BivalTyp

Chirag

Contributed by Dmitry Ganenkov.

The data were gathered in 2023. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Ganenkov, Dmitry. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Chirag. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 20, 2024; last revised on February 7, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain icː-

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
di-la bek’ icː-le
i - gen head( abs ) ache: ipf - dur .3
‘I have a headache.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) icːi-b-aχːʷi

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG
X: ABS
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le grip-le icːi-w-aχː-un-ne
pn ( abs ) flu- erg get.sick- m . sg - lv : pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali has the flu.’

3. be afraid ruχː b-učːi

Valency pattern: ABS_ANTE.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ANTE.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le sːika-sa-rka ruχː-ukː-le
pn ( abs ) bear- ante - elat fear-( m . sg ) lv : ipf - dur .3
‘Ali is afraid of the bear.’

4. throw išʷi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le qːarqːa ix-ub
pn - erg stone( abs ) throw: pf - aor .3
‘Ali threw a rock.’

5. have enough zar-b-aʁi

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i arc zar-d-irʁ-le
pn - obl - super money( abs ) be.enough- n . pl - lv : ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali has enough money.’

6. resemble mišize b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
gal-e datːi-l-i miši-ze b-urχ-ar
boy- pl ( abs ) father- obl - super similar- atr h . pl -become: ipf - fut .3
‘Sons usually resemble their father.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe raχːčarej

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
madina ʡa̰li-l-i raχːčarg-l-akːu
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super believe- dur - neg .3
‘Madina doesn’t believe Ali.’

8. take ha-b-alči

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le ustːul-la qar-r-i-rka žuz ha-b-alč-un
pn - erg table- gen top- obl - super - elat book( abs ) up- n . sg -take: pf - aor .3
‘Ali took the book from the table.’

9. see b-a̰ħḭ

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i sːika b-a̰ħ-un
pn - obl - super bear( abs ) n . sg -see: pf - aor .3
‘Ali saw a bear.’

10. influence *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʡumri-li-cːille pahme kam b-urχ-le
age- obl - com memory( abs ) little n . sg -become: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘With age, memory becomes worse.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

11. encounter sa-pː-arχːi

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i dustː-re sa-pː-arχː-ib
pn - obl - super friend- pl ( abs ) ante - h . pl -stumble: pf - aor .3
‘Ali ran into his friends.’

12. enter b-učːasatːej

Valency pattern: ABS_IN
X: ABS
Y: IN
Locus: Y
qal-l-aˤne č'ʷal xade b-učːa-satː-ag-ur
house- obl - in two woman( abs ) h . pl - in -hither-go: pf - aor .3
‘Two women went into the room.’

13. win četːi-b-uqi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-l-i-rka četːi-uq-un
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super - elat win-( m . sg ) lv : pf - aor .3
‘Ali beat Rasul.’

14. go out tːuraej

Valency pattern: ABS_IN.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: IN.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le qal-l-aˤni-rka tːur-ag-ur
pn ( abs ) house- obl - in - elat out-go: pf - aor .3
‘Ali went out of the room.’

15. drive aʁi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le q’ṵl-e uqal-l-i aʁ-ib
pn - erg cow- pl ( abs ) pasture- obl - super drive: pf - aor .3
‘Ali drove the cows to the pasture.’

16. bend b-aqːʷi b-aqi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le ʁa̰mul b-aqːʷ-i b-aq-ib
pn - erg nail( abs ) n . sg -bend: pf - inf n . sg - caus : pf - aor .3
‘Ali bent a nail.’

17. tell i

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰li-le rasul-l-i ṵq’-e uč’-e...
pn - erg pn - obl - super ( m . sg )go- imp ( m . sg )say: pf - ipf .3
‘Ali said to Rasul: Go!’

18. hold b-uci

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le na̰qː-a̰ žuz b-uc-ub-le
pn - erg hand- loc book( abs ) n . sg -catch: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali is holding a book in his hand.’

19. catch up hitːas-b-aʁi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-l-i hitːa-s-j-aʁ-ib
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super post - hi - m . sg -reach: pf - aor .3
‘Ali caught up with Rasul.’

20. milk b-ircːi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
babaj-le q’ʷa̰l b-ircː-ib
mom- erg cow( abs ) n . sg -milk: pf - aor .3
‘Mom milked the cow.’

