BivalTyp

Kryz (Ismayilli)

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile) and Monika Rind-Pawlowski

G.A.'s photo M.R-P.'s photo

How to cite

Authier, Gilles & Monika Rind-Pawlowski. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Kryz (Ismayilli). In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on September 29, 2024; last revised on May 20, 2026.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

For a sketch of Ismayilli Kryz grammar, see here.

https://www.academia.edu/44361373/Ismailli_Kryz

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Case marking displays the ergative-nominative alignment, except on personal pronouns, which have non-ergative morphology. The verb takes gender-number prefixes, infixes and/or suffixes agreeing with the S/P argument in the nominative. In the basic transitive construction, the A-argument is in the ergative, and the P-argument, in the (unmarked) nominative. Non-core arguments are flagged by oblique case markers or, by postpositions (in combination with the genitive / inessive case, see below on this case).

Case system

Nouns inflect for a rich case paradigm, distinguishing nominative vs. ‘oblique’ cases derived from an oblique stem. Kryz dialects display a tendency to use the originally inessive forms as a new oblique stem and also to use it in the genitive functions. In Ismayilli Kryz, the so-calle “second genitive” (GEN2) coincides with the inessive (“IN”) for nouns denoting human possessors. This semantic difference is made clear in the example below, where the ending -ca is used in the inessive function on the noun denoting a place (‘stable’) but in the genitive function on the noun denoting a human referent (‘merchant’). Apart from this, the noun denoting an animal takes an etymologically unrelated genitive ending -yi: 

*tacir-ca               balka-yi   qazma-ca            axir-d*
merchant-OBL.IN/GEN2   horse-GEN  stable-OBL.IN/GEN2  sleep.PFV-AOR(M)
‘He slept in the merchant’s horsestables.’

Overall, there are only 16 case forms registered in the Ismayilli Kryz corpus. Out of these, four cases are “grammatical cases” and 12 cases are spatial cases. The markers of grammatical cases distributed across the main types of nominal declension are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Grammatical cases across declension types

‘house’ ‘bread’ ‘man’ ‘merchant’ ‘village’
NOM k’ul xhu xhuri tacir kum
GEN or IN/GEN2 k’ul-ci xhu-ji xhur-a tacir-ca kum
ERG k’ul-ci-r xhu-yi-r xhur-a-r tacir-ci-r kum-ur
DAT k’ul-ci-z xhu-yi-z xhur-a-z tacir-ci-z kum-uz

Historically, the system of spatial cases consisted of two layers, involving 6 localizations and 3 directions, which yields 18 combinations. The three directions are the unmarked essive (being at a location), the lative (motion towards a location) and the elative (motion from a location). The wide use of spatial postpositions accounts for the fact that some original cases have disappeared. As a consequence, 6 out of 18 expected slots in the paradigm of spatial cases remain unoccupied in Ismayilli Kryz. In Table 2 below, the tags used for row correspond to original localizations for the sake of transparency of relations with cognates in related languages. By contrast, the labels shown in individual cells reflect the glosses used in the dataset below.

Table 2.Spatial cases

localization essive lative elative
IN -a IN/GEN2 -aʕan LAT -aʕar INEL
SUPER -ğ SUPER - -ğar SUPEREL
SUB & PART -k SUB - -kir PART
AD - -van ADR -var ADEL
DIR - -xvan DIR -
APUD -vas APUD - -vasar APUDEL

The original lative forms are obsolete or rare in Ismayilli Kryz, while original essive forms have become general “locatives”, i.e. are used with both essive and lative values. Also note that for many nouns the original superessive has replaced the inessive as a ‘general locative’.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited by their masdar form, based on the perfective stem, with feminine agreement.

