BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘believe’

Argument frame:

X (believe) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. believes M .

Predicate label Ru:

верить

Argument frame Ru:

X (верить) Y -у

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. верит М .

Abaza [z-]qa-c̣a

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN

X: ERG

Y: BEN

Locus: Y

rasúl	zaréma	j-lə-z-qá-j-c̣-əj-ṭ
pn	pn	3 sg . n . abs -3 sg . f . io - ben - loc -3 sg . m . erg -believe- prs - dcl
‘Rasul believes Zarema.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) cəhe fe-ṣ̂ə

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN

X: ERG

Y: BEN

Locus: Y

č̣ʼale-m	pŝaŝe-m	cəhe	f-j-e-ṣ̂ə
guy- obl	girl- obl	trust	ben -3 sg . erg - dyn -do
‘The guy believes the girl.’

Aghul quχ.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST

X: ABS

Y: POST

Locus: Y

aslan	meʜemed.i-q	quχ.u-naa
pn	pn - post	believe. pf - prf
‘Aslan believes Muhammad.’

Alik Kryz inanmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

terlan	rasul-uğ	inanmiş	şe-re
pn	pn - super	believe	be. ipfv - prs . m
‘Terlan believes Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Archi wiχ

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

patʼimat	wiχ	moħommad-li-t
pn	be.trusting	pn - obl - sup
‘Patimat believes Muhammad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (stative).

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic hammən

Valency pattern: SBJ_al

X: SBJ

Y: al

Locus: Y

+avvo	naša	hammun=əl	+al	baxt-u
dem 3. m	person( m )	believe. prog =3 m	on	woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This man believes his wife.’

Avar božize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-i-da	bož-ula
pn	pn - obl - loc	trust- ipf
‘Ali believes Ahmad.’

Azerbaijani inanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

Aslan	Rǝsul-a	inan-ır
pn	pn - dat / lat	trust- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’

Bafut bíì

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

àmbɛ́	à	bíì-tɨ̀	sùù
pn	sm	believe- ipfv	pn
‘Ambe believes Suh.’

Bambara dá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	dá-len	bɛ́	Fántà	lá
pn	lie.down- ptcp . res	be	pn	in
‘Seku believes Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese acreditar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em

X: SBJ

Y: em

Locus: Y

Pedro	acredit-a	em	Miguel
pn ( m )	believe-3 sg . prs	in	pn ( m )
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’

Budugh ʕaşği

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC

X: ERG

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	rosul-a'	ina'm	ʕöşğü-rü
pn - erg	pn - loc	faith	a .bring. ipf - prs
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’

Catalan creure

Valency pattern: SBJ_en

X: SBJ

Y: en

Locus: Y

en	Pere	creu	en	la	Maria
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	believe.3 sg . prs . ind	in	def . sg . f	pn ( f )
‘Pere believes Maria.’

Chechen tiesha

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ax	tiesha
pn . abs	pn - lat	trust. prs
‘Islam believes Nadir.’

Chirag raχːčarej

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

madina	ʡa̰li-l-i	raχːčarg-l-akːu
pn ( abs )	pn - obl - super	believe- dur - neg .3
‘Madina doesn’t believe Ali.’

Czech věřit

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	věří	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr believes Michal.’

Danish tro

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	tro-r	på	Marie
pn	believe- prs	on	pn
‘Peter believes Marie.’

Dutch geloven

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	geloof-t	Marie
pn (С)	believe-3 sg	pn (С)
‘Piet believes Marie.’

Eastern Maninka lá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	lá-nin	Fónbà	lá.
pn	lie- ptcp . res	pn	at
‘Seku believes Fomba.’

English believe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	believes	Mary.

Estonian uskuma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	usu-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	believe- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter believes Maret.’

Finnish uskoa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	usko-o	Matti-a
pn . nom	believe- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka believes Matti.’

Forest Enets pudiri

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	nɛ-xo-da	pudiri
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	woman- dat . sg - obl . sg .3 sg	trust( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend believes his wife’.

French croire

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	croit	Marie
pn ( m )	believe. prs .3 sg	pn ( f )
‘Paul believes Marie.’

Georgian s-ǯer-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

p'et're-s	mamia-si	s-ǯer-a
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3-believe- s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre believes Mamia.’

German glauben

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Karl	glaub-t	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	believe- prs .3 sg	pn [ dat . sg ]
‘Karl believes Marie.’

Guinean Kpelle láa

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Pépèe	láa-ì	Hèhee	lá
pn	lie.stat- pred	pn	on2
‘Pepee believes Hehee.’

Hindi višvās karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLpar

X: ERG

Y: OBLpar

Locus: Y

Pratīk	Mohan	par	višvās	kar-t-ā	hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir	pn ( m ). sg . obl	on	trust( m ). sg . dir	do- ipfv - m . sg	prs .3 sg
‘Prateek believes Mohan.’