21. reach sa-b-aʁi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le derbent-l-i sa-j-aʁ-ib
pn ( abs ) d erbent- obl - super hither- m . sg -reach: pf - aor .3
‘Ali reached Derbent.’

22. touch sa-b-a̰qi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le lac-l-i sa-j-a̰q-ib
pn ( abs ) wall- obl - super ante - m . sg -hit: pf - aor .3
‘Ali touched the wall.’

23. fight b-italsːi

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-li-cːille italsː-le
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - com ( m . sg )fight- prs . dur .3
‘Ali is fighting with Rasul.’

24. be friends dustː ze

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʡa̰li=ra rasul=ra dustː-re ze
pn ( abs )= add pn ( abs )= add friend- pl ( abs ) cop . prs .3
‘Ali and Rasul are friends.’
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. Non-verbal predicate.

25. think pikri b-uč’i

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
babaj gal-la pikri r-uk’-le
mother( abs ) boy- gen thought f . sg -say: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘The mother is thinking about her son.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

26. eat b-erčʷi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le qa̰r b-erk-un
pn - erg apple( abs ) n . sg -eat: pf - aor .3
‘Ali ate an apple.’

27. fry b-erc’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
babaj-le k’asː b-erc’-ib
mother- erg fish( abs ) n . sg -fry: pf - aor .3
‘Mom fried the fish.’

28. wait harak-b-i

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-l-i hara-k-eb-le
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super post - down -( m . sg )sit: pf + aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali is waiting for Rasul.’

29. forget ʁalat’ b-uχi

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ma̰ħmad ʁalat’ uχ-ub-le nixːi
pn ( abs ) forget ( m . sg )become: pf - aor - res . prs .3 we. incl ( super )
‘We forgot about Mahamad!’

30. depend b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_hisable
X: ABS
Y: hisable
Locus: Y
pahme ʡumre ħisable b-urχ-le
memory( abs ) age( abs ) according.to n . sg -become: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call wa̰ħ i

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰li-le rasul-l-i wa̰ħ ib
pn - erg pn - obl - super call say: pf + aor .3
‘Ali called Rasul.’

32. get to know ha-b-aχi

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i rasul irig ha-w-aχ-ur
pn - obl - super pn ( abs ) last.year up - m . sg -know: pf - aor .3
‘Ali got to know Rasul last year.

33. know b-uχːu

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i rasul uχːu-le
pn - obl - super pn ( abs ) ( m . sg )know- prs . dur .3
‘Ali knows Rasul.’

34. play (instrument) b-a̰qi

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
ʡa̰li-le gitara-la d-ṵrq-le
pn - erg guitar- gen n . pl -hit: ipf - dur . res .3
‘Ali is playing guitar.’

35. avoid *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

36. make b-arq’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le megʷal b-arq’-ib
pn - erg chair( abs ) n . sg -do: pf - aor .3
‘Ali made a chair.’

37. make fun da̰qlṵχa̰li ke-b-išːi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le rasul da̰qlṵχa̰-l-i k-erxː-le
pn - erg pn ( abs ) laughter- obl - super down-( m . sg )put: pf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali is making fun of Rasul.’

38. have b-u

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-la mašna b-u
pn - gen car( abs ) n . sg -be. prs .3
‘Ali has a car.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for b-ujčːi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le gilaw-me d-ujkː-le
pn - erg key- pl ( abs ) n . pl -look.for: ipf - dur . res .3
‘Ali is looking for his keys.’

40. paint kraska-le čaʁi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le lac kraska-le čaʁ-ib
pn - erg wall( abs ) paint- erg whitewash: pf - aor .3
‘Ali painted the wall.’

41. bite q’ac’ i

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
χːuru-d ʡa̰li-l-i q’ac’ ib
dog- erg pn - obl - super bite say: pf + aor .3
‘The dog bit Ali.’

42. forfeit b-uqi

Valency pattern: ABS_INTER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: INTER.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le qal-li-cːi-rka uq-un-ne
pn ( abs ) house- obl - inter - elat ( m . sg )move: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali lost his house.’

43. try to catch b-uci

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le kːata b-urc-le
pn - erg cat( abs ) n . sg -catch: ipf - prs . dur .3
‘Ali is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break b-a̰bʁi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le χːamul b-a̰bʁ-ib
pn - erg stick( abs ) n . sg -break: pf - aor .3
‘Ali broke a stick.’

