BivalTyp

‘listen’

Argument frame: X (listen) to Y
Stimulus sentence: (What is P. doing?) P. is listening to radio .
Predicate label Ru: слушать
Argument frame Ru: X (слушать) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: (Что делает П._x?) П. слушает радио .

Abaza [z-]ʒərʕʷ

Valency pattern: ABS_BEN
X: ABS
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
zaréma rádia d-a-z-ʒərʕʷ-ə́j-d
pn radio 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io - ben -listen- prs - dcl
‘Zarema is listening to radio.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) je-deʔʷə

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pŝaŝe-r radio-m j-e-deʔʷə
girl- abs radio- obl 3 sg . io + dat - dyn -listen
‘The girl is listening to radio.’

Aghul ubur qix.i-

Valency pattern: ERG_POST
X: ERG
Y: POST
Locus: Y
aslan.a radi-q ubur qix.i-naa
pn ( erg ) radi- post ear { post }put. pf - prf
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

Alik Kryz ibur ğiyts'ayc

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan-ir radyu-ciğ ibur ğiyts'-raʕaca
pn - erg radio- obl . super ear put_on. ipfv - prog . n
‘Terlan is listening to radio.’

Archi oj ačas

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP.LAT
X: ERG
Y: SUP.LAT
Locus: Y
paša radio-li-tːi-k oj aču-li w-i 
pn radio- obl - sup - lat ear 4.throw. pfv - cvb 1-be
‘Pasha is listening to radio.’
Note: Binominative construction resolves into transitive.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +šammə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brat-i +bəšmay=əla praskala
girl( f )- p .1 sg hear. prog =3 f radio(?)
‘My daughter is listening to radio.’

Avar ʕenekkize

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
ʕali radio-jaɬ-uq ʕenekk-un w-ugo
pn radio- obl - apud listen- seq m - cop
‘Ali is listening to radio.’

Azerbaijani qulaq asmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Aslan radio-ya qulaq as-ır
pn radio- dat / lat ear hang- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

Bafut júʔú

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à júʔú-nᵼ̀ nᵼ̀lòŋ
pn sm listen- ipfv radio
‘Ambe is listening to radio.’

Bambara túlomajɔ̀

Valency pattern: SBJ_fe
X: SBJ
Y: fe
Locus: Y
Sékù b'í túlomajɔ̀ àrajɔ` fɛ̀
pn ipfv . refl listen radio\ art by
‘Seku listens to the radio.’

Brazilian Portuguese escutar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro escut-a o rádio
pn ( m ) listen-3 sg . prs def . m radio( m )
‘Pedro is listening to the radio.’

Budugh ibir ğusu

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan-ır radyo-ca ibir ğusu-ra'vi
pn - erg radio- loc ear put_on. ipf - prog
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

Catalan escoltar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere està escolt-ant la ràdio
def . sg . m pn ( m ) be.3 sg . prs . ind listen- ger def . sg . f radio( f )
‘Pere is listening to radio.’

Chechen ladughu

Valency pattern: ERG_ALL
X: ERG
Y: ALL
Locus: Y
Islam-as radio-ga ladughu
pn - erg radio- all listen. prs
‘Islam is listening to radio.’

Chirag lejqi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le radio-l-i lejq-le
pn ( abs ) radio- obl - super hear: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali is listening to the radio.’

Czech poslouchat

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr poslouchá rádi-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg radio( n )- acc . sg
‘Petr is listening to radio.’

Danish lytte

Valency pattern: SBJ_til
X: SBJ
Y: til
Locus: Y
Peter lytte-r til radio-en
pn listen- prs to radio( c )- def . sg
‘Peter is listening to the radio.’

Dutch luisteren

Valency pattern: SBJ_naar
X: SBJ
Y: naar
Locus: Y
Piet luister-t naar de radio
pn ( c ) listen-3 sg on art . def .С radio( c )
‘Piet is listening to the radio.’

Eastern Maninka lámɛn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé ràdiyo` lá-mɛn-na.
pn be radio\ art caus -hear- inf . la
‘Seku listens to the radio.’

English listen

Valency pattern: SBJ_to
X: SBJ
Y: to
Locus: Y
Peter is listening to radio.

