love n -fall- seq n . cop
‘Patahi fell in love with Madina.’

Andi (Zilo) ruqχ’i <b>-ukː.u-j

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
ali rutɬ’i b-ukː.u-j marjam-ʔo
pn [ m ][ nom ] love[ inan 1][ nom ] inan 1-fall. pst - pf pn - super . lat
‘Ali fell in love with Mariam.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) wqˁ b-ġarām

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Abrahām waqaˁ b-ġarām-a l-Maryam
pn fall. pf .3 ms in-infatuation- o .3 fs to- pn
‘Abraham fell in love with Maryam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ʕašaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Salwa ʕəšqat Mḥammad
pn love. pfv .3 f pn
‘Salwa fell in love with Muhammad.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) w.ʾ.ʿ bi-ḥob

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Shadi wiʾeʿ bi-ḥob Reem
pn fall. pst .3 m . sg in-love pn
‘Shadi fell in love with Reem.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Arabic (standard) Ɂaḥabba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un Ɂaḥabba Maryam-a
pn - nom love. pf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr fell in love with Maryam.’

Archi ʟʼan

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
paša-s marin ʟʼan e<r>tːi-li
pn - dat pn want <2>become. pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘Pasha fell in love with Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (stative).

Armenian (Eastern) siraharvel

Valency pattern: NOM_DATvra
X: NOM
Y: DATvra
Locus: Y
Petros-ə siraharvec’ Mariam-i vra
pn [ nom ]- def fall_in_love: aor :3 sg pn - dat on
‘Petros fell in love with Mariam.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic xoš atə

Valency pattern: EXT/REL_men
X: EXT/REL
Y: men
Locus: XY
+Ašur xoš-u bitay=əla mən švot-u
pn happiness( f )- p .3 m come. prog =3 f from neighbour( f )- p .3 m
‘Ashur fell in love with his neighbor.’

Avar roƛ’i kkeze

Valency pattern: GEN_APUD
X: GEN
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
ʕali-l marjam-i-q roƛ’i kk-un b-ugo
pn - gen pn - obl - apud love catch- seq n - cop
‘Ali fell in love with Marjam.’

Azerbaijani vurulmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Aslan Leyla-ya vur-ul-du
pn pn - dat / lat strike- pass - pst (3)
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’

Bafut lɔ̀gᵼ̀nə̂ kɔ̀ŋə̂

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à kɨ̀ lɔ̀gᵼ̀nə̂ kɔ̀ŋə̂ bì
pn sm p 2 begin love pn
‘Ambe fell in love with Bih.’

Bambara jàrabi

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù jàrabi-ra Fántà lá
pn love- pfv . intf pn in
‘Seku has fallen in love with Fanta.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Ahmed Nizor=tīr ošiq suδ-ǰ
pn pn = sup loving become- pf
‘Ahmed fell in love with Nizora.’

Belarusian zakachacca

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Alieś zakacha-ŭ-sia ŭ Alien-u
pn [ nom . sg ] fall_in_love( pfv )- pst . sg . m - refl in pn - acc . sg
‘Ales fell in love with Alena.’

Budugh vurulmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan leyla' vurulmi saxha-ci
pn pn ( loc ) in_love m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bulgarian vlyubya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_v
X: SBJ
Y: v
Locus: Y
Petăr se vlyubi v Maria
pn refl fall_in_love( pfv ). aor .3 sg in pn
‘Petar fell in love with Maria.’

Catalan enamorar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
en Pere es va enamor-ar de la Maria
def . sg . m pn ( m ) refl .3 sg go.3 sg . prs . ind fall_in_love- inf of def . sg . f pn ( f )
‘Pere fell in love with Maria.’

Chechen AGR-ieza-AGR-ala

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-ana Madina j-iezajella
pn - dat pn . abs j -fall_in_love. prf
‘Islam fell in love with Madina.’

Chinese (Mandarin) ài-shàng

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān ài-shàng le Lǐsì
pn love-up pfv pn
‘Zhangsan fell in love with Lisi.’

Chirag b-ikːej

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i madina r-ikːag-ur
pn - obl - super pn ( abs ) f . sg -fall.in.love: pf - aor .3
‘Ali fell in love with Madina.’