45. flatter sa-pː-umʡi

Valency pattern: ABS_GENsamate
X: ABS
Y: GENsamate
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le madina-la samatːe sa-w-umʡ-le
pn ( abs ) pn - gen in.front ante - m . sg -( m . sg )play: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali is trying to please Madina.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

46. love (person) b-ikː-

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i pat’imat r-ikː-le
pn - obl - super pn ( abs ) f . sg -love: ipf - prs . dur .3
‘Ali loves Patimat.’

47. wave lamč b-arq’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le tːuʁ lamč b-irq’-le
pn - erg flag( abs ) wave n . sg -do: ipf - prs . dur .3
‘Ali is waving a flag.’

48. dream b-ikː-

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i c’i-ze mašna gužle b-ikː-le
pn - obl - super new- atr car( abs ) very n . sg -want: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash b-irci

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pat’imat-le matrat-e d-irc-ib
pn - erg plate- pl ( abs ) n . pl -wash: pf - aor .3
‘Patimat washed the plates.’

50. put on čejt’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le wašqa̰g čejt’-un
pn - erg pants( abs ) put.on: pf - aor .3
‘Ali put on his pants.’

51. be called i

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS(NO.AGR)
X: SUPER
Y: ABS(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
jaˤ q’aj-l-i kːompːas b-uk’-ar
prox thing- obl - super compass( abs ) h . pl -say: ipf - fut .3
‘This thing is called compass.’
Note: Transimpersonal construction.

52. punish taχsir b-arq’i

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰li-le gal-l-i taχsir b-arq’-ib
pn - erg boy- obl - super punishment( abs ) n . sg -do: pf - aor .3
‘Ali punished his son.’

53. attack če-b-iči

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
sːika awči-l-i če-b-ič-ib
bear( abs ) hunter- obl - super super - n . sg -fall: pf - aor .3
‘A bear attacked the hunter.’

54. fill (intr) b-ic’i

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
pušk’a šin-na b-ic’-ib
barrel( abs ) water- gen n . sg -fill: pf - aor
‘The barrel filled with water.’

55. find b-aʁi

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i gilaw-me d-aʁ-ib
pn - obl - super key- pl ( abs ) n . pl -find: pf - aor .3
‘Ali found his keys.’

56. be short hatːaqi

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-la daršː qːuruš hatːiq-l-akːu
pn - gen hundred ruble( abs ) reach: ipf - dur - prs . neg .3
‘Ali is short of one hundred rubles.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

57. hate sːi b-ic’i

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i rasul sːi ic’-ib-le
pn - obl - super pn ( abs ) bile ( m . sg )fill: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali hates Rasul.’

58. like bat’arre ba̰ħi

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i jaˤ kːurtːe bat’ar-re b-a̰l-le
pn - obl - super prox shirt( abs ) beautiful- adv n . sg -see: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali likes this shirt.’

59. need ħa̰žat

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i arc ha̰žat-le
pn - obl - super money( abs ) necessary- adv . prs .3
‘Ali needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

60. surround alaw b-uci

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
χːʷala-ze lac-apːa-d šahru alaw b-uc-ub-le
big- atr wall- pl - erg city( abs ) around n . sg -catch: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘High walls surround the city.’
Note: Here, "alaw" functions as an adverb.

61. remain b-ijal

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-la daršː qːuruš b-ijal
pn - gen hundred ruble( abs ) n . sg -remain: ipf . dur .3
‘Ali has one hundred left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer žuwab b-ičːi

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰li-le učit’il-l-i žuwab b-ičː-ib
pn - erg teacher- obl - super answer( abs ) n . sg -give: pf - aor .3
‘Ali answered the teacher.’

63. open ač b-arq’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le šuša ač b-arq’-ib
pn - erg bottle( abs ) open n . sg -do: pf - aor .3
‘Ali opened the bottle.’

64. be different b-ač’aze

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
di-la kːurtːe aˤ-la-kan-n-i-rka b-ač’a-ze ze
i - gen shirt( abs ) you. sg - gen - subst - obl - super - elat n . sg -different- atr cop .3
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind hara-b-elgi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-l-i-rka hara-j-elg-un-ne
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super - elat post- m . sg -stay: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali fell behind Rasul.’

66. plough b-aci

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le qu b-alc-le
pn - erg field( abs ) n . sg -plough: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali is plowing the field.’