Icari Dargwa či=w=iχː-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT

X: ABS

Y: SUPLAT

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-rij	či=w=iχː-a-ca=w
pn . abs	pn - suplat	on = m =believe: ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam believes Nadir.’

Irish creid

Valency pattern: SBJ_i

X: SBJ

Y: i

Locus: Y

Creid-eann	Pól	i	Mícheal.
believe- prs	pn	in	pn
‘Pól believes Mícheal.’

Ismayilli Kryz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-uğ	vurğar-e
pn	pn - super	believe. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’

Italian credere

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ

X: SBJ

Y: NDIR.OBJ

Locus: Y

Leo	cred-e	a	Maria
pn ( m )	believe-3 sg . prs	to	pn ( f )
‘Leo believes Maria.’

Kadar Dargwa mar-CL-uh-es / mar-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

meħamad	ʡaˤšura-li-ke	mar-0-ur-ar
pn	pn - obl - super	true- m -become. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad believes Ashura.’

Kalderash Romani paťal

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	paťa-l	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	believe- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Murša believes Marijka.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: ABS_POST

X: ABS

Y: POST

Locus: Y

fatima	maˁhaˁmed.a-q	q-uˁʁ-uru
pn ( abs )	pn - post	post -( h . sg )believe- hab
‘Fatima believes Mahamad.’

Karata bežwaɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmat’-ja	w-ožu-da
pn	pn - dat	m -believe- ipf
‘Ali believes Ahmat.’

Kaytag Dargwa viχcegara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

petja	v-iχceg-urca	miša-j
pn	m -believe. pf - perf	pn - datlat
‘Petja believes Misha.’

Kazakh sen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ɣa	sen-edі
pn	pn - dat	believe- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya believes Masha.’

Kazym Khanty ewǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

petˊa-j-en	waśa-j-eλ-a	ewǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg - dat	believe. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja believes Vasja.’

Khoekhoe ǂgom

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Sara-s	ge	Maria-s-a	ra	ǂgom
pn -3 f . sg	decl	pn -3 f . sg - obl	ipfv	believe
‘Sara believes Maria.’

Khwarshi buža

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

šamil	buža-ha	isu-lo	ʁina-ƛ'о
pn	believe- prs	dem . an . o . i - gen 2	woman( ii )- super
‘Shamil believes his wife.’

Kina Rutul inamiš jiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul	inamiš	jiʔi	ramazan-ɨ
pn ( nom )	believe	1. cop	pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul believes Ramazan.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz Proper

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD

X: NOM

Y: APUD

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-ux	vurğa-ri
pn	pn - apud	believe. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’

Kumyk inanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

patimat	musa-ʁa	inan-a
pn	pn - dat	trust-3 sg
‘Patimat believes Musa.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) bawer kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_jiOBL

X: SBJ.TR

Y: jiOBL

Locus: Y

zilam	ji	jin-ê	bawer	di-k-e
man	from	woman- obl . f	belief	prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man believes the woman.’

Latin credo

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

quis	nobis	cred-e-t,	cui	nos?
who. nom . sg	we. dat	believe- fut . ind - act .3 sg	who. dat . sg	we. nom
‘Who will believe us, who will we believe?’
Note: (Cic. In Verrem. II, 1, 127)

Laz o-mtinan-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Käzim-i	Fatma-s	d-Ø-a-mtinan-en-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	prv - io 3- ver : r -correct- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim believes Fatma.’

Mandarin Chinese xiāngxìn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	xiāngxìn	Lǐsì
pn	believe	pn
‘Zhangsan believes Lisi.’

Mano láá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Pèé	lɛ́ɛ̀	làà	ŋ̄	là
pn	3 sg . ipfv	spread: ipfv	1 sg	on
‘Pe believes me.’

Mehweb -irχawʔes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Pajzula	Musa-če	w-irχ-ilʔʷ-an
pn	pn - super ( lat )	m -believe- lv : ipfv - hab
‘Pajzula believes Musa.’

Mingrelian Ø-ǯer-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

čelo-s	anučia-ši	Ø-ǯer-s
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3-believe- s 3 sg
‘Chelo believes Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew maamin

Valency pattern: SBJ_le

X: SBJ

Y: le

Locus: Y

Pinχas	maamin	le	Menaχem
pn	believe[ ptcp . sg . m ]	to	pn
‘Pinchas believes Menachem.’

Mukhad Rutul inaamiš jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ıı	inaamiš	jiʔi
pn	pn - super	believe	m . cop
‘Murad believes Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Nanai agdača-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	agda-ča-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia believes Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Akhvakh bužuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

patħudi	buž-iri	musa-ga
pn	believe- ipf 3	pn - lat
‘Pathudi believes Musa.’

Northern Mansi ajti

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

taw	ajt-i	ɕān’-e-n
he	believe- npst .3 sg	mother- poss .3 sg - lat
‘He believes his mother.’