Estonian kuulama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter kuula-b raadio-t
pn . sg . nom listen- prs .3 sg radio- sg . part
‘Peeter is listening to the radio.’

Finnish kuunnella

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka kuuntel-ee radio-ta
pn . nom listen- prs .3 sg radio- part
‘Pekka is listening to radio.’

Forest Enets dʲuzire

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ spidola-da dʲuzire
i man- nom . sg .1 sg portable_radioset- obl . sg .3 sg listen( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is listening to radio’.

French écouter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul écoute la radio
pn ( m ) listen. prs .3 sg def . sg . f radio( f )
‘Paul is listening to radio.’

Georgian Ø-u-sm-en-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-Ø radio-s Ø-u-sm-en-s
pn - nom radio- dat io 3- ver : o -hear- r . ext - s 3 sg
‘Petre is listening to radio.’

German hören

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl hör-t Radio
pn [ nom . sg ] listen- prs .3 sg radio[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl is listening to the radio.’

Guinean Kpelle wéli tɔ̌ɔ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe káa ŋwèlí tɔ̌ɔ-i radio ɓà
pn cop 3 sg \ear install- inf radio on
‘Pepee is listening to the radio.’

Hindi sunnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
P rēḍiyō sun rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir radio( m ). sg . dir hear dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is listening to the radio.’

Icari Dargwa gu-lik'-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam radiwa-lij gu-lik'-a-ca=w
pn . abs radio- suplat under -listen: ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam is listening to radio.’

Irish éist

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Tá Pól ag éisteacht leis an radio.
be. prs pn at listen. nmlz with def radio
‘Pól is listening to radio.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

Ismayilli Kryz

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan-ir radio-yiğ ibur ğis-ine
pn - erg radio- super ear put_on. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

Italian ascoltare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ascolt-a la radio
pn ( m ) listen-3 sg . prs def . sg . f radio. sg . f
‘Leo listens to the radio.’

Kadar Dargwa líħ-aˤq-es / líħ-irq-es

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-li radio-li-ke liħ-aˤq-i-le w-0-ar
pn - erg radio- obl - super ear- lv . pfv - pret - cvb m -be. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is listening to radio.’

Kalderash Romani ašunel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a ašun-el radiva
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg listen- prs .3 sg radio[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša is listening to radio.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: ABS_DIR
X: ABS
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
rasul radio.ji-q qebeq-na
r asul( abs ) radio- post listen- res
‘He listens to the radio.’

Karata andukaɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_POST
X: NOM
Y: POST
Locus: Y
ʕali radio-q anduk-e idja
pn radio- post listen- pf cop
‘Ali is listening to radio.’

Kaytag Dargwa nik’navic:ara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
petja radiо-l-ži nik’navic:-urca
pn radio- obl - super m .listen. pf - perf
‘Petja is listening to radio.’

Kazakh tïnda

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya radiyo tïnda-p otïr
pn radio listen- cvb sit.3 sg
‘Petya is listening to the radio.’

Kazym Khanty χǫλǝntti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en ar χǫλǝnt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg song listen- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is listening a song.’

Khoekhoe ǃgâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge ǂhôaǂgare-s-a ra ǃgâ
pn -3 m . sg decl radio-3 f . sg - obl ipfv listen
‘Peter is listening to radio.’

Khwarshi tiqʷaχa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
de zebe-s radio tiqo:χa
1 sg . erg day( v )- gen 1 radio( iii ) listen\ gnt
‘I listen to radio every day.’

Kina Rutul ubɨr qassara

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB
X: ERG
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
islam-a ubɨr q-assa-r=a radio-je-χda
pn - erg ear pv -4.listen. ipfv - cvb =be radio- obl - sub
‘Islam is listening to radio.’

Kryz Proper

Valency pattern: ERG_AD
X: ERG
Y: AD
Locus: Y
aslan-ir radyu-cu ibur ğits'-na ʕaci
pn - erg radio- obl . ad ear put_on. ipf - simul be_in. n
‘Aslan is listening to radio.’

Kumyk tɨnglamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat radio-ʁa tɨng-la-j
pn radio- dat (listen)- vblz -3 sg
‘Patimat is listening to radio.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) guhdarî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_liOBL
X: SBJ.TR
Y: liOBL
Locus: Y
zilam niha li radyo-yê guhdarî di-k-e
man now at radio( f )- obl . f listening prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man is listening to the radio now.’