Croatian zaljubiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Per-o se zaljubi-o u Marij-u
pn - nom . sg refl fall.in.love( pfv )- part . perf . m . sg in pn - acc . sg
‘Pero fell in love with Marija.’

Czech zamilovat se

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Petr se zamilova-l do Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc fall_in_love( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] in pn ( m )- gen . sg
‘Petr fell in love with Michal.’

Danish blive forelsket

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Peter blev forelske-t i Marie
pn become. pst be_in_love- ptcp . pst . sg in pn
‘Peter fall in love with Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Itsari) dikːa-B-ixː-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER.LAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
Islam-il Madina-li-j dikːa-d-išː-ib=ca-d
pn - erg pn - obl - super ( lat ) love- npl - lv . pfv - aor = cop - npl
‘Islam fell in love with Madina.’

Dargwa (Kadar) digi-CL-ix-es / digi-CL-irx-es

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li ʡaˤšura-ke digi-d-ix-ib
pn - erg pn - super love- npl -put. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad fell in love with Ashura.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) dik:adixara

Valency pattern: GEN_INTER
X: GEN
Y: INTER
Locus: XY
Petja-la Maša-c:i dik:a-d-išš-iv=ca
pn - gen pn - inter love( npl )- npl -put. pf - pret = cop (3)
‘Petja fell in love with Masha.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: DAT_DAT
X: DAT
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
gal-i jusːi-l-i dikːa d-išː-ib=saw
boy- dat girl- obl - dat love npl -put. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy fell in love with a girl.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Dargwa (Tsugni) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Dutch verliefd zijn

Valency pattern: SBJ_op
X: SBJ
Y: op
Locus: Y
Piet is verlief-d op Marie
pn ( c ) cop .3 sg fall.in.love- ptcp on pn ( c )
‘Piet fell in love with Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Enets (Forest) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

English fall in love

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter fell in love with Mary.

Estonian armuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Peeter armu-s Mareti-sse
pn . sg . nom fall_in_love- pst .3 sg pn - ill
‘Peeter fell in love with Maret.’

Finnish rakastua

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Pekka rakastu-i Matti-in
pn . nom fall.in.love- pst .3 sg pn - ill
‘Pekka fell in love with Matti.’

French tomber amoureux

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Paul est tombé amoureux de Marie
pn ( m ) be. prs .3 sg fall. pst . ptcp . m enamoured. sg . m of pn ( f )
‘Paul fell in love with Marie.’

Gascon es tombat amorós

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir es tombat amorós de Maria
pn be. prs .3 sg fall. pst . ptcp enamoured. sg . m of pn
‘Pèir fell in love with Maria.’

Gban gbí … zà

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Zá̰ gbí ɛ́ zà Mɔ̰̈bì là
pn breast 3 sg \ pst surpass[ pfv . hod ] pn on
‘Zan fell in love with Monbi.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Georgian še-Ø-u-q'var-d-eb-a (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s mašo-Ø še-Ø-u-q'var-d-a
pn - dat pn - nom prv :inward- io 3- ver : o -love- inch - s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre fell in love with Masho.’

German sich verlieben

Valency pattern: NOM_inACC
X: NOM
Y: inACC
Locus: Y
Karl verlieb-te sich in Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] fall_in_love- pst .3 sg refl in pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl fell in love with Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) hitahev

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Pinχas hitahev be Menaχem
pn fall.in.love[ pst .3 sg . m ] in pn
‘Pinchas fell in love with Menachem.’

Hindi pyār ho jānā

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Pratīk ko Mīnakṣī se pyār ho gay-ā
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat pn ( f ). sg . obl abl love( m ). sg . dir be go. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek fell in love with Meenakshi.’

Indonesian (standard) jatuh cinta

Valency pattern: SBJ_pada
X: SBJ
Y: pada
Locus: Y
Ahmad jatuh cinta pada Siti
pn fall love for pn
‘Ahmad fell in love with Siti.’

Irish tit i ngrá

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Do=thit Pól i ngrá le Máire.
pst =fall pn in love with pn
‘Pól fell in love with Máire.’

Italian innamorarsi

Valency pattern: SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo si è innamorat-o di Maria
pn ( m ) refl aux .3 sg . prs fall_in_love. pst . ptcp - sg . m of pn ( f )
‘Leo fell in love with Maria.’