67. smell tːa̰ħ-le

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
di-la na̰qː-be binzin-na tːa̰ħ-le
i - gen hand- pl ( abs ) gasoline- gen smell- adv . prs .3
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross ej

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʡa̰le xːuni-la taˤ-kan šːili-l-i ag-ur
pn ( abs ) road- gen dist - atr side- obl - super go: pf - aor .3
‘Ali went to the other side of the road.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

69. sing b-elč’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
daud-le dalaj b-elč’-un
pn - erg song( abs ) n . sg -sing: pf - aor .3
‘Daud sang a song.’

70. write b-elč’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le qaʁar b-elk’-un
pn - erg letter( abs ) n . sg -write: pf - aor .3
‘Ali wrote a letter.’

71. drink b-erčːi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le nig d-erčː-ib
pn - erg milk( abs ) n . pl -drink: pf - aor .3
‘Ali drank the milk.’

72. melt b-ac’i b-aqi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le č’it’-la ziriz b-ac’-i b-aq-ib
pn - erg lead- gen piece( abs ) n . sg -melt: pf - inf n . sg - caus : pf - aor .3
‘Ali melted a piece of lead.’

73. match bal-b-iči

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
jaˤ upːilχana di-la kːurtːi-l-i bal-b-ič-ib-le
prox belt( abs ) i - gen dress- obl - super match- n . sg - lv : pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave b-ati

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le šːe b-at-ur
pn - erg village( abs ) n . sg -leave: pf - aor .3
‘Ali left the village.’

75. cover uk-b-ic’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
t’amsː-le butun qale u-k-b-ic’-ib-le
carpet- erg all room( abs ) sub - down - n . sg -fill: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘The carpet covers the whole floor (lit. room).’

76. remember urč’ili elgi

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i taˤ-tːa-la qale ʡa̰χː-le urč’i-l-i elg-un-ne
pn - obl - super dist - pl - gen house( abs ) good- adv heart- obl - super stay: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali remembers their house well.’

77. help kumag b-arq’i

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰li-le rasul-l-i kumag b-arq’-ib
pn - erg pn - obl - super help( abs ) n . sg -do: pf - aor .3
‘Ali helped Rasul.’

78. understand (language) čaʁʷi

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
taˤ admi-l-i nixːa-la kub čarʁʷ-le
dem . dist man- obl - super we. incl - gen language( abs ) understand- dur . prs .3
‘That man understands our language.’

79. hit (target) čabaʁi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
c’alala̰m qal-l-i ča-b-aʁ-ib-le
lightning( abs ) house- obl - super super - n . sg -reach: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Lightning hit the house.’

80. cut oneself b-alʁi

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG
X: ABS
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le lezwija-le w-alʁ-un-ne
pn ( abs ) razor.blade- erg m . sg -cut: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali cut himself with a razorblade.’

81. get stuck b-ik-b-asːi

Valency pattern: ABS_INTER
X: ABS
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
ist’ik’an ust’ul-li-cːe b-i-k-b-asː-un-ne
glass( abs ) table- obl - inter n . sg - inter - down - n . sg -get.stuck: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) pas b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-l-i pas uχ-ub
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super lose ( m . sg )become: pf - aor .3
‘Ali lost to Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

83. be glad χːʷare b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le qaʁar-r-i χːʷare uχ-ub-le
pn ( abs ) letter- obl - super glad ( m . sg )become: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali was glad about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak b-uši

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-li-cːille ux-le
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - com ( m . sg )talk- dur . prs .3
‘Ali is speaking with Rasul.’

85. give birth ʡa̰qi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
madina-le gale ʡa̰q-ṵn
pn - erg boy( abs ) give.birth: pf - aor .3
‘Madina gave birth to a boy/son.’

86. drop ke-b-iče b-aqi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le šuša ke-b-ič-e b-aq-ib
pn - erg bottle( abs ) down - n . sg -fall: pf - inf n . sg - caus : pf - aor .3
‘Ali dropped the bottle.’

87. govern *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

88. miss c’ijal b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
rusːe babaj-l-i c’ijal r-uχ-ub-le
girl( abs ) mother- obl - super miss f . sg -become: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘The girl misses her mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

89. follow ej

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPERhitille
X: ABS
Y: SUPERhitille
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-l-i hitːille ag-ur
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super following go: pf - aor .3
‘Ali followed Rasul.’
Note: Here, «hitːille» can be viewed as a postposition.