Glossing abbreviations

ADEL — adelative; ADR — addressee case; AOR — aorist; ATTR — attributive; COP — copula; DAT — dative; DIR — directive; ERG — ergative; F — feminine; GEN — genitive; H — human; HAB — habitual; IMP — imperative; IN/GEN2 — inessive / second genitive; INEL — inelative; INS — instrumental; IPF — imperfective; LAT — lative; M — masculine; N — neuter; NEG — negation; OBL — oblique; PF — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRF — perfect; PRS — present; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SEQ — sequential; SUPER — superessive; SUPEREL — superelative.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain tut xhayic

Valency pattern: IN/GEN2_NOM
X: IN/GEN2
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-a q'il yaman tutu-ro
pn - in / gen 2 head( f ) terrible ache. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan has a terrible headache.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP is a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) yo

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
aslan grip e
pn flu cop . m
‘Aslan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid kić xhayic

Valency pattern: DAT_ADEL
X: DAT
Y: ADEL
Locus: XY
aslan-iz xor-avar kişa-re
pn - dat dog- adel fear. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw savʕac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir dahar savʕa-du
pn - erg stone( f ) f .throw. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan threw the stone.’

5. have enough ghalac ... Yo

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan-iğ ghala-c pul ye
pn - super good- attr . n money cop . n
‘Now Aslan has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble oxşamiş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan mixail-iğ oxşamiş şe-re
pn pn - super similar be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan resembles Mikhail.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe vubğıric

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-uğ vurğar-e
pn pn - super believe. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’

8. take qoonic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir irexhv-ciğar kitab qayin-c
pn - erg shelf- superel book take. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

9. see ipqhac

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iz k'ul irqhor-o
pn - dat house( f ) f .see. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan sees a house.’

10. influence tesir aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
yaş-in-ir yaddaş-ciz tesir i-re
age- obl - erg memory- obl . dat influence do. ipf - prs . n
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter rast xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-uğ rast xhay-id
pn pn - super meet be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan encountered Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter ʕabç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2
Locus: Y
aslan k'ul-ca ʕaç'-id
pn house- obl . in / gen 2 enter. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan entered the house.’

13. win qalib ʕaxhuric

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-uz qalib ʕaxhir-d
pn pn - dat victorious come. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’

14. go out qap'ç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
aslan k'ul-caʕar qaç'-id
pn house- obl . inel go_out. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan went out of the house.’

15. drive yaqhuric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir zar daha-ca yarqhu-ro
pn - erg cow pasture- obl . in / gen 2 transfer. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend agmiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir budağ agmiş ar-c
pn - erg branch bend do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

17. tell lupuc

Valency pattern: ERG_ADR
X: ERG
Y: ADR
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-uvan lar ki ya-xun ʕaşe
pn - erg pn - adr say that 1 pl . obl - dir come. imp . m
‘Aslan told Rasul: "Come and visit us!"’

18. hold yiqhuric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ugura xab-a sad kitab yiqhir-ce
pn - erg m . refl . gen hand- in / gen 2 one. n book n .catch. pf - prf . n
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up subq'uric

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan leyla-ğ surq'-ud
pn pn - super h .arrive. pf - aor . h
‘Aslan caught up with Leyla.’

20. milk vazac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir zar vozo-du
pn - erg cow f .milk. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

21. reach subq'uric

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan sahil-ciğ surq'-ud
pn shore- obl . super h .arrive. pf - aor . h
‘Aslan reached the bank.’

22. touch vukac

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan divar-ciğ vuka-d
pn wall- obl . super touch. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

23. fight voxunic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2.INS
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2.INS
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-a q'ina volxan-e
pn pn - in / gen 2 ins fight. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends dost yo

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2.INS
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2.INS
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-a q'ina dost e
pn pn - in / gen 2 ins friend cop . m
‘Aslan is friends with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think fikirlaşmiş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2haqqina
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2haqqina
Locus: Y
aslan leyla haq'q'ina fikirlaşmiş şe-re
pn pn ( in / gen 2) about thinking be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat ulac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir yeç ulo-du
pn - erg apple eat. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan ate an apple.’

27. fry iru varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir baliğ iru vor-du
pn - erg fish( f ) red f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan fried the fish.’

28. wait gozat varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir rasul gozat i-re
pn - erg pn wait do. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget k'aʕar qaqhiric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir lasab rix k'aʕar qaqhur-co
pn - erg other. f road heart. inel take_out. pf - prf . f
‘Aslan forgot about the other road.’

