Ismayilli Kryz

Contributed by Gilles Authier (Academia.edu profile) and Monika Rind-Pawlowski

G.A.'s photo

How to cite

Authier, Gilles & Monika Rind-Pawlowski. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Ismayilli Kryz. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on September 29, 2024; last revised on September 29, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 40.7, 47.9.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Nakh-Daghestanian, genus: Lezgic.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain

Valency pattern: INESS_NOM

X: INESS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-a	q'il	yaman	tutur-o
pn - iness	head( f )	terrible	ache. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan has a terrible headache.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP is a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness)

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

aslan	grip	e
pn	flu	cop . m
‘Aslan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

3. be afraid

Valency pattern: DAT_ADEL

X: DAT

Y: ADEL

Locus: XY

aslan-iz	xor-avar	kişa-re
pn - dat	dog- adel	fear. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	dahar	savʕa-du
pn - erg	stone( f )	f .throw. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan threw the stone.’

5. have enough

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aslan-iğ	ghala-c	pul	ye
pn - super	good- attr . n	money	cop . n
‘Now Aslan has enough money.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	mixail-iğ	oxşamiş	şe-re
pn	pn - super	similar	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan resembles Mikhail.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-uğ	vurğar-e
pn	pn - super	believe. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’

8. take

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	irexhv-ciğar	kitab	ğayin-c
pn - erg	shelf- superel	book	take. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’

9. see

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-iz	k'ul	irqhor-o
pn - dat	house( f )	f .see. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan sees a house.’

10. influence

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

yaş-in-ir	yaddaş-ciz	tesir	i-re
age- obl - erg	memory- obl . dat	influence	do. ipf - prs . n
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-uğ	rast	xhay-id
pn	pn - super	meet	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan encountered Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

12. enter

Valency pattern: NOM_INESS

X: NOM

Y: INESS

Locus: Y

aslan	k'ul-ca	ʕaç'-id
pn	house- obl . iness	enter. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan entered the house.’

13. win

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-uz	ğalib	ʕaxh-ird
pn	pn - dat	victorious	come. pf - obl
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’

14. go out

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

aslan	k'ul-caʕar	ğaç'-id
pn	house- obl . el	go_out. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan went out of the house.’

15. drive

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	zar	daha-ca	yerqhu-ro
pn - erg	cow	pasture- obl . iness	f .catch. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	budağ	agmiş	ar-c
pn - erg	branch	bend	do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan bent the branch.’

17. tell

Valency pattern: ERG_ADR

X: ERG

Y: ADR

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-uvan	lar	ki	ya-xun	ʕaşe
pn - erg	pn - adr	say	that	1 pl . obl - dir	come. imper . m
‘Aslan told Rasul: "Come and visit us!"’

18. hold

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ugura	xab-a	sad	kitab	yiqhir-ce
pn - erg	m . refl . iness	hand- in	one. n	book	n .catch. pf - perf . n
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla-ğ	surq'-ud
pn	pn - super	h .arrive. pf - aor . h
‘Aslan caught up with Leyla.’

20. milk

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	zar	vozo-du
pn - erg	cow	f .milk. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan milked the cow.’

21. reach

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	sahil-ciğ	surq'-ud
pn	shore- obl . super	h .arrive. pf - aor . h
‘Aslan reached the bank.’

22. touch

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	divar-ciğ	vuka-d
pn	wall- obl . super	touch. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan touched the wall.’

23. fight

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-a	q'ina	volxan-e
pn	pn - iness	ins	fight. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-a	q'ina	dost	e
pn	pn - iness	ins	friend	cop . m
‘Aslan is friends with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think

Valency pattern: NOM_INESShaqqina

X: NOM

Y: INESShaqqina

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla	haq'q'ina	fikirlaşmiş	şe-re
pn	pn ( iness )	about	thinking	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is thinking about Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

26. eat

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	yeç	ulo-du
pn - erg	apple	f .eat. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan ate an apple.’

