BivalTyp

‘bite’

Argument frame: X (bite) Y
Stimulus sentence: A dog bit P. .
Predicate label Ru: кусать
Argument frame Ru: X (кусать) Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: Собака укусила П .

Abaza cha

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
a-lá sará j-ʕa-sə-cha-d
def -dog i 3 sg . n . abs - cisl -1 sg . io -bite( aor )- dcl
‘The dog bit me.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) je-ceqe

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
he-r č̣ʼale-m je-ceqa-ʁ
dog- abs guy- obl 3 sg . io + dat -bite- pst
‘The dog bit the guy.’

Aghul fac.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
χuj.i fac.u-ne aslan
dog( erg ) grasp. pf - aor pn
‘A dog bit (lit. ‘grasped’) Aslan.’

Akhvakh (Northern) q’q’eleč’uruƛa

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
χwe-de pataħi-ge q’q’eleč’-ari
dog- erg pn - loc bite- aor
‘A dog bit Patahi.’

Andi (Zilo) qχ’amm.i-j

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
χʷedo-di qχ’amm.i-j pat’imati-ʔa
dog. obl - erg bite. pst - pf pn - super
‘The dog bit Patimat.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) ˁḏ̣ḏ̣

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
kalb ˁaḏ̣ḏ̣-u l-Abrahām
dog bite. pf .3 ms - o .3 ms to- pn
‘A dog bit Abraham.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ʕaẓẓ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
əč-čalb ʕaẓẓ Mḥammad
def -dog( m ) bite. pfv .3 m pn
‘The dog bit Muhammad.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ʿ.ḍ.ḍ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
il-kaleb ʿaḍḍ Shadi
def -dog bite. pst .3 m . sg pn
‘The dog bit Shadi.’

Arabic (standard) ʕaḍḍa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ʕaḍḍa l-kalb-u badr-an
bite. pf .3 m def -dog( m )- nom pn - acc
‘A dog bit Badr.’

Archi -eqːʼas

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša gʷači-li w-eqːʼu
pn dog- obl ( erg ) 1-bite. pfv
‘A dog bit Pasha.’

Armenian (Eastern) kcel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DAT~NOM
Locus: TR
šun-ə kcec’ Petros-i-n
dog[ nom ]- def bite: aor :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘A dog bit Petros.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +karəṭ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata calba +krəṭ-o=l
girl( f ) dog( m ) bite. pst - p .3 f =3 m
‘A dog bit the girl.’

Avar ħanč’ize

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: TR
ʕali-da ħanč’-ana ho-jaɬ
pn - loc bite- aor dog- erg
‘A dog bit Ali.’

Azerbaijani dişləmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
it Aslan-ı dişlǝ-di
dog pn - acc bite- pst (3)
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

Bafut nlóô

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mbû à kᵼ̀ nlóô àmbɛ́
dog sm p 2 bite pn
‘A dog bit Ambe.’

Bambara cín

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
wùlu` ye Sékù cín
dog\ art pfv . tr pn bite
‘A dog bit Seku.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
kud az Ahmed žirux̌-t
dog el pn bite- pst
‘The dog bit Ahmed.’
Note: This is a DOM pattern.

Belarusian ukusić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
sabak-a ŭkusi-l-a Alies-ja
dog- nom . sg bite( pfv )- pst - sg . f pn - acc . sg
‘A dog bit Ales.’

Budugh k’usu

Valency pattern: ERG_LOC
X: ERG
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
xor-ur aslan-a' k'ısa-ci
dog- erg pn - loc bite. pfv - prf
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

Bulgarian uhapya

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
kuche uhapa Petăr
dog bite( pfv ). aor .3 sg pn
‘A dog bit Petar.’

Catalan mossegar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
un gos va mosseg-ar en Pere
indf . sg . m dog( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind bite- inf def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘A dog bit Pere.’

Chechen ka tuoxa

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
zhala-s Islam-ana ka toex-na
dog- erg pn - dat bite hit- prf
‘A dog bit Islam.’