30. depend asli yo

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
yaddaş yaş-ini-var asli ye
memory age- obl - adel depending cop . n
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call raʕra varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir rasul raʕra ar-d
pn - erg pn call do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan called Rasul.’

32. get to know taniş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2.INS
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2.INS
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-a q'ina sad san lu-car ʕuran taniş xhay-ce
pn pn - in / gen 2 ins one. n year this- abl before known be. pf - prf . m
‘Aslan got to know Rasul a year ago.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

33. know ats'ar xhayic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iz rasul ats'ar-e
pn - dat pn know- prs . m
‘Aslan knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) çep't'ic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir gitara çert'-re
pn - erg guitar play. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid çakinmiş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-i-var çakinmiş şe-re
pn pn - obl - adel shy be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan avoids Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

36. make dixhar varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir q'al-ird-iz tala dixhar ar-c
pn - erg mouse- obl - dat trap built do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun sataşmiş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-uğ sataşmiş şe-re
pn pn - super make_fun be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

38. have yo

Valency pattern: SUPER_NOM
X: SUPER
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iğ hisan maşin yo
pn - super now car( f ) cop . f
‘Aslan now has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for kupkuric

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2uni
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2uni
Locus: Y
aslan haçar-be ʕuni kurkar-e
pn key- pl . in / gen 2 for search. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is looking for his keys.’

40. paint ranglamiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir bari ranglamiş vor-du
pn - erg fence( f ) paint f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

41. bite yiqhuric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
xor-a-r aslan yiqhir-d
dog- obl - erg pn m .catch. pf - aor . m
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

42. forfeit darid xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
aslan ugura k'ul-caʕar darid xhay-ce
pn m . refl . gen house- obl . inel neg . cop . m . ptcp . h be. pf - prf . m
‘Aslan lost his house.’

43. try to catch yiqhuric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir pişuk yirqh-uro
pn - erg cat catch. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break rug varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir t'ul rug ar-c
pn - erg stick break do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan broke the stick.’

45. flatter yaltaxlanmiş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan leyla-ğ yaltaxlanmiş şe-re
pn pn - super flatter be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is flattering Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

46. love (person) iko xhayic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iz leyla iko-co
pn - dat pn want. pf - prf . f
‘Aslan loves Leyla.’

47. wave yellatmiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ugura dasmal yellatmiş i-re
pn - erg m . refl . gen handkerchief wave do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream iko xhayic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iz taza-d maşin iko-co
pn - dat new- attr . f car( f ) want. pf - prf . f
‘Aslan is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash zumac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir guruşxa zuma-c
pn - erg cup wash. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

50. put on qitac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ugura şalvar qita-c
pn - erg m . refl . gen trousers put_on. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan put on his trousers.’

51. be called tur ... ye

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: GEN
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
lu zad-ini tur kompas e
this thing- obl . gen name compass cop . n
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

52. punish cazalandirmiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ugura gada cazalandirmiş ar-d
pn - erg m . refl . gen boy punish do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan punished his son.’

53. attack yipic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2adean
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2adean
Locus: Y
ayi balixça ʕade-ʕan yip-udu
bear fisherman. in / gen 2 up- lat f .go. pf - aor . f
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) ʕats' xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2.INS
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2.INS
Locus: Y
vedra xhiy q'ina ʕats' xhay-c
bucket water. gen ins fill. pf be. pf - aor . n
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: Arguably, there is no paradigmatic distinction ebtween INESS and true GEN in this context.

55. find vobq'or varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir haçar-bi vodq'ar ar-c
pn - erg key- pl n .find do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan found his keys.’

56. be short sudap'q'uric

Valency pattern: IN/GEN2_NOM
X: IN/GEN2
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-a sad dollar surq'ar-adad
pn - in / gen 2 one. n dollar ipf .reach- hab . neg . n
‘Aslan is one dollar short.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP is a clause-level dependent.