27. fry

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	baliğ	iru	vor-du
pn - erg	fish	red	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan fried the fish.’

28. wait

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	rasul	gozat	i-re
pn - erg	pn	wait	do. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	lasab	rix	k'aʕar	ğaqhur-co
pn - erg	other. f	road	heart. inel	f .take_out. pf - perf . f
‘Aslan forgot about the other road.’

30. depend

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

yaddaş	yaş-ini-var	asli	ye
memory	age- obl - adel	depending	cop . n
‘Memory depends on age.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

31. call

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	rasul	rahra	ar-d
pn - erg	pn	call	do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan called Rasul.’

32. get to know

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-a	q'ina	sad	san	lu-car	ʕuran	taniş	xhay-ce
pn	pn - iness	ins	one. n	year	this- abl	before	known	be. pf - perf . m
‘Aslan got to know Rasul a year ago.’

33. know

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-iz	rasul	ats'ar-e
pn - dat	pn	know- prs . m
‘Aslan knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	gitara	çert'-re
pn - erg	guitar	play. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-i-var	çakinmiş	şe-re
pn	pn - obl - adel	shy	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan avoids Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

36. make

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	q'al-ird-iz	tala	dixhar	ar-c
pn - erg	mouse- obl - dat	trap	built	do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-uğ	sataşmiş	şe-re
pn	pn - super	make_fun	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

38. have

Valency pattern: SUPER_NOM

X: SUPER

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-iğ	hisan	maşin	yo
pn - super	now	car( f )	cop . f
‘Aslan now has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

39. look for

Valency pattern: NOM_INESSuni

X: NOM

Y: INESSuni

Locus: Y

aslan	haçar-be	ʕuni	kurkar-e
pn	key- pl . iness	for	red . m .search. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is looking for his keys.’

40. paint

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	bari	ranglamiş	vor-du
pn - erg	fence( f )	paint	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

41. bite

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

xor-a-r	aslan	yiqhir-d
dog- obl - erg	pn	m .catch. pf - aor . m
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

42. forfeit

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

aslan	ugura	k'ul-caʕar	darid	xhay-ce
pn	m . refl . iness	house- obl . el	neg . cop . m . ptcp . h	be. pf - perf . m
‘Aslan lost his house.’

43. try to catch

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	pişuk	yirqh-uro
pn - erg	cat	catch. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	t'ul	rug	ar-c
pn - erg	stick	break	do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan broke the stick.’

45. flatter

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla-ğ	yaltaxlanmiş	şe-re
pn	pn - super	flatter	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is flattering Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

46. love (person)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-iz	leyla	iko-co
pn - dat	pn	want. pf - perf . f
‘Aslan loves Leyla.’

47. wave

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ugura	dasmal	yellatmiş	i-re
pn - erg	m . refl . iness	handkerchief	wave	do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-iz	taza-d	maşin	iko-co
pn - dat	new- attr . f	car( f )	want. pf -perf. f
‘Aslan is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	guruşxa	zuma-c
pn - erg	cup	wash. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan washed the cup.’

50. put on

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ugura	şalvar	ğita-c
pn - erg	m . refl . iness	trousers	put_on. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan put on his trousers.’

51. be called

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

lu	zad-ini	tur	kompas	e
this	thing- obl . gen	name	compass	cop . n
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

52. punish

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ugura	gada	cazalandirmiş	ar-d
pn - erg	m . refl . iness	boy	punish	do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan punished his son.’

53. attack

Valency pattern: NOM_INESSadean

X: NOM

Y: INESSadean

Locus: Y

ayi	balixça	ʕade-ʕan	yip-udu
bear	fisherman. iness	up- lat	f .go. pf - aor . f
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr)

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

vedra	xhiy	q'ina	ʕats'	xhay-c
bucket	water. gen	ins	fill. pf	be. pf - aor . n
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	haçar-bi	vodq'ar	ar-c
pn - erg	key- pl	n .find	do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan found his keys.’

