Persian

Contributed by Daria Chistiakova (Academia.edu profile), Daria Ryzhova (Academia.edu profile), and Daria Starikova

D.Ch.'s photo D.R.'s photo D.S.'s photo

How to cite

Chistiakova, Daria, Daria Ryzhova, and Daria Starikova. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Persian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on April 7, 2025; last revised on April 7, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Coordinates: 32.9, 53.3.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Iranian.
Macro-area: West Asia and the Caucasus.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain ...dard dāštan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ahmad	sardard	dār-ad
pn	headache	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

2. have (illness) gereftan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	ānfūlānzā	gerefte-ast
pn	flu	take. pp - cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad has the flu.’

3. be afraid tarsīdan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	sag	tarsīde-ast
pn	from	dog	be_afraid. pp - cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw partāb kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	yek	sang	partāb	kard
pn	one	stone	throwing	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad threw a stone.’

5. have enough be andāze-ye kāfī dāštan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ḥālā	ahmad	be	andāze-ye	kāfī	pūl	dār-ad
now	pn	to	size- izaf	sifficient	money	have. prs -3 sg
‘Now Ahmad has enough money.’

6. resemble šabīh būdan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ahmad	šabīh-e	pedarbozorg-aš-ast
pn	similar- izaf	grandfather- encl .3 sg - cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad resembles his grandfather.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe bāvar dāštan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mariam	bāvar	dār-ad
pn	to	pn	trust	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad believes Mariam.’

8. take bardāštan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	yek	ketāb	bar-dāšt
pn	one	book	prev -take. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad took a book.’

9. see dīdan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	yek	xāne	mī-bīn-ad
pn	one	house	cont -see. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad sees a house.’

10. influence ta'aṯīr goẕāštan

Valency pattern: NOM_barNOM

X: NOM

Y: barNOM

Locus: Y

sen	bar	ḥāfeẓe	ta'aṯīr	mī-goẕār-ad
age	on	memory	influence	cont -put. prs -3 sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter barxordan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM

X: NOM

Y: baNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	bā	mariam	bar-xord
pn	with	pn	prev -meet. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad encountered Mariam.’

12. enter vāred šodan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ahmad	vāred-e	xāne	šod
pn	entering- izaf	house	become. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad entered the house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

13. win šekast dādan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	šekast	dād
pn	pn - acc	defeat	give. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad beat Mariam.’

14. go out bīrūn raftan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	xāne	bīrun	raft
pn	from	house	outside	go. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad went out of the house.’

15. drive bordan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	gāv-rā	be	mazra'e	mī-bar-ad
pn	cow- acc	to	field	cont -bring. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is driving the cow to the field.’

16. bend xam kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	šāxe-rā	xam	kard
pn	branch- acc	bend	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad bent the branch.’

17. tell goftan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mariam	goft
pn	to	pn	say. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad told Mariam.’

18. hold negah.dāštan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	ketāb-ī-rā	negah.dāšte-ast
pn	book- indf - acc	hold. pp - cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad is holding a book.’

19. catch up rasīdan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mariam	rasīd
pn	to	pn	reach. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad caught up with Mariam.’

20. milk dūšīdan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	gāv-rā	dūšīd
pn	cow- acc	milk. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad milked the cow.’

21. reach rasīdan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	sāhel	rasīd
pn	to	shore	reach. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad reached the bank.’

22. touch dast zadan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	dīvār	dast	zad
pn	to	wall	hand	hit. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad touched the wall.’

23. fight da'avā kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM

X: NOM

Y: baNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	bā	mariam	da'avā	mī-kon-ad
pn	with	pn	argument	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is fighting with Mariam.’

24. be friends dūst būdan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM

X: NOM

Y: baNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	bā	mariam	dūst-ast
pn	with	pn	friend- cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad is friends with Mariam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

25. think fekr kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mariam	fekr	mī-kon-ad
pn	to	pn	thought	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is thinking about Mariam.’

26. eat xordan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	yek	sīb	mī-xor-ad
pn	one	apple	cont -eat. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad ate an apple.’