Northern Yukaghir ǝwiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ	mǝr	ǝwiǝ-m
pn	pn - acc	aff	believe- tr .3 sg
‘Semien believes Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å tro

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	tro-r	Ola
pn	believe- prs	pn
‘Per believes Ola.’

Polish wierzyć

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Michał	wierzy	ojc-u
pn [ nom . sg ]	believe: pfv . prs .3 sg	father- dat . sg
‘Michał believes his father.’

Russian veritʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	ver-it	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	believe( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja believes Maša.’

Serbian verovati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petar	veruje	Marij-i
pn . nom . sg	believe. prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Petar believes Maria.’

Shinaz Rutul ilamiš h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

basir	ilamiš	ij	karam-ɨ
pn	believe	cop	pn - super
‘Basir believes Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Shughni bowar δêdow1

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Ahmat	Azim-ard	bowari	δī-d
pn	pn - lat	trust	give-3 sg
‘Ahmed believes Azim.’

Skolt Saami åskkad

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	åskk	suu
pn . sg . nom	believe. prs .3 sg	3 sg . acc
‘Pete believes her.’

Slovak veriť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	verí	Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter believes Marek.’

Slovenian verjeti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

An-a	verjame	očet-u
pn - nom . sg	believe: ipfv . prs .3 sg	father- dat . sg
‘Ana believes her father.’

Sorani Kurdish bawer̂ kirdin

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_be

X: SBJ.TR

Y: be

Locus: Y

Hîwa	bawer̂	be	Selîm-î	de-k-a
pn	belief	to	pn - obl	ind -do. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa believes Selim.’
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Southern Rutul inaamış yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	natig-aa	inaamış	i
pn	pn - super	believe	( m ) cop
‘Murad believes Natig.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Spanish creer

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ

X: SBJ

Y: NDIR.OBJ

Locus: Y

Pedro	cre-e	a	María
pn [ sg . m ]	believe- prs .3 sg	ndir . obj	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro believes Maria.’

Standard Arabic ṣaddaqa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yuṣaddiqu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	believe. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr believes Maryam.’

Svan x-a-ǯraːw-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

maizer-s	gegiː-š	x-a-ǯraːw-a
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3- ver : sup -believe- prs
‘Maizer believes Gegi.’

Swedish att tro

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	tro-r	Maja
pn	believe- prs	pn
‘Björn believes Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-ni~niwala	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av . ipfv - ipfv ~believe	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’
Note: Co-exists with the causativized construction with LV and Y argument marked as PERS.SUBJ.

Telugu nammu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	nammutāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	believe. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen believes Mahesh.’

Tsakhur haˁye qhıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

murad	aˁliy-lqha	haˁye	qheхhi
pn	pn - superlat	believing	re . m .be. ipf
‘Murad believes Ali.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa irχ k-až-iz/k-arž-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-ja	irχ	k-arg-ule=saj
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	m .trust	down - m .put. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The father believes his friend.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-iχ ag-i / arg-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

tːatːi	rurs:i-ge	w-iχ	ag-ur
father	girl- super ( lat )	m -trust	go. ipfv - pret (3)
‘The father believes his daughter.’

Turkish inanmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	inan-iyor
pn	pn - dat	believe- prs
‘Mehmet believes Filiz.’

Turoyo mətyaqən

Valency pattern: SBJ_m

X: SBJ

Y: m

Locus: Y

Gabriyel	ko-mətyaqən	me	Yuḥanən
pn	prs -believe. ipfv .3 m	from	pn
‘Gabriyel believes Yuḥanən.’

Twi gye di

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kofi	gye	nanabarima	di
pn	take(3 sg . prs )	grandfather	handle
‘Kofi believes grandfather.’
Note: CV. The glosses are partially based on the dictionary information.

Udmurt оскыны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Петя	Миша-лы	оск-е
pn . nom	pn - dat	believe- prs .3 sg
‘Petja believes Misha.’

Ulcha agdi-

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

əj	xusə	piktə	əktə	piktə-ti	agd-i-ni
this	male	child	female	child- lat	trust- prs -3 sg
‘This boy believes the girl.’

Uzbek išonmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ga	išon-a-di
pn	pn - dat	believe- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja believes Maša.’

West Central Oromo amana

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	tolaa	aman-a
pn - nom	pn . abs	believe-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa believes Tolaa.’

Wolof gëm

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

gëm	naa	la
believe	prf .s i :1 sg	o i :2 sg
‘I believe you.’

Yargun Lezgian ç’alax + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a-l	çˈalax	ya
pn	pn - obl - sup	believing	cop
‎‎‎‘Sahib believes Eldar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

oxɨr	hɛsɛn-i=ra	bawɛr	k-ɛn-o
pn	pn - m . obl =from	belief	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir believes Hesen.’

Zilo Andi buʒ.u

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

ali	buʒ.u-r	marjam-ʔo
pn [ m ][ nom ]	believe. pst - prog	pn - super . lat
‘Ali believes Mariam.’