56. be short

Valency pattern: INESS_NOM

X: INESS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-a	sad	dollar	surq'ar-adad
pn - iness	one. n	dollar	ipf .reach- hab . neg . n
‘Aslan is one dollar short.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP is a clause-level dependent.

57. hate

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-iz	nixhvrat	i-ro
pn - erg	pn - dat	hate( f )	do. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan hates Rasul.’

58. like

Valency pattern: INESS_NOM

X: INESS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

lu	piram	aslan-a	xoş-una	ʕaşxho-ro
this	shirt	pn - iness	good- obl . iness	f .come. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan likes this shirt.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP is a clause-level dependent.

59. need

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-iz	pul	lazim	e
pn - dat	money	needed	cop . n
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

divar-be-r	şahar	ahata	i-ro
wall- pl . obl - erg	town	surround	do. ipf - prs . f
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain

Valency pattern: SUPER_NOM

X: SUPER

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-iğ	qhata-yiz	yits'id	dollar	yilk-ani
pn - super	tomorrow- dat	ten. n	dollar	m .remain. pf - hab . pst
‘Aslan has ten dollars left for tomorrow.’

62. answer

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	maʕallim-ciz	cavab	vuy-du
pn - erg	teacher- obl . dat	answer( f )	give. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan answered the teacher.’

63. open

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	banka	açux	vor-du
pn - erg	jar( f )	open	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan opened a jar.’

64. be different

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

za	piram	va	piram-ci-var	farğli	yo
1. obl	shirt	2. iness	shirt- obl - adel	different	cop . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-i-var	yiğcaʕan	yilkin-d
pn	pn - obl - adel	back. lat	remain. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough

Valency pattern: ERG_INESS

X: ERG

Y: INESS

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	saha-ca	şum	ğaş-ire
pn - erg	field- obl . iness	ploughing	take_out. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’

67. smell

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

za	xab-rim-ovar	benzin-ci	neʕ	ʕaşxha-re
1. obl	hand- pl - adel	oil- gen	smell	come. ipf - prs . n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

aslan	rix	yerxh-id	na	tukan-ca	ʕaç'-id
pn	road	h .cross. pf - aor . m	and	shop- obl . iness	enter. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’

69. sing

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ʕayara-c	sad	mahni	uxa-c
pn - erg	good- attr . n	one. n	song	sing. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

70. write

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	maktub	yazmuş	vor-du
pn - erg	letter( f )	write	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan wrote a letter.’

71. drink

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	yux	ğira-c
pn - erg	milk	drink. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan drank the milk.’

72. melt

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	sad	ğurq'uşin-ci	para	yits'ar	ar-c
pn - erg	one. n	lead- obl . gen	piece	melt	do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’

73. match

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

lu	remen	za	halo-yiğ	volxhan-e
this	belt	1. obl	clothes- super	suit. ipf - prs . n
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

aslan	ugura	doğma	şahar-caʕar	ğaç'-i	yixhir-d
pn	m . refl . iness	native	town- obl . el	go_out. pf - seq	go. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan left his native town.’

75. cover

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

xalça-yir	pitin	pol	yirqh-ire
carpet- obl . erg	all	floor	catch. ipf - prs
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember

Valency pattern: INESS_NOM

X: INESS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-a	k'e	uga	beyli	xhay-id	k'ul	ghala	yipkun-co
pn - iness	heart. iness	refl . iness	big	be. pf - aor . m	house( f )	well	f .remain. pf - perf . f
‘Aslan remembers the house where we grew up well.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP is a clause-level dependent.

77. help

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-uz	kumak	ar-c
pn - erg	pn - dat	help	do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	fransiz-ca	mez	ghala	başa	ʕaşxha-re
pn - erg	f rench- obl . iness	tongue	well	in_head	come. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan understands French.’