Chinese (Mandarin) yǎo

Valency pattern: bei_SBJ
X: bei
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Zhāngsān bèi yì-zhī gǒu yǎo le
pn pass one- clf dog bite pfv
‘Zhangsan was bitten by a dog.’
Note: The passive construction is normally used when there is a sense of misfortune or adversity.

Chirag q’ac’ i

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
χːuru-d ʡa̰li-l-i q’ac’ ib
dog- erg pn - obl - super bite say: pf + aor .3
‘The dog bit Ali.’

Croatian ugristi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pas je ugriza-o Per-u
dog[ nom . sg ] be. prs .3 sg bite( pfv )- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘A dog bit Pero.’

Czech kousat

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-a kous-l pes
pn ( m )- acc . sg bite( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] dog( m )[ nom . sg ]
‘A dog bit Petr.’

Danish bide

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
En hund bed Peter
indf . sg dog( c ) bite. pst pn
‘A dog bit Peter.’

Dargwa (Itsari) q'ac'-či-B-ik-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.LAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
Islam-li-j χːʷe q'ac'-či-b-ič-ib
pn - obl - super ( lat ) dog( abs ) bite- on - n - lv . pfv - aor
‘A dog bit Islam.’

Dargwa (Kadar) q'ac'-CL-ik-es / q'ac'-CL-irk-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad-i-ke χʷa q'ac'-b-ik-ib
pn - obl - super dog bite- n -fall. pfv - pret
‘A dog bit Muhammad.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) q’ac’bikara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
χvaˁ Petja-j q’ac’bič:-iv
dog pn - datlat n .bite. pf - aor (3)
‘A dog bit Petja.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
χʷe gal-i sus če-b-ič-e
dog boy- dat id /throat on - n -get. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘A dog bit the boy.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) q'ac' b-ič-iz/b-ilč-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)
X: NOM
Y: SUPER(LAT)
Locus: Y
uršːi-ja χʷaˤ q'ac' ka-b-ik-ub
boy- super ( lat ) dog id .bite down- n -bite. pfv - pret (3)
‘A dog bit the boy.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) q'ac' b-ikː-i / b-ilkː-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)
X: NOM
Y: SUPER(LAT)
Locus: Y
χːʷe durħaˤ-ge q'ac' b-ikː-un
dog boy- super ( lat ) id .bite n -bite. pfv . pret (3)
‘A dog bit the boy.’

Dutch bijten

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
de hond heeft Piet ge-bet-en
art . def . c dog(С) have.3 sg pn ( c ) ptcp -bite- ptcp
‘The dog bit Piet.’

Enets (Forest) sɛkuru

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
buniki kasa-jʔ sɛkura
dog man- nom . sg .1 sg bite( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘A dog bit my friend’.

English bite

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
A dog bit Peter.

Estonian hammustama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
koer hammusta-s Peetri-t
dog. sg . nom bite- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘A dog bit Peeter.’

Finnish purra

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
koira pur-i Pekka-a
dog. nom bite- pst .3 sg pn - part
‘A dog bit Pekka.’

French mordre

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
un chien a mordu Paul
indf . sg . m dog( m ) have. prs .3 sg bite. pst . ptcp . m pn ( m )
‘A dog bit Paul.’

Gascon a nhacat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lo can a nhacat a Pau
def . sg . m dog have. prs .3 sg bite. pst . ptcp to pn
‘The dog bit Pau.’

Gban ki̋ő ű

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
kpűkpɔ̏ dò ɛ́ Zá̰ kȉȍ ű
dog one 3 sg \ pst pn bite\ pfv . hest mouth.in
‘A dog bit Zan.’

Georgian Ø-u-k'b-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-s ʒaγl-ma Ø-u-k'b-in-a
pn - dat dog- erg io 3- ver : o -bite- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘A dog bit Petre.’

German beißen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ein Hund biss Karl
indf [ m . nom . sg ] dog[ nom . sg ] bite. pst .3 sg pn [ acc . sg ]
‘A dog bit Karl.’

Hebrew (modern) naʃaχ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
kelev naʃaχ et Pinχas
dog bite[ pst .3 sg . m ] do pn
‘A dog bit Pinchas.’