90. dismount čerk-b-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ELAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le urč-u-rka če-r-k-eb
pn ( abs ) horse- obl ( super )- elat super - elat - down -( m . sg )sit: pf + aor .3
‘Ali got down from the horse.’

91. listen lejqi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le radio-l-i lejq-le
pn ( abs ) radio- obl - super hear: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali is listening to the radio.’

92. obey lejqi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le babaj-l-i lejq-le
pn ( abs ) mother- obl - super hear: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali obeys his mother.’

93. hear č’a-b-aq’i

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i laˁ bajt carasːaħ=ra č'a-b-aq'-ib
pn - obl - super dem . addr song( abs ) before= add sound- n . sg -hear: pf - aor .3
‘Ali heard this song before.’

94. mix b-eh-b-arχːi

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
burunz q’ʷa̰-li-cːille d-e-h-d-arχː-ib-le
rice( abs ) grain- obl - com n . pl - inter - up - n . pl -stumble: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘The rice got mixed with grain.’

95. look uˤl-b-irgi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le qːir-ma-j uˤl-irg-le
pn ( abs ) clouds- pl - super eye-( m . sg )stay: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off čerišʷi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le kːurtːe če-r-ix-ub
pn - erg shirt( abs ) super - elat -throw: pf - aor .3
‘Ali took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) majar ej

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i aˤ-la datːe majar ag-ur
pn - obl - super you. sg - gen father( abs ) dream go: pf - aor .3
‘Ali had a dream about your father.’

98. agree raˤde b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_COM
X: ABS
Y: COM
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-li-cːille raˤde aˤ-χ-ub
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - com content neg -( m . sg )become: pf - aor .3
‘Ali didn’t agree with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel ha-d-iči

Valency pattern: GEN_COM
X: GEN
Y: COM
Locus: XY
ʡa̰li-la rasul-li-cːille ha-d-ič-ib-le
pn - gen pn - obl - com up - n . pl -fall: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali had a fight with Rasul.’
Note: The verb does not have an absolutive argument and the agreement is always “N.PL”.

100. cost ze

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
kila ʁa̰b-a-la ʡa̰bc’ale qːuruš-l-i ze
kilo( abs ) potato- pl - gen thirty ruble- obl - super cop . prs .3
‘One kilo of potatoes costs thirty rubles.’

101. shoot at čejšʷi

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
awči-le buč’al-l-i če-jx-ub
hunter- erg deer- obl - super super -throw: pf - aor .3
‘Ali shot at the deer.’

102. pour kašʷi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le kruškːa-l-i pisuk’ ka-x-ub
pn - erg cup- obl - super sugar( abs ) down -throw: pf - aor .3
‘Ali poured the sugar in the cup.’

103. lose b-itaqi b-aqi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le gilaw-me d-itaq-i d-aq-ib-le
pn - erg key- pl ( abs ) n . pl -disappear: pf - inf n . pl - caus : pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali lost the keys.’

104. sink b-i-b-uqːi

Valency pattern: ABS_INTER
X: ABS
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
χːʷar šin-ni-cːe b-i-b-a̰rqː-ib
log( abs ) water- obl - inter n . sg - inter - n . sg -take.away: pf - aor .3
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill elχːʷi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le qːačaʁ elχː-un
pn - erg robber( abs ) kill: pf - aor .3
‘Ali killed the robber.’

106. hit b-a̰qi

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰li-le rasul-l-i (k’ak’am) b-a̰q-ib
pn - erg pn - obl - super stick( abs ) n . sg -hit: pf - aor .3
‘Ali hit Rasul (with a stick).’

107. kiss upːa b-arq’i

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
pat’imat-le gal-l-i upːa b-arq’-ib
pn - erg boy- obl - super kiss( abs ) n . sg -do: pf - aor .3
‘Patimat kissed her son.’

108. read b-elgʷi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le žuz b-elg-un
pn - erg book( abs ) n . sg -read: pf - aor .3
‘Ali read the book.’

109. move (bodypart) b-urši b-aqi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le t’ul b-urš-i b-aq-ib
pn - erg finger( abs ) n . sg -move: pf - inf n . sg - caus : pf - aor .3
‘Ali moved his finger.’