79. hit (target)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ildirim-cir	k'ul	ğebt'-udu
lightning- obl . erg	house( f )	f .strike. pf - aor . f
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

aslan	lezva-yir	yaralamuş	ar-d
pn	razor- obl . erg	wound	do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

istikan	ustul-ciğ	voko-d
glass	table- obl . super	f .stick. pf - aor . m
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game)

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rasul	aslan-iz	ğalib	ʕaxh-ird
pn	pn - dat	victorious	come. pf - obl
‘Rasul beat Aslan.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

83. be glad

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	maktub-ciz	nöğa	xhay-id
pn	letter- obl . dat	happy	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-a	q'ina	acan-e
pn	pn - iness	ins	talk. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

leyla-r	sar	dix	xuy-id
pn - erg	one. m	son	bear. pf - aor . m
‘Leyla gave birth to a son.’

86. drop

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	istikan	q'im-uğ	apsaʕa-du
pn - erg	glass	ground- super	f .drop. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan dropped the glass.’

87. govern

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	ya	ğasaba-yiz	beylituğol	i-re
pn - erg	1 pl . iness	village- dat	leadership	do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan runs our place.’

88. miss

Valency pattern: NOM_INESSuni

X: NOM

Y: INESSuni

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla	ʕuni	xixhvat	i-re
pn	pn ( iness )	for	longing	do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan misses Leyla.’

89. follow

Valency pattern: NOM_INESScixa

X: NOM

Y: INESScixa

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-a	çixa	çer-e
pn	pn - iness	behind	go. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan follows Rasul.’

90. dismount

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

aslan	balkay-ğar	ask-id
pn	horse. obl - superel	go_down. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan got down from the horse.’

91. listen

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	radio-yiğ	ibur	ğis-ine
pn - erg	radio- super	ear	put_on. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

92. obey

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aslan-ir	ugura	daya	ç'il-iğ	ibur	ğis-ine
pn - erg	m . refl . iness	uncle. iness	word. obl - super	ear	put_on. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan obeys his uncle.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

93. hear

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-iz	musiği	ixh-ire
pn - dat	music	hear. ipf - prs
‘Aslan hears the music.’

94. mix

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

yux	yit-a-ğ	çaxar	xhay-ic
milk	honey- obl - super	mixed	be. pf - aor . n
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

95. look

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR

X: ERG

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	bulud-ar-xun	ik-ire
pn - erg	cloud- pl - dir	look. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ugura	piram	yevʕa-du
pn - erg	m . refl . iness	shirt	f .take_off- aor . f
‘Aslan took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-iz	naq'ir-a	leyla	ipqho-du
pn - dat	sleep. obl - iness	pn	f .see. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’

98. agree

Valency pattern: ERG_INS

X: ERG

Y: INS

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	leyla	q'ina	ç'al	sad	ar-c
pn - erg	pn ( iness )	ins	word	one. n	do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan agreed with Leyla.’

99. have a quarrel

Valency pattern: ERG_INS

X: ERG

Y: INS

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	leyla	q'ina	davʕa	vor-du
pn - erg	pn ( iness )	ins	fight( f )	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan had a quarrel with Leyla.’

100. cost

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

lu	guruşxa	siy	dollar-ci-c	e
this	cup	one. obl	dollar- obl . gen - n	cop . n
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	ğuş-in-iz	gulla	savʕa-du
pn - erg	bird- obl - dat	bullet( f )	f .throw. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan shot at the bird.’

102. pour

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ğand	guruşxa-ca	ʕayts'a-du
pn - erg	sugar( f )	cup- obl . iness	pour. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ugura	haçar-bi	ʕagal	ar-c
pn - erg	m . refl . iness	key- pl	lost	do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

104. sink

Valency pattern: NOM_INESS

X: NOM

Y: INESS

Locus: Y

k'ana	xhiy-ca	batmiş	xhay-ce
wood	water. obl - obl . iness	sink	be. pf - perf . n
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

105. kill

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	rasul	q'er	ar-d
pn - erg	pn	kill	do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan killed Rasul.’

106. hit

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-iğ	ğiya-c
pn - erg	pn - super	beat. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan hit Rasul.’