Karata roƛ’ƛ’i bexwaɬa

Valency pattern: POSS_APUD
X: POSS
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
ʕali-b marjam-i-q roƛ’ƛ’i b-ekku
pn - n pn - obl - apud love n -fall. pf
‘Ali fell in love with Marjam.’

Kazakh ɣašïq bol

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa ɣašïq bol-dï
pn pn - dat enamoured be- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya fell in love with Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Khoekhoe ǀnam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a kerkhe-b ǃnâ ǁari go mû tsî ǁnātimîsi ǁî-s-a go ǀnam
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg . obl church-3 m . sg in yesterday rpst see and immediately 3-3 f . sg - obl rpst love
‘Peter saw Maria in the church yesterday and immediately fell in love with her.’

Khwarshi goqa

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
šamile-l goq-qa is-a maduʁal
pn - dat fall.in.love- pst . w dem . an . o . i - gen 1 neighbor
‘Shamil fell in love with his neighbor.’

Komi-Permyak влюбитчыны

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Петя влюбитч-и-с Маша-вö
pn приглянуться- prt -3 pn - suplat
‘Петя влюбился в Машу.’

Komi-Zyrian musmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet'a-li̮ musm-i-s Maša
pn - dat like- pret -3 pn
‘Petja fell in love with Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) wɛ́li tǒo

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kwɛ́likɔlɔ̂ wɛ́li àá tòo Pépèe ɓà
pn love 3 sg . prf fall pn on1
‘Pepee fell in love with Kwelikolo.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kryz (Alik) aşuğ xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan leyla-ğ aşuğ xhiy-id
pn pn - super lover be. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz (Ismayilli) aşiq' xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan leyla-ğ aşiq' xhay-id
pn pn - super in_love be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz (proper) ik xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is leyla ik xhi-cu
pn - dat pn want be. pf - perf . f
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk süjmek

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
musa patimat-nɨ süj-e
pn pn - acc want-3 sg
‘Patimat loves Musa.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Kurdish (Sorani) äʂiq bûn

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa äʂiq-î Perî-î bû-Ø
pn lover- izf pn - obl be. pst .3 sg
‘Hiwa fell in love with Pari.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) dil- ketin (intr)

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
dil-ê jin-ê ket-e vî mêr-î
heart- ez . m woman- obl . f fall. pfv .3 sg - dir this. obl . m man- obl . m
‘The woman fell in love with this man.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_POST
X: NOM
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Maħammad ešqʼi x-unu ur Aˁšura-χ
pn love become- cvb . pfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - post
‘Mohammad fell in love with Ashura.’

Latin adamo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Masiniss-a Sophonib-am, uxor-em Syphac-is, fili-am Hasdrubal-is, capt-am statim adama-v-it et nupti-is fact-is uxor-em habu-it
pn ( m )- nom . sg pn ( f )- acc . sg wife( f )- acc . sg pn ( m )- gen . sg daughter( f )- acc . sg pn ( m )- gen . sg capture. prf . ptcp . pass - acc . sg . f instantly fall_in_love- prf - ind . act .3 sg and wedding( f )- abl . pl make. prf . ptcp . pass - abl . pl . f wife( f )- acc . sg have[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg
‘Masinissa fell instantly in love with the captured Sophonis, the wife of Syphacus, daughter of Hasdrubal, and, having thrown a wedding, married her.’
Note: (Liv. Periochae. XXX, 7)

Laz o-Ɂor-op-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i Fatma-s da-Ø-o(r)-op-u
pn - nom pn - dat prv - do 3-love- msd - s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim fell in love with Fatma.’

Lezgian (Yargun) kkan jen

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Sahib-a-z Lale kkan xha-na
pn - obl - dat pn love become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib fell in love with Lale.’

Macedonian se vljubi

Valency pattern: SBJ_vo
X: SBJ
Y: vo
Locus: Y
Petar se vljubi vo Maja
pn refl fall_in_love( pfv ). aor .3 sg in pn
‘Petar fell in love with Maja.’

Maltese sar iħobb

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ġwanni sar iħobb lil Mary
pn come. pf . m .3 sg love. ipf . m .3 sg to pn
‘Ġwanni fell in love with Mary.’
Note: The preposition “lil” is not obligatory with this verb. This is an example of the DOM system.