Latin audio

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ut audi-re-m Laber-i et Publil-i poemat-a
conj listen- ipfv . sbjv - act .1 sg pn ( m )- gen . sg and pn ( m )- gen . sg poem( n )- acc . pl
‘... that I listened the poems of Laberius and Publius.’
Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Fam. 12, 18)

Laz uǯ-ap-a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k radio-Ø Ø-u-uǯ-am-s
pn - b - erg radio- nom io 3- ver : o -listen- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is listening to / hears (the) radio.’
Note: The meanings ‘listen’ and ‘hear’ are not formally distinguished.

Mandarin Chinese tīng

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān zhèngzài tīng guǎngbō
pn prog listen radio
‘Zhangsan is listening to the radio.’

Mano tóó dɔ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo
X: SBJ
Y: mo
Locus: Y
ŋ̄ ŋ̄ tóó dɔ̄-pɛ̀lɛ̀ ī mɔ̀
1 sg . exi 1 sg ear install- inf 2 sg on
‘I am listening to you.’
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above).

Mehweb liħi bixes

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER.LAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
radiʔu-li-če liħi b-irx-an Islam-ini
radio- obl - super ( lat ) ear n -put: ipfv - hab pn - erg
‘Islam is listening to radio.’

Mingrelian Ø-u-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø radio-s Ø-u-rčkil-e(n)-Ø
pn - nom radio- dat io 3- ver : o -hear- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is listening to radio.’

Modern Hebrew makʃiv

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pinχas makʃiv le radio
pn listen[ ptcp . sg . m ] to radio
‘Pinchas is listening to radio.’

Mukhad Rutul qhacun

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
murad radiо-dı-χda qhabcu-ra a
pn radio- obl - apud ipf .listen- simul be_in
‘Murad is listening to radio.’

Nanai dosiǯa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia radio-wa doseǯa-j-ni
pn radio- obl listen- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is listening to radio.’

Nivkh məd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik radiо + mə-d
pn radio + listen- ind
‘Kaskazik is listening to radio.’

Northern Akhvakh hadaxuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
pataħi radio-ga handax-o gudi
pn radio- lat listen- seq . m m . cop
‘Patahi is listening to radio.’

Northern Mansi xūntli

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am xūntl-ēj-um rādio
1 sg listen- npst -1 sg radio
‘I am listening to the radio.’

Northern Yukaghir möndˈiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn rаdio-lǝ möndˈiǝ-nu-j
pn radio- acc listen- ipf - intr .3 sg
‘Semien is listening to radio.’

Norwegian Bokmål å lytte

Valency pattern: SBJ_til
X: SBJ
Y: til
Locus: Y
Per lytte-r til radio-en
pn listen- prs to radio- def . m . sg
‘Per is listening to radio.’

Polish słuchać

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Ann-a słucha radi-a
pn [ nom . sg ] listen: ipfv . prs .3 sg radio- gen . sg
‘Anna is listening to radio.’

Russian slušatʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja sluša-et radio
pn ( m )- nom . sg listen( ipfv )- prs .3 sg radio( n )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja is listening to radio.’

Serbian slušati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar sluša radio
pn . nom . sg listen. prs .3 sg radio. acc . sg
‘Petar is listening to radio.’

Shinaz Rutul qhacu-n

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
basir qhacu-r a radija-χda
pn ( m )listen. pf - seq exist radio- apud
‘Basir is listening to radio.’

Shughni niɣix̌tow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Lola radio niɣůɣ̌-d
pn radio listen-3 sg
‘Lola is listening to radio.’

Skolt Saami kuvddled

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt lij kuvddle-men radia
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg listen- prog . ptcp radio. sg . acc
‘Pete is listening to radio.’

Slovak počúvať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter počúva rádi-o
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg radio( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter is listening to radio.’

Slovenian poslušati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
An-a posluša radi-o
pn - nom . sg listen: ipfv . prs .3 sg radio- acc . sg
‘Ana is listening to radio.’