Hindi kāṭnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ko ek kutte ne kāṭ-ā
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat one dog( m ). sg . obl erg cut. pfv - m . sg
‘A dog bit Prateek.’

Indonesian (standard) meng-gigit

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
anjing meng-gigit Ade
dog act -bite pn
‘A dog bit Ade.’

Irish beir greim

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Do=rug madra greim ar Phól.
pst =take dog seizure on pn
‘A dog bit Pól.’

Italian mordere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
il can-e ha morso Leo
def . sg . m dog- sg . m aux .3 sg . prs bite. pst . ptcp pn ( m )
‘The dog bit Leo.’

Karata q’waraɬa

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali-č’o χwaj-l q’war-e
pn - cont dog- erg bite- pf
‘A dog bit Ali.’

Kazakh qap

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
It Petya-nï qap-tï
dog pn - acc bite- pst 1.3 sg
‘A dog bit Petya.’

Khanty (Kazym) pǒrԑmǝti + PASS

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
tǎm amp-ǝn pet’a-j-en pǒrԑm-ǝs-i
this dog- loc pn - ep - poss .2 sg bite- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘This dog bit Petja.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

Khoekhoe nâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
ari-b ge Petru-b-a go nâ
dog-3 m . sg decl pn -3 m . sg - obl rpst bite
‘A dog bit Peter.’

Khwarshi hana

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN1
X: ERG
Y: GEN1
Locus: Y
ʁʷa-ji hajna šamil-es
dog( iii )- erg bite\ pst . w pn - gen 1
‘A dog bit Shamil.’

Komi-Permyak курчöвтны

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
пон курчöвт-і-с Петя-ӧс
собака укусить- prt -3 pn - acc
‘Собака укусила Петю.’

Komi-Zyrian kurč́č́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a-e̮s kurč́č́-i-s pon
pn - acc bite- pret -3 dog
‘A dog bit Petja.’

Kpelle (Guinean) ɲíŋ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yílê àa Hólomo ɲíŋ
dog 3 sg . prf pn bite
‘A dog bit Holomo.’

Kryz (Alik) yuqhric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan xvara-r yiqhr-id
pn dog. obl - erg catch. pfv - aor . m
‘A dog bit Terlan.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) yiqhuric

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
xor-a-r aslan yiqhir-d
dog- obl - erg pn m .catch. pf - aor . m
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

Kryz (proper) qatac

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
xor-ir aslan qata-d
dog- erg pn snatch. pf - aor . m
‘A dog bit Aslan.’

Kumyk χapmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
it rasul-nu χap-d-ɨ
dog pn - acc bite- pst -3 sg
‘A dog bit Rasul.’

Kurdish (Sorani) geztin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
seg-êk Hîwa=î gezit-Ø
dog- indf pn =3 sg . pc bite. pst -3 sg
‘A dog bit Hiwa.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) dirîn (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
kûçik-k-î keçik-ek dirî
dog- indef - obl . m girl- indef . nom bite. pfv . sg
‘A dog bit a girl.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPLAT
X: GEN
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
kːačː-i-l qʼacʼ uk-und-i Maħammad-u-j-n
dog- obl - gen mouth say- aor -3 p pn - obl - sup - lat
‘A dog bit Mohammad.’

Latin mordeo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
si me canis memord-eri-t
if i . acc dog. nom . sg bite- fut 2. ind - act .3 sg
‘... if a dog bites me.’
Note: (Enn. Sat. 63)

Laz o-č'k'om-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ǯoγo(r)-i-k Käzim-i-s n-u-č'k'om-u
dog- b - erg pn - b - dat io 3- ver : o -eat- s 3 sg . pst
‘A dog bit Käzim.’

Lezgian (Yargun) k’asin

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
kiçˈ-i Sahib kˈas-na
dog- erg pn bite- aor
‎‎‎‘The dog bit Sahib.’

Macedonian kasne

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar go kasna kuče
pn pro .3 sg . m . acc bite( pfv ). aor .3 sg dog( n ). sg
‘A dog bit Petar.’