Maninka (Eastern) yàrabi

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bára yàrabi Fántà lá.
pn prf love pn at
‘Seku has fallen in love with Fanta.’

Mano lɔ̀ɔ̀ dà

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ī lɔ̀ɔ̀ ē dà ŋ̄ mɔ̀
2 sg love 3 sg . pst fall 1 sg on
‘I fell in love with you.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Mansi (Northern) ēruptite

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
jēn’a anum ērupt-i-t-e
pn 1 sg . obl love- npst - sg . o -3 sg . s
‘Zhenja loves me.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Mehweb -iges -aʔas

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Islam-is d-ig-es d-aʔ-ib Madina
pn - dat f -want: ipfv - inf f -arrive: pfv - pst pn
‘Islam fell in love with Madina.’
Note: “-ig-” ‘want’ tends to be used with the same gender prefix "d-" independent of the controller; one could interpret "dig-" as the imperfective stem of the verb.

Mingrelian Ø-e-ʔor-op-eb-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-k k-Ø-e-ʔor-op-u
pn - dat pn - erg aff - io 3- ver : r -love- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo fell in love with Anuchia.’

Nanai uləsilu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa uləsi-lu-xə-ni
pn pn - obl love. ipfv - inch 1- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia fell in love with Masha.’

Nivkh maʁod

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + maʁo-d
pn pn + love- ind
‘Kaskazik fell in love with Ajsana.’

Norwegian Bokmål å bli forelsket

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Per ble forelsket i Kari
pn become. pst enamoured in pn
‘Per fell in love with Kari.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Oromo (West Central) k'aba

Valency pattern: ABS_ABSirraa
X: ABS
Y: ABSirraa
Locus: XY
gurb-ittʃa boontuu irraa dʒaalalli isa k'ab-e
boy- def . abs pn . abs on- abl love- nom 3 sg . m . abs catch-3 sg . m . pfv
‘The boy fell in love with Bontu.’

Persian 'āšeq šodan

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ahmad 'āšeq-e mariam šode-ast
pn enamoured- izaf pn become. pp - cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad fell in love with Mariam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Polish zakochać się

Valency pattern: NOM_wLOC
X: NOM
Y: wLOC
Locus: Y
Michał zakocha-ł się w Janc-e
pn [ nom . sg ] fall_in_love: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] refl in pn - loc . sg
‘Michał fell in love with Janka.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) apaixonar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_por
X: SBJ
Y: por
Locus: Y
Pedro se apaixon-ou por Maria
pn ( m ) refl fall_in_love-3 sg . pst by pn ( f )
‘Pedro fell in love with Maria.’

Romani (Kalderash) vľubilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
o Murš-a vľubi-sajl-o ande Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg fall_in_love- pst -3 sg . m in pn - nom . sg
‘Murša fell in love with Marijka.’

Romanian a se îndrăgosti

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
Petru s-a îndrăgostit de Maria
pn refl - aux .3 sg make_fall_in_love. pst . ptcp of pn
‘Petru fell in love with Maria.’

Russian vljubitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC
X: NOM
Y: vACC
Locus: Y
Pet-ja vljubi-l-sja v Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg fall_in_love( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl in pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja fell in love with Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) jik’ik kirxura

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-u-s jik’i-k k-irxu-r=a asijet
pn - obl - dat heart. obl - inter pv -get.in. pfv - cvb =be pn ( nom )
‘Rasul fell in love with Asijat.’

Rutul (Mukhad) jıgara jišin

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s majram rıga-ra riši-ri
pn - obl - dat pn f .want. ipf - simul f .be. pf - aor
‘Murad fell in love with Majram.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
mırad xatun-ı-xda ğaç'u-ri
pn pn - obl - apud m .go_out/up. pf - aor
‘Murad fell in love with Khatun.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) yıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s ayten rıga-r
pn - obl - dat pn f .want. ipf - prs
‘Murad fell in love with Ayten.’

Rutul (Shinaz) rɨkar r-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs rɨkar r-iši-r a peri
pn - dat f .love. cov f -be. pf - seq exist pn
‘Basir fell in love with Peri.’

Saami (Skolt) räʹǩstõõvvâd

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Peâtt räʹǩstõõv-i Määrja-in
pn . sg . nom fall.in.love- pst .3 sg pn - sg . com
‘Pete fell in love with Maria’

Sagada beta

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
pat’imat-er et-ii muħamad
pn - dat ( i )love- pst . w pn ( i )
‘Patimat loves Muhamad.’