57. hate nixhvrat aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-iz nixhvrat i-ro
pn - erg pn - dat hate( f ) do. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’

58. like xoşuna ʕaxhuric

Valency pattern: IN/GEN2_NOM
X: IN/GEN2
Y: NOM
Locus: X
lu piram aslan-a xoş-una ʕaşxho-ro
this shirt pn - in / gen 2 good- obl . in / gen 2 f .come. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan likes this shirt.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP is a clause-level dependent.

59. need lazim yo

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iz pul lazim e
pn - dat money needed cop . n
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ehate varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
divar-be-r şahar ehate i-ro
wall- pl . obl - erg town surrounding do. ipf - prs . f
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain yipkinic

Valency pattern: SUPER_NOM
X: SUPER
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iğ qhata-yiz yits'id dollar yilkan-e
pn - super tomorrow- dat ten. n dollar remain. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan has ten dollars left for tomorrow.’

62. answer cavab vuyic

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir maʕallim-ciz cavab vuy-du
pn - erg teacher- obl . dat answer( f ) give. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan answered the teacher.’

63. open açux varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir banka açux vor-du
pn - erg jar( f ) open f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan opened a jar.’

64. be different farğli yo

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
za piram va piram-ci-var farğli yo
1. obl shirt 2. in / gen 2 shirt- obl - adel different cop . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind yiğcaʕan yipkinic

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-i-var yiğcaʕan yilkin-d
pn pn - obl - adel back. lat remain. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough şum qaħac

Valency pattern: ERG_IN/GEN2
X: ERG
Y: IN/GEN2
Locus: Y
aslan-ir saha-ca şum qaş-ire
pn - erg field- obl . in / gen 2 ploughing take_out. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell neʕ ʕaxhric

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
za xab-rim-ovar benzin-ci neʕ ʕaşxha-re
1. obl hand- pl - adel oil- gen smell come. ipf - prs . n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross yepxhic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan rix yerxh-id na tukan-ca ʕaç'-id
pn road h .cross. pf - aor . m and shop- obl . in / gen 2 enter. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’
Note: The case marking of X in this example is triggered by the second VP in the sequence. In isolation, the verb "to cross" is a regular transitive pattern (ERG + NOM).

69. sing uxac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ʕayara-c sad mahni uxa-c
pn - erg good- attr . n one. n song recite. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write yazmiş varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir maktub yazmiş vor-du
pn - erg letter( f ) write f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan wrote a letter.’

71. drink qirac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir yux qira-c
pn - erg milk drink. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan drank the milk.’

72. melt yip'ts'ar varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir sad qurq'uşin-ci para yits'ar ar-c
pn - erg one. n lead- obl . gen piece melt. n do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’

73. match vopxhinic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
lu remen za halo-yiğ volxhan-e
this belt 1. obl clothes- super suit. ipf - prs . n
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave qap'ç'i yipic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
aslan ugura doğma şahar-caʕar qaç'-i yixhir-d
pn m . refl . gen native town- obl . inel go_out. pf - seq go. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan left his native town.’

75. cover yiqhuric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
xalça-yir pitin pol yirqh-ire
carpet- obl . erg all floor catch. ipf - prs . n
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember k'e ... yipkinic

Valency pattern: IN/GEN2_NOM
X: IN/GEN2
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-a k'e uga beyli xhay-i-d k'ul ghala yipkun-co
pn - in / gen 2 heart. in / gen 2 refl . in / gen 2 big be. pf - ptcp - f house( f ) well f .remain. pf - prf . f
‘Aslan remembers the house where we grew up well.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP is a clause-level dependent.

77. help kumak aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-uz kumak ar-c
pn - erg pn - dat help do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) başa apsic

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
aslan fransizca mez ghala başa arsar-e
pn f rench tongue well in_head fall. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan understands French.’
Note: This is an Azerbaijani loan, not clearly ingrated syntactically. Some speakers use the regular transitive pattern here.