Maltese gidem

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
il-kelb gidem lil Ġwann
def -dog bite. pf . m .3 sg to pn
‘A dog bit Ġwanni.’
Note: The preposition “lil” is not obligatory with this verb. This is an example of the DOM system.

Maninka (Eastern) kín

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Wùlu` kà Sékù kín.
dog\ art aor . tr pn bite
‘A dog bit Seku.’

Mano sɔ̰́ɔ̰́ dɔ̄

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ē ŋ̄ sɔ̰́ɔ̰́ dɔ̄
3 sg . pst 1 sg tooth install
‘It bit me.’
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above).

Mansi (Northern) purəste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
kūt’uw pur-əs-t-e n’āwram
dog bite- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s child
‘The dog bit the child.’

Mehweb qʼacʼ -ikes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
χʷe qʼacʼ b-ik-ib Pajzula-li-če
dog bite n - lv : pfv - pst pn - obl - super ( lat )
‘A dog bit Pajzula.’
Note: Gender agreement is controlled by X.

Mingrelian Ø-a-č-am-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-s ǯoγor-k k-Ø-a-č-(u)
pn - dat dog- erg aff - io 3- ver : r -bite- s 3 sg . pst
‘A dog bit Chelo.’

Nanai səkpən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
enda Petia-wə səkpəŋ-ki-ni
dog pn - obl bite- pst - p .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petia.’

Nivkh rukt

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
qanŋ Kaskazik + ruk-t
dog pn + bite- ind
‘A dog bit Kaskazik.’

Norwegian Bokmål å bite

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
hund-en bet Per
dog- def . m . sg bite. pst pn
‘The dog bit Per.’

Oromo (West Central) tʃiniina

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
saree-n tolaa tʃ'iniin-t-e
dog- nom pn . abs bite-3 sg . f - pfv
‘A dog bit Tola.’

Persian gāz gereftan

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
yek sag ahmad-rā gāz gereft
one dog pn - acc bite take. pst .3 sg
‘A dog bit Ahmad.’

Polish ugryźć

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pies ugryz-ł mam-ę
dog[ nom . sg ] bite: pfv \ pst - pst [ m .3 sg ] mummy- acc . sg
‘A dog bit mummy.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) morder

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o cachorro mord-eu Pedro
def . m dog( m ) bite-3 sg . pst pn ( m )
‘A dog bit Pedro.’

Romani (Kalderash) dandarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o źukəl dandar-ď-a le Murš-as
art . m . dir . sg dog[ nom . sg ] bite- pst -3 sg art . m . obl pn - acc . sg
‘A dog bit Murša.’

Romanian a mușca

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
câine-le l-a mușcat pe Petru
dog- def . dir he. acc . nant - aux .3 sg bite. pst . ptcp on pn
‘A dog bit Petru.’

Russian kusatʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
sobak-a ukusi-l-a Pet-ju
dog( f )- nom . sg bite( pfv )- pst - f . sg pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘A dog bit Petja.’

Rutul (Kina) sɨs kiʔɨr

Valency pattern: ERG_INTER
X: ERG
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
rasul-u-k tɨlɨj-ra sɨs k-iʔɨ-r
pn - obl - inter dog. obl - erg tooth( nom ) pv -4. lv . pfv - cvb
‘A dog bit Rasul.’

Rutul (Mukhad) sıs vıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad-ı-s tılıje-re sıs vıʔı-ri
pn - obl - dat dog. obl - erg bite( a ) a .do. pf - aor
‘A dog bit Murad.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
tıla-ye-r mırad-ıs ghaˁl yıˁxıˁ-ri
dog- obl - erg pn - dat mouth n .strike. pf - aor
‘A dog bit Murad.’

Rutul (Shin-Borch) gıç' hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
q'at'ay-e-re murad-ı-s gıç' hıʔı-r
dog- obl - erg pn - obl - dat bite n .do. pf - aor
‘A dog bit Murad.’

Rutul (Shinaz) χaqhɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
tɨlɨj-re χaqhɨ-rɨ basir
dog. obl - erg ( m )catch. pf - perf pn
‘A dog bit Basir.’