Serbian zaljubiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar se zaljubi-o u Marij-u
pn . nom . sg refl fall.in.love- part . perf . m . sg in pn - acc . sg
‘Petar fell in love with Maria.’

Shughni ošiq sitow

Valency pattern: NOM.NO.CL_SUP
X: NOM.NO.CL
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Ahmed Saida-ti ošiq suδǰ
pn pn - sup loving go. m . pf
‘Ahmed fell in love with Saida.’

Slovak zamilovať sa

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Peter sa zamilova-l do Mári-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc fall_in_love( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] in pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Peter fell in love with Maria.’

Slovenian zaljubiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC
X: NOM
Y: vACC
Locus: Y
Peter se je zaljubi-l v An-o
pn [ nom . sg ] rfl aux .3 sg fall_in_love: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] in pn - acc . sg
‘Peter fell in love with Ana.’

Spanish enamorarse

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro se enamor-ó de María
pn [ sg . m ] refl .3 sg fall_in_love- aor .3 sg from pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro fell in love with Maria.’

Svan sga-x-eː-lt'-i (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s lile-Ø la-x-lat'-ǝn
pn - dat pn - nom prv : slightly - io 3-love- pst
‘Maizer fell in love with Lile.’

Swedish att förälska sig

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Björn förälska-de sig i Maja
pn fall_in_love- pst refl in pn
‘Björn fell in love with Maja.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhaˁmad.a-z fatima kːun ʁa-x-nu
pn - dat pn ( abs ) love pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Mahamad fell in love with Fatima.’

Tagalog mapaibig

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-pa-ibig si Pedro kay Maria
av . pfv - caus -fall_in_love pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro fell in love with Maria.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with different NPs, hence ACT_UND.

Telugu prēmalō paḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
pravīṇ madhuri-tō prēma-lō paḍḍāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( f ). sg . obl - com love( n ). sg . obl - loc fall. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen fell in love with Madhuri.’

Tsakhur aˁšuˁq’хhay

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad leyla-ys aˁšuˁq’-хha
pn pn - dat lover-( m ) aux . pf
‘Murad fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tswana *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Turkish âşık olmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e âşık ol-du
pn pn - dat enamoured be- pst
‘Mehmet fell in love with Filiz.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Turoyo roḥəm

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel rḥəm-le Maryam
pn love. pfv - ls .3 m pn
‘Gabriyel fell in love with Maryam.’

Twi tᴐ dᴐ

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kofi tᴐ-ᴐ Mary dᴐ mu
pn fall- pst pn love in
‘Kofi fell in love with Mary.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Udi çureśes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
St'anislav-en Ruslan-a çur=e=ś-i
pn - erg pn - dat love=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Stanislav fell in love with Ruslan.’

Udmurt śinmaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a Maša-li̮ śinmaśk-iz
pn . nom pn - dat fall_in_love- pst .3 sg
‘Petja fell in love with Masha.’

Ukrainian zakoxatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC
X: NOM
Y: vACC
Locus: Y
Petr-o zakoxa-v-sja v Marij-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg fall_in_love( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl in pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro fell in love with Mariya.’

Ulcha uləsulu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
əj xusə piktə əj əktə piktə-wə uləsu-lu-xə-ni
this male child this female child- acc love- inch - pst -3 sg
‘This boy fell in love with the girl.’

Uzbek sevib qolmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-ni sev-ib qol-di
pn pn - acc love- cvb leave- pst .3 sg
‘Petja fell in love with Maša.’

Wolof daldi nob

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
Sàmba dafa gis Astu rekk daldi ko-y nob
pn f oc v .s i :3 sg see pn as.soon.as start o i :3 sg - incpl love
‘As soon as Sàmba saw Astu, he fell in love with her,’ lit. ‘... he started loving her.’

Yukaghir (Northern) jǝwligi=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ jǝwligiǝ-n-а̄-mǝ-lǝ
pn pn love- ipf - inch - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien fell in love with Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
zɛrri-ja ɛj kɛwt-ə ajɛ
heart- ez . f 3 sg . m . obl fall. pst -3 sg . f 3 sg . f . obl
‘He fell in love with her.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.