79. hit (target) qebt'ic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ildirim-cir k'ul qebt'-udu
lightning- obl . erg house( f ) f .strike. pf - aor . f
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself yaralamiş varic

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG(NON.CORE)
X: NOM
Y: ERG(NON.CORE)
Locus: Y
aslan lezva-yir yaralamiş ar-d
pn razor- obl . erg wound do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck vokac

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
istikan ustul-ciğ voko-du
glass table- obl . super f .stick. pf - aor . f
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) qalib ʕaxhuric

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
rasul aslan-iz qalib ʕaxhir-d
pn pn - dat victorious come. pf - aor . m
‘Rasul beat Aslan.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

83. be glad nöğa xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan maktub-ciz nöğa xhay-id
pn letter- obl . dat happy be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak vocinic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2.INS
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2.INS
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-a q'ina acan-e
pn pn - in / gen 2 ins talk. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth xuyic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
leyla-r sar dix xuy-id
pn - erg one. m son bear. pf - aor . m
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

86. drop apsaʕac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir istikan q'im-uğ apsaʕa-du
pn - erg glass ground- super f .drop. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

87. govern beylituğol aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir ya qasaba-yiz beylituğol i-re
pn - erg 1 pl . in / gen 2 village- dat leadership do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan runs our place.’

88. miss xixhvat aric

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2uni
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2uni
Locus: Y
aslan leyla ʕuni xixhvat i-re
pn pn ( in / gen 2) for longing do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan misses Leyla.’

89. follow yipic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2cixa
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2cixa
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-a çixa çer-e
pn pn - in / gen 2 behind go. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan follows Rasul.’

90. dismount apsic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
aslan balkay-ğar ask-id
pn horse. obl - superel go_down. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan got down from the horse.’

91. listen ibur qiyac

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan-ir radio-yiğ ibur qis-ine
pn - erg radio- super ear put_on. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

92. obey ç'iliğ ibur qiyac

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan-ir ugura daya ç'il-iğ ibur qis-ine
pn - erg m . refl . gen uncle. in / gen 2 word. obl - super ear put_on. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan obeys his uncle.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear ixhac

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iz musiği ixh-ire
pn - dat music hear. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan hears the music.’

94. mix çaxar xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
yux yit-a-ğ çaxar xhay-ic
milk honey- obl - super mixed be. pf - aor . n
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

95. look ikac

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR
X: ERG
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
aslan-ir bulud-ar-xun ik-ire
pn - erg cloud- pl - dir look. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off yevhac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ugura piram yevha-du
pn - erg m . refl . gen shirt f .take_off- aor . f
‘Aslan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) naq'ira ipqhac

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iz naq'ir-a leyla ipqho-du
pn - dat sleep. obl - in / gen 2 pn f .see. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’

98. agree ç'al sad aric

Valency pattern: ERG_IN/GEN2.INS
X: ERG
Y: IN/GEN2.INS
Locus: Y
aslan-ir leyla q'ina ç'al sad ar-c
pn - erg pn ( in / gen 2) ins word one. n do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan agreed with Leyla.’

99. have a quarrel davʕa varic

Valency pattern: ERG_IN/GEN2.INS
X: ERG
Y: IN/GEN2.INS
Locus: Y
aslan-ir leyla q'ina davʕa vor-du
pn - erg pn ( in / gen 2) ins fight( f ) f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan had a quarrel with Leyla.’

100. cost yo

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
lu guruşxa siy dollar-ci-c e
this cup one. obl dollar- obl . gen - n cop . n
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at gulla savʕac

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir quş-in-iz gulla savʕa-du
pn - erg bird- obl - dat bullet( f ) f .throw. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan shot at the bird.’

102. pour ʕayts'ac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir qand guruşxa-ca ʕayts'a-du
pn - erg sugar( f ) cup- obl . in / gen 2 pour. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose ʕagal varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ugura haçar-bi ʕagal ar-c
pn - erg m . refl . gen key- pl lost do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

104. sink batmiş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2
Locus: Y
k'ana xhiy-ca batmiş xhay-ce
wood water. obl - obl . in / gen 2 sink be. pf - prf . n
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

105. kill q'er varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir rasul q'er ar-d
pn - erg pn kill do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

106. hit qiyac

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-iğ qiya-c
pn - erg pn - super beat. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan hit Rasul.’