27. fry sorx kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	māhī-rā	sorx	mī-kon-ad
pn	fish- acc	red	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad fried the fish.’

28. wait montażer būdan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ahmad	montaẓer-e	mariam-ast
pn	waiting- izaf	pn - cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad is waiting for Mariam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

29. forget farāmūš kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	jāde-ye	dīgar-rā	farāmūš	kard
pn	road- izaf	other- acc	forgotten	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad forgot about the other road.’

30. depend bastegī dāštan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ḥāfeẓe	be	sen	bastegī	dār-ad
memory	to	age	connection	have. prs -3 sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call ṣedā zadan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	ṣedā	zad
pn	pn - acc	voice	hit. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad called Mariam.’

32. get to know āšnā šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM

X: NOM

Y: baNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	bā	mariam	yek	sāl	pīš	āšnā	šod
pn	with	pn	one	year	past	acquainted	become. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad got to know Mariam a year ago.’

33. know šenāxtan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	mī-šenās-ad
pn	pn - acc	cont -know. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad knows Mariam.’

34. play (instrument) zadan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	gītār	mī-zan-ad
pn	guitar	cont -hit. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid dūrī kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	mariam	dūrī	mī-kon-ad
pn	from	pn	distance	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad avoids Mariam.’

36. make dorost kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	talemūš	dorost	kard
pn	mousetrap	correct	do.3 sg
‘Ahmad made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun masxare kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	masxare	mī-kon-ad
pn	pn - acc	mockery	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is making fun of Mariam.’

38. have dāštan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	yek	māšīn	dār-ad
pn	one	car	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad has a car.’

39. look for gaštan

Valency pattern: NOM_donbal.IZAF.NOM

X: NOM

Y: donbal.IZAF.NOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	donbāl-e	kelīd-aš	mī-gard-ad
pn	behind- izaf	key- encl .3 sg	cont -walk. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is looking for his keys.’

40. paint rang kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	ḥeṣār-rā	rang	mī-kon-ad
pn	fence- acc	color	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad painted the fence.’

41. bite gāz gereftan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

yek	sag	ahmad-rā	gāz	gereft
one	dog	pn - acc	bite	take. pst .3 sg
‘A dog bit Ahmad.’

42. forfeit az dast dādan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	xāne-aš-rā	az	dast	dād
pn	house- encl .3 sg - acc	from	hand	give. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad lost his house.’

43. try to catch gereftan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Ahmad	gorbe-rā	mi-gir-ad
pn	cat- acc	cont -take. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break šekastan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	teke-ye	čūb-ī-rā	šekast
pn	piece- izaf	wood- indf - acc	break. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad broke a stick.’

45. flatter čāplūsī kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_piseNOM

X: NOM

Y: piseNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	pīš-e	mariam	čāplūsī	mī-kard
pn	front- izaf	pn	flattery	cont -do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad is flattering Mariam.’

46. love (person) dūst dāštan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	dūst	dār-ad
pn	pn - acc	friend	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad loves Mariam.’

47. wave tekān dādan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	dastmāl-ī-rā	tekān	mī-deh-ad
pn	handkerchief- indf - acc	push	cont -give. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream ārezū dāštan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ahmad	ārezū-ye	māšīn-e	jadīd-ī	dār-ad
pn	desire- izaf	car- izaf	new- indf	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is dreaming of a new car.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

49. wash šostan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	fenjān-rā	šost
pn	cup- acc	wash. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad washed the cup.’

50. put on pūšīdan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	šalvār-aš-rā	pūšīd
pn	trousers- encl .3 sg - acc	put_on. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad put on his trousers.’

51. be called goftan

Valency pattern: beNOM_ACC

X: beNOM

Y: ACC

Locus: X

be	īn	vasīle	qoṭbnemā	mī-gūy-and
to	this. di	means	compass	cont -say. prs -3 pl
‘This instrument is called a compass.’
Note: Transimpersonal construction.