Saami (Skolt) snäuʹǩǩed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
piânnai snauʹǩ-i suu
dog. sg . nom bite- pst .3 sg 3 sg . acc
‘A dog bit him.’

Sagada xana

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʁwaj-e xan-ii pat’imat
dog- erg bite- pst . w pn
‘The dog bit Patimat.’

Serbian ujesti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pas je uje-o Petr-a
dog. nom . sg be. prs .3 sg bite- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘A dog bit Petar.’

Shughni pirentow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM.CL
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
yu kūd=i wam vorǰ piren-t
d 3. m . sg dog=3 sg d 3. f . sg . obl horse bite- pst
‘The dog bit the horse.’

Slovak uhryznúť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pes uhryzo-l Petr-a
dog( m )[ nom . sg ] bite( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘A dog bit Peter.’

Slovenian ugrizniti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pes je ugrizni-l mam-o
dog[ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg bite: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] mother- acc . sg
‘A dog bit the mother.’

Spanish morder

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
un perro mordi-ó a Pedro
art . ndef . sg . m dog[ sg . m ] bite- aor .3 sg dir . obj . anm pn [ sg . m ]
‘A dog bit Pedro.’

Svan x-e-qp-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
žeγ-d maizer-s ä-x-qäp
dog- erg pn - dat prv : dist - io 3-bite
‘A dog bit Maizer.’

Swedish att bita

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en hund bet Björn
indf . c . sg dog bite. pst pn
‘A dog bit Björn.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
χu-ji maˁhaˁmad.a-z q’ac’ ʁ-ap’-nu
dog- erg pn - dat bite pf -do- pst
‘A dog bit Mahamad.’

Tagalog kagatin

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
k<in>agat ng aso si Pedro
< pv > pfv ~bite gen dog pers . subj pn
‘A dog bit Pedro.’

Telugu karucu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
oka kukka pravīṇ-ni kariciṁdi
one dog( n ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc bite. pst .3 sg . nm
‘A dog bit Praveen.’

Tsakhur ats’adk’ıniy

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
murad-ı-k хuvaa ats’abk’ın
pn - obl - cont dog a .bite
‘A dog bit Murad.’

Tswana loma

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ø-ntša e-lom-il-e ngw-ana
sg -dog(9) s i :cl9-bite- prf - fv sg -child(1)
‘The dog bit the child.’

Turkish ısırmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
köpek Mehmed-i ısır-dı
dog pn - acc bite- pst
‘A dog bit Mehmet.’

Turoyo nokət

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
u kalbo nkət-le Gabriyel
art . m dog( m ) bite. pfv - ls .3 m pn
‘The dog bit Gabriyel.’

Twi ka

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ᴐkraman bi ka-a nana
dog indef touch- pst grandfather
‘A dog bit grandfather.’

Udi biq'es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Ruslan-a xə̌-y-en=e biq'-e
pn - dat dog- obl - erg =3 sg seize- perf
‘A dog bit Ruslan.’

Udmurt kurtč́i̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
puni̮ Pet'a-jez kurtč́-iz
dog. nom pn - acc bite- pst .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petya.’

Ukrainian vkusyty

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
sobak-a vkusy-l-a Petr-a
dog( f )- nom . sg bite( pfv )- pst - f . sg pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘A dog bit Petro.’

Ulcha iktəmən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
min xusə piktə-wə-ji iŋda iktəmən-či-ni
my male child- acc -1 sg dog bite- pst -3 sg
‘A dog bit my son.’

Uzbek tišlab olmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
it Petya-ni tišla-b ol-di
dog pn - acc bite- cvb take- pst .3 sg
‘A dog bit Petja.’

Wolof màtt

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
xaj b-i dafa màtt xale b-i
dog( b ) cl b - def f oc v .s i :3 sg bite child( b ) cl b - def
‘The dog bit the child.’

Yukaghir (Northern) nǝrǝj=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
lа̄mа Sǝmiǝn nǝrǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ
dog pn bite- pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘A dog bit Semien.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
kutɨk-i o dɨrna
dog- m . obl 3 sg . m . abs tear. pst
‘The dog bit him.’