Sorani Kurdish giwê dan

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_be
X: SBJ.TR
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa xerîk-e giwê de-d-at-e r̂adwê
pn busy-be. prs .3 sg ear ind -give. prs -3 sg -to radio
‘Hiwa is listening to the radio.’
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument. The verbal marker “–e” is the result of the “migration” of the preposition “be”, cf. “Hîwa xerîk-e giwê de-d-at le r̂adwê”.

Southern Rutul ubur qhixhin

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
murad-a radio-ya-xda ubur qhinse-r
pn - erg radio- obl - apud ear ( n )apply. ipf - prs
‘Murad is listening to radio.’

Spanish escuchar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro escuch-a la radio
pn [ sg . m ] listen- prs .3 sg art . def . sg . f radio[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro is listening to the radio.’

Standard Arabic samiʕa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un yasmaʕu radiyū
pn - nom listen. ipf .3 m radio/ acc
‘Badr is listening to radio.’

Svan x-o-hwnär-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø radio-s x-o-hwnär-i
pn - nom radio- dat io 3- ver : o -listen- prs
‘Maizer is listening to the radio.’

Swedish att lyssna

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn lyssna-r på radio
pn listen- prs on radio
‘Björn is listening to the radio.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-ki~kinig si Pedro sa radyo
< av > ipfv ~listen pers . subj pn dat radio
‘Pedro is listening to radio.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with the same Y-argument, hence ACT_UND.

Telugu viṇu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ rēḍiyō viṁṭunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom radio( n ). sg . nom listen. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is listening to radio.’

Tsakhur k’ırı gyaq:q:iy

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPEREL
X: ERG
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad-ee piryomnik’-ıle k’ırı vo-d gyaq:q:a
pn - erg radio- superel ear cop - n ( n )listen. ipf
‘Murad is listening to radio.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa leħ aq-iz/iq-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)
X: NOM
Y: SUPER(LAT)
Locus: Y
uršːi telewizor-li-jaˤ laˤħ ilq-une=saj
boy tv- obl - super ( lat ) ear hang. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : m .3
‘The boy is listening to the tv.’

Tsugni Dargwa legu k-aq-i / ka-iq-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)
X: NOM
Y: SUPER(LAT)
Locus: Y
durħaˤ teliwizur-li-ge legu ka-q-ible=caj
boy tv- obl - super ( lat ) ear down -hang. pfv - cnv . pret = cop : m .3
‘The boy is listening to the tv.’

Turkish dinlemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet radyo-yı dinli-yor
pn radio- acc listen- prs
‘Mehmet is listening to the radio.’

Turoyo maṣəṯ

Valency pattern: SBJ_7al
X: SBJ
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
Gabriyel uʕdo ko-maṣəṯ ʕal u radyo
pn now prs -listen. ipfv .3 m on art . m radio( m )
‘Gabriyel is listening to the radio now.’

Twi tie

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi re-tie kasanoma
pn prog -listen radio
‘Kofi is listening to radio.’

Udmurt кылзыны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Петя радио кылз-э
pn . nom radio. nom listen- prs .3 sg
‘Petja is listening to the radio.’

Ulcha dosoǯi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ama raǯio dosoǯ-i-ni
father radio listen- prs -3 sg
‘Father is listening to radio.’

Uzbek tiŋlamoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya radio tiŋla-b otir-ib-ti
pn radio listen- cvb sit- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja is listening to radio.’

West Central Oromo ɗaggeeffata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n raadijoo ɗaggeeffattʃ-aa dʒir-a
pn - nom radio. abs listen- prog aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is listening to radio.’

Wolof déglu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
dama-y déglu xibaar y-i
f oc v .s i :1 sg - incpl listen news( b ) cl y - def
‘I am listening to the news.’

Yargun Lezgian yob akalin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB/POST
X: ERG
Y: SUB/POST
Locus: Y
Sahib-a raduva-di-k yob akal-zva
pn - erg radio- obl - sub / post ear join- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is listening to radio.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_ser.PSTP
X: SBJ.TR
Y: ser.PSTP
Locus: Y
oxɨr ɡoʃ da-n-o radon-i=sɛr
pn ear give. prs - aug -3 sg . m radio- m . obl =on
‘Oxir listens to radio.’

Zilo Andi antʃː.i-r

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
pat’imat radiul-ʔo antʃː.i-r
pn [ f ][ nom ] radio- super . lat listen. pst - prog
‘Patimat is listening to the radio.’