52. punish tanbīh kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	pesar-aš-rā	tanbīh	kard
pn	son- encl .3 sg - acc	punishment	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad punished his son.’

53. attack ḥamle kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

yek	xers	be	māhīgīr	ḥamle	kard
one	bear	to	fisherman	attack	do. pst .3 sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) por šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

saṭl	por	az	āb	šod
bucket	full	from	water	become. pst .3 sg
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find peydā kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	kelīd-hā-yaš-rā	peydā	kard
pn	key- pl - encl .3 sg - acc	visible	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad found his keys.’

56. be short kam dāštan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	yek	yūrō	kam	dār-ad
pn	one	euro	small	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is one euro short.’

57. hate motanaffer būdan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	mariam	motanaffer-ast
pn	from	pn	disgusted- cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad hates Mariam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

58. like xoš āmadan

Valency pattern: EXT_azNOM

X: EXT

Y: azNOM

Locus: XY

ahmad	az	īn	pīrāhan	xoš-eš	mī-āy-ad
pn	from	this. di	shirt	good- encl .3 sg	cont -come. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad likes this shirt.’

59. need nīyāz dāštan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	pūl	nīyāz	dār-ad
pn	to	money	need	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad needs money.’

60. surround eḥāṭe kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

dīvār-hā	šahr-rā	eḥāṭe	karde-ast
wall- pl	city- acc	encirclement	do. pp - cop .3 sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain bāqī māndan

Valency pattern: bara.IZAF.NOM_NOM

X: bara.IZAF,NOM

Y: NOM

Locus: X

barā-ye	ahmad	tanhā	dah	yūrō	bāqī	mānde-ast
for- izaf	pn	only	ten	euro	remainder	remain. pp - cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad has ten euro left.’

62. answer javāb dādan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mo'alem	javāb	dād
pn	to	teacher	answer	give. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad answered the teacher.’

63. open bāz kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	yek	qūṭī-rā	bāz	kard
pn	one	box- acc	open	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad opened a can.’

64. be different motafāvet būdan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

pīrāhan-e	man	az	māl-e	tō	motafāvet-ast
shirt- izaf	i . pro .1 sg	from	possession- izaf	you. pro .2 sg	different- cop .3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind 'aqab oftādan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	mariam	'aqab	oftād
pn	from	pn	behind	fall. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad fell behind Mariam.’

66. plough šoxm zadan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	zamīn-rā	šoxm	mī-zan-ad
pn	ground- acc	ploughing	cont -hit. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is ploughing the field.’

67. smell bū dādan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

dast-ān-am	bū-ye	gāzōlīn	mī-deh-ad
hand- pl - encl .1 sg	smell- izaf	gasoline	pr -give-3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

68. cross rad šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	jāde	rad	šod
pn	from	road	deviation	become. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad crossed the road.’

69. sing xāndan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	tarāne-ye	zībā-yī	mī-xān-ad
pn	song- izaf	beautiful- indf	cont -read. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad sang a beautiful song.’

70. write neveštan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	nāme-ī	mī-nevīs-ad
pn	letter- indf	cont -write. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad wrote a letter.’

71. drink nūšīdan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	šīr	nūšīd
pn	milk	drink. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad drank milk.’

72. melt ẕoub kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	tekey-e	sorb-rā	ẕoub	kard
pn	piece- izaf	lead- acc	melting	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad melted a piece of lead.’

73. match āmadan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

īn	kamarband	be	lebās-am	mī-āy-ad
this. di	belt	to	clothes- encl .1 sg	cont -come. prs -3 sg
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave tark kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	šahr-e	mādarī-aš-rā	tark	kard
pn	town- izaf	maternal- encl .3 sg - acc	departure	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad left his native city.’

75. cover pūšāndan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

farš	koll-e	zamīn-rā	mī-pūšān-ad
carpet	whole- izaf	ground- acc	cont -put_on. prs -3 sg
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember be yād dāštan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	xāne-rā	bexūbī	be	yād	dār-ad
pn	house- acc	well	to	memory	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad remembers the house well.’