110. respect ħurmat b-arq’i

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
ʡa̰li-le rasul-la ħurmat b-irq’-le
pn - erg pn - gen respect( abs ) n . sg -do: ipf - dur . res .3
‘Ali respects Rasul.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

111. be squeamish čar-b-aši

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le nisːa-la matrat-a-rka ča-r-w-ax-le
pn ( abs ) we. excl - gen dish- pl -( super ) elat super - elat - m . sg -walk: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali is squeamish about our dishes.’

112. be content raˤdi-le

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le cin-na gal-l-i raˤdi-le
pn ( abs ) self. sg - gen boy- obl - super content- adv . prs .3
‘Ali is content with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love b-ikːej

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i madina r-ikːag-ur
pn - obl - super pn ( abs ) f . sg -fall.in.love: pf - aor .3
‘Ali fell in love with Madina.’

114. trust iχtibar ke-b-išːi

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰li-le cin-na xadi-l-i iχtibar ke-b-irxː-le
pn - erg self. sg - gen wife- obl - super permission( abs ) down - n . sg -put: pf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali trusts his wife.’

115. sympathise jazuqːle b-a̰ħi

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i cin-na rucːe jazuqː-le r-a̰l-le
pn - obl - super self. sg - gen sister( abs ) sorry- adv f . sg -see: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali feels sorry for his sister.’

116. envy q’aq’a ik’-le

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
rasul-l-i ʡa̰χː-dixː b-uχ-ar, ʡa̰le q’aq’a ik’-le
pn - obl - super good- abstr ( abs ) n . sg -become: pf - cond .3 pn ( abs ) tight ( m . sg )come: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘If Rasul is fine, Ali becomes envious.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

117. be angry q’uc’ b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-l-i q’uc’ uχ-ub-le
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super angry ( m . sg )become: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali is angry with Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

118. be surprised tamaša b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le cin-n-i b-ičː-ib-an-n-i tamaša uχ-ub-le
pn ( abs ) self. sg - obl - super n . sg -give: pf - aor - part - obl - super surprised ( m . sg )become: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali is surprised at what they gave him.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) b-ikː-

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i nig d-ikː-le
pn - obl - super milk( abs ) n . pl -love: ipf - dur . res .3
‘Ali loves milk.’
Note: Stative predicate.

120. enjoy *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

121. want b-ikːle

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i c’i-ze tilifon b-ikː-le
pn - obl - super new- atr phone( abs ) n . sg -want: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali wants a new phone.’
Note: Stative predicate.

122. have a grudge q’uc’-le

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-l-i q’uc’-le
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super angry- adv . prs .3
‘Ali has a grudge against Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence ʡadab b-uχi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʡa̰le rasul-la piša-l-i ʡadab uχ-ub-le
pn ( abs ) pn - gen action- obl - super upset ( m . sg )become: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali took offence with what Rasul did.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

124. upset ʡadab b-arq’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le babaj ʡadab r-arq’-ib-le
pn - erg mother( abs ) upset f . sg -do: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali upset his mother.’

125. marvel tamaša b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le jaˤ šahru-l-i gužle tamaša uχ-ub-le
pn ( abs ) prox city- obl - super very suprised ( m . sg )-become: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali was very impressed by this city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise na̰sab b-arq’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le rasul na̰sab irq’-le
pn - erg pn ( abs ) despicable ( m . sg )do: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali despises Rasul.’

127. get upset ʡadab b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_GENqarri
X: ABS
Y: GENqarri
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le gal-la qar-r-i ʡadab uχ-ub-le
pn ( abs ) boy- gen top- obl - super upset ( m . sg )become: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali got upset because of his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. "qarri" is a denominal postposition.

128. get irritated q’uc’ b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡale xadi-l-i zarp-le q’uc’ urχ-le
pn ( abs ) wife- obl - super quick- adv angry ( m . sg )become: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali gets irritated with his wife easily.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond raˤdile b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-l-i raˤdi-le uχ-ub-le
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super content- adv ( m . sg )become: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali is fond of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy c’aχː b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_ANTE.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ANTE.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le cin-na čarχː-li-sa-rka c’aχː urχ-le
pn ( abs ) self. sg - gen body- obl - ante - elat shameful ( m . sg )become: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali is embarrassed about his body/appearance.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.