107. kiss k'uxhv vuyic

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir leyla-z k'uxhv vuy-ic
pn - erg pn - dat kiss give. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

108. read uxac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir marağli sad kitab ux-ac
pn - erg interesting one. n book read. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) qetor varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir ugura t'il qetor vor-d
pn - erg m . refl . gen finger f .move f .do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan moved his finger.’

110. respect hürmat aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-iz hürmat i-re
pn - erg pn - dat respect do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish igiranmiş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
aslan kirli qabni-var igiranmiş şe-re
pn dirty plate. pl - adel disgusted be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content razi yo

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
aslan ugura qada-ğar razi ye
pn m . refl . gen boy- superel content cop . m
‘Aslan is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love aşiq' xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan leyla-ğ aşiq' xhay-id
pn pn - super in_love be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust iʕtibar varic

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan-ir leyla-ğ iʕtibar i-ro
pn - erg pn - super trust( f ) do. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’

115. sympathise yazux xhayic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iz uga day yazux şo-ro
pn - dat refl . in / gen 2 mother pitiful f .be. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy xayinluğol aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-iz xayinluğol i-re
pn - erg pn - dat envy do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

117. be angry daq qaç'ic

Valency pattern: DAT_ADEL
X: DAT
Y: ADEL
Locus: XY
aslan-iz rasul-i-var daq qarç'ar-e
pn - dat pn - obl - adel anger go_out. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is angry with Rasul.’

118. be surprised mahtal yipkinic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan lu pay-in-iz mahtal yilkin-d
pn this share- obl - dat surprised remain. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) xoş ʕaxhiric

Valency pattern: IN/GEN2_ADEL
X: IN/GEN2
Y: ADEL
Locus: XY
aslan-a çay-ini-var xoş ʕaşxha-re
pn - in / gen 2 tea- obl - adel good come. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan loves tea.’

120. enjoy lazzat qaynic

Valency pattern: ERG_ADEL
X: ERG
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
aslan-ir ghiri-c çay-ini-var lazzat qayn-e
pn - erg hot- attr . obl tea- obl - adel pleasure take. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan enjoys hot tea.’

121. want ika xhayic

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iz taza-c cib-uni telexhun ika-ce
pn - dat new- attr . n pocket- obl . gen telephone want- prf . n
‘Aslan wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge acixli yo

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-uvar acixli ye
pn pn - adel angry cop . m
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence ğul varic

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
aslan rasul-uvar ğul vor-co
pn pn - adel offence( f ) f .do. pf - prf . f
‘Aslan took offence at Rasul.’

124. upset pert aric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir rasul xeyli pert ar-d
pn - erg pn much upset do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan greatly upset Rasul.’

125. marvel mahtal yipkinic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan lu şahar-ciğ mahtal yilkin-d
pn this town- obl . super surprised remain. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was impressed by this town.’

126. despise gereksizac adamiyi suxum ikac

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR
X: ERG
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-i-xun gereksiz-ac adami-yi suxum ik-ire
pn - erg pn - obl - dir despicable- attr . obl person- gen like look. ipf - prs
‘Aslan despises Rasul.’

127. get upset pert xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN/GEN2ucucaar
X: NOM
Y: IN/GEN2ucucaar
Locus: Y
aslan ugura duxar-a ucucaʕar pert xhay-id
pn m . refl . gen son. obl - in / gen 2 because upset be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated hisdi yo

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan ugura riş-iz hisdi ye
pn m . refl . gen daughter- dat upset cop . m
‘Aslan is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond hürmat aqhac

Valency pattern: ERG_IN/GEN2
X: ERG
Y: IN/GEN2
Locus: Y
aslan-ir rasul-a hürmat aqh-ire
pn - erg pn - in / gen 2 respect hold. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is fond of Rasul.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP is a clause-level dependent.

130. be shy rihi xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL
X: NOM
Y: ADEL
Locus: Y
aslan ugura buy-uni-var rihi şe-re
pn m . refl . gen size- obl - adel ashamed be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is embarrassed about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.