77. help komak kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mariam	komak	kard
pn	to	pn	help	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad helped Mariam.’

78. understand (language) fahmīdan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	zabān-e	farānsavī-rā	mī-fahm-ad
pn	language- izaf	f rench- acc	cont -understand. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad understands French.’

79. hit (target) xordan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

barq	be	xāne	mī-xor-ad
lightning	to	house	cont -eat. prs -3 sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself borīdan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM

X: NOM

Y: baNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	ṣūrat-aš-rā	bā	tīġ	borīde-ast
pn	face- encl .3 sg - acc	with	razor	cut. pp - cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad cut his face with a razor.’

81. get stuck časbīdan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

līvān	be	mīz	časbīde-ast
glass	to	table	stick. pp - cop .3 sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) bāxtan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mariam	bāxt
pn	to	pn	lose. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad lost to Mariam.’

83. be glad xošḥāl šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	nāme	xošḥāl	šod
pn	from	letter	joyful	become. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad was glad about the letter.’

84. speak ṣoḥbat kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM

X: NOM

Y: baNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	bā	mariam	ṣoḥbat	mī-kon-ad
pn	with	pn	conversation	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is speaking with Mariam.’

85. give birth be donyā āvardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

mariam	yek	pesar	be	donyā	āvard
pn	one	son	in	world	bring. pst .3 sg
‘Mariam gave birth to a son.’

86. drop andōxtan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	līvān-rā	andāxt
pn	glass- acc	throw. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad dropped the glass.’

87. govern edāre kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	šahr-emān-rā	edāre	mī-kon-ad
pn	town- encl .1 pl - acc	management	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad runs our town.’

88. miss deltang šodan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ahmad	deltang-e	mariam	šode-ast
pn	longing- izaf	pn	become. pp - cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad misses Mariam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

89. follow donbāl kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	donbāl	mī-kon-ad
pn	pn - acc	after	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad follows Mariam.’

90. dismount pīyāde šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	asb	pīyāde	šod
pn	from	horse	on_foot	become. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad got down from the horse.’

91. listen gūš dādan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	rādyō	gūš	mī-kon-ad
pn	to	radio	ear	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is listening to radio.’

92. obey eṭā'at kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	hamīše	az	mādar-aš	eṭā'at	mī-kon-ad
pn	always	from	mother- encl .3 sg	obedience	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad always listens to his mother.’

93. hear šenīdan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

piter	ṣedā-ye	mūsīqī-ī	mī-šenov-ad
pn	sound- izaf	music- indf	cont -hear. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad hears the music.’

94. mix maxlūṭ śodan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM

X: NOM

Y: baNOM

Locus: Y

'asl	bā	šīr	maxlūṭ	šod
honey	with	milk	mixed	become. pst .3 sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look negāh kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	abr-hā	negāh	mī-kon-ad
pn	to	cloud- pl	glance	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off dar āvardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	lebās-aš-rā	dar-mī-āvar-ad
pn	clothes- encl .3 sg - acc	prev - cont -bring. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) xāb dīdan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ahmad	xāb-e	mariam-rā	mī-bīn-ad
pn	dream- izaf	pn - acc	cont -see. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad dreams about Mariam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

98. agree movāfaq būdan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM

X: NOM

Y: baNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	bā	mariam	movāfaq-ast
pn	with	pn	agreeing- cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad agreed with Mariam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel da'avā dāštan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM

X: NOM

Y: baNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	bā	mariam	da'avā	dāšt
pn	with	pn	argument	have. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad had a quarrel with Mariam.’

100. cost arzīdan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

īn	fenjān	yek	yūrō	mī-arz-ad
this. di	cup	one	euro	cont -cost. prs -3 sg
‘This cup costs one euro.’

101. shoot at šelīk kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	yek	parande	šelīk	kard
pn	to	one	bird	shooting	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad shot at the bird.’

102. pour rīxtan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	šakar	dar	fenjān	rīxt
pn	sugar	to	cup	pour. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad poured the sugar into the cup.’