107. kiss

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	leyla-z	k'uxhv	vuy-ic
pn - erg	pn - dat	kiss	give. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan kissed Leyla.’

108. read

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	marağli	sad	kitab	ux-ac
pn - erg	interesting	one. n	book	read. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	ugura	t'il	ğetor	vor-d
pn - erg	m . refl . iness	finger	f .move	f .do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan moved his finger.’

110. respect

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-iz	hürmat	i-re
pn - erg	pn - dat	respect	do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan respects Rasul.’

111. be squeamish

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

aslan	kirli	ğabni-var	igiranmiş	şe-re
pn	dirty	plate. pl - adel	disgusted	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

aslan	ugura	ğada-ğar	razi	ye
pn	m . refl . iness	boy- superel	content	cop . m
‘Aslan is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	leyla-ğ	aşiq'	xhay-id
pn	pn - super	in_love	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan fell in love with Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

114. trust

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	leyla-ğ	iʕtibar	i-ro
pn - erg	pn - super	trust( f )	do. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’

115. sympathise

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-iz	uga	day	yazux	şo-ro
pn - dat	refl . iness	mother	pitiful	f .be. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-iz	xayinluğol	i-re
pn - erg	pn - dat	envy	do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

117. be angry

Valency pattern: ERG_ADEL

X: ERG

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-i-var	daq'	ğarç'er-e
pn - erg	pn - obl - adel	anger	go_out. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is angry with Rasul.’

118. be surprised

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	lu	pay-in-iz	mahtal	yilkin-d
pn	this	share- obl - dat	surprised	remain. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea)

Valency pattern: INESS_ADEL

X: INESS

Y: ADEL

Locus: XY

aslan-a	çay-ini-var	xoş	ʕaşxha-re
pn - iness	tea- obl - adel	good	come. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan loves tea.’

120. enjoy

Valency pattern: ERG_ADEL

X: ERG

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	ghiri-c	çay-ini-var	lazzat	ğayn-e
pn - erg	hot- attr . n	tea- obl - adel	peasure	take. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan enjoys hot tea.’

121. want

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

aslan-iz	taza-c	cib-uni	telexhun	ika-ce
pn - dat	new- attr . obl	pocket- obl . gen	telephone	want- perf . n
‘Aslan wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-uvar	acixli	ye
pn	pn - adel	angry	cop . m
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-uvar	ghul	vor-co
pn	pn - adel	offense( f )	f .do. pf - perf . f
‘Aslan took offence at Rasul.’

124. upset

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	rasul	xeyli	pert	ar-d
pn - erg	pn	much	upset	do. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan greatly upset Rasul.’

125. marvel

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	lu	şahar-ciğ	mahtal	yilkin-d
pn	this	town- obl . super	surprised	remain. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was impressed by this town.’

126. despise

Valency pattern: ERG_DIR

X: ERG

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-i-xun	gereksiz-ac	adami-yi	suxum	ik-ire
pn - erg	pn - obl - dir	despicable- attr . obl	person- gen	like	look. ipf - prs
‘Aslan despises Rasul.’

127. get upset

Valency pattern: NOM_INESSucucaar

X: NOM

Y: INESSucucaar

Locus: Y

aslan	ugura	duxar-a	ucucaʕar	pert	xhay-id
pn	m . refl . iness	son. obl - iness	because	upset	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan got upset with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

128. get irritated

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	ugura	riş-iz	hisdi	ye
pn	m . refl . iness	daughter- dat	upset	cop . m
‘Aslan is getting irritated with his daughter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond

Valency pattern: ERG_INESS

X: ERG

Y: INESS

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-a	hürmat	aqh-ire
pn - erg	pn - iness	respect	hold. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is fond of Rasul.’
Note: Arguably, the possessor NP is a clause-level dependent.

130. be shy

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

aslan	ugura	buy-uni-var	rihi	şe-re
pn	m . refl . iness	size- obl - adel	ashamed	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is embarrased about his height.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.