103. lose gom kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	kelīd-aš-rā	gom	kard
pn	key- encl .3 sg - acc	loss	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad lost his keys.’

104. sink ġarq šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_darNOM

X: NOM

Y: darNOM

Locus: Y

konde	dar	āb	ġarq	šod
log	in	water	drowning	become. pst .3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill koštan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	košt
pn	pn - acc	kill. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad killed Mariam.’

106. hit zadan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	zad
pn	pn - acc	hit. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad hit Mariam.’

107. kiss būsīdan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	būsīd
pn	pn - acc	kiss. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad kissed Mariam.’

108. read xāndan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	ketāb-e	jāleb-ī	xānd
pn	book- izaf	interesting- indf	read. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) tekān dādan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	angošt-aš-rā	tekān	dād
pn	finger- encl .3 sg - acc	push	give. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad moved his finger.’

110. respect eḥterām goẕāštan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mariam	eḥterām	mī-goẕār-ad
pn	to	pn	respect	cont -put. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad respects Mariam.’

111. be squeamish *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

112. be content rāżī būdan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	pesar-aš	rāżī-ast
pn	from	son- encl .3 sg	content- cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love 'āšeq šodan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ahmad	'āšeq-e	mariam	šode-ast
pn	enamoured- izaf	pn	become. pp - cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad fell in love with Mariam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

114. trust e'temād dāštan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mariam	e'temād	dār-ad
pn	to	pn	trust	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad trusts Mariam.’

115. sympathise hamdardī kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_baNOM

X: NOM

Y: baNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	bā	mādar-aš	hamdardī	mī-kon-ad
pn	with	mother- encl .3 sg	compassion	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad sympathises with his mother.’

116. envy ḥasādat kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mariam	ḥasādat	mī-kon-ad
pn	to	pn	envy	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad envies Mariam.’

117. be angry 'aṣabānī būdan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	mariam	'aṣabānī-ast
pn	from	pn	angry- cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad is angry with Mariam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised šegeftzade šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	hedīye	šegeftzade	šod
pn	from	gift	surprised	become. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) dūst dāštan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	čāyī	dūst	dār-ad
pn	tea	friend	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad loves tea.’

120. enjoy leẕẕat bordan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	čā-ye	dāġ	leẕẕat	mī-bar-ad
pn	from	tea- izaf	scalding	pleasure	cont -bring. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad enjoys scalding tea.’

121. want xāstan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	yek	mūbāīl-e	jadīd	mī-xāh-ad
pn	one	telephone- izaf	new	cont -want. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge kīne dāštan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	mariam	kīne	dār-ad
pn	from	pn	anger	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad holds a grudge against Mariam.’

123. take offence delxor šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	mariam	delxor	šod
pn	from	pn	offended	become. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad took offence at Mariam.’

124. upset nārāḥat kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	xeylī	nārāḥat	kard
pn	pn - acc	very	anxious	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad greatly upset Mariam.’

125. marvel ḥeyratzade šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	īn	šahr	ḥeyratzade	šod
pn	from	this. di	town	amazed	become. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad was impressed by this town.’

126. despise taḥqīr kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	taḥqīr	mī-kon-ad
pn	pn - acc	contempt	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad despises Mariam.’

127. get upset nārāḥat šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	pesar-aš	nārāḥat	šod
pn	from	son- encl .3 sg	anxious	become. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated aṣabānī šodan'

Valency pattern: NOM_az.dast.IZAF.NOM

X: NOM

Y: az.dast.IZAF.NOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az.dast-e	doxtar-aš	'aṣabānī	mī-šav-ad
pn	because_of- izaf	daughter- encl .3 sg	angry	cont -become. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond 'alāqe dāštan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mariam	'alāqe	dār-ad
pn	to	pn	fondness	have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is fond of Mariam.’

130. be shy xejālat kešīdan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	az	qadd-aš	xejālat	mī-keš-ad
pn	from	height- encl .3 sg	shame	cont -pull. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is embarrassed about his height.’