Bulgarian
Contributed by Krasimira Petrova.
The data were gathered in 2018 using the Russian version of the questionnaire.
How to cite
Petrova, Krasimira. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Bulgarian.
In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames.
(Data first published on January 8, 2025; last revised on January 8, 2025.)
(Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info , Accessed on )
Basic info
Coordinates: 43.36, 25.05 .
Genealogy (as given in WALS ). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.
Data
Subset examples by valency pattern
Any
DAT(na)_SBJ
DAT(na)_za
DO_SBJ
SBJ_BARE
SBJ_DAT(na)
SBJ_do
SBJ_na
SBJ_nad
SBJ_ot
SBJ_po
SBJ_s
SBJ_v
SBJ_za
TR
Subset examples by locus
Any
TR
X
XY
Y
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Петър
го
боли
глава
pn
pro
.3
sg
.
m
.
acc
ache(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
head
‘Petar has a headache.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
боледува
от
грип
pn
be_sick(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
from
flu
‘Petar has the flu.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
се
страхува
от
куче-то
pn
refl
be_afraid(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
from
dog-
def
.
n
.
sg
‘Petar is afraid of the dog.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
хвърли
камък
pn
throw:
pfv
.
aor
.3
sg
stone
‘Petar threw a stone.’
Valency pattern:
DAT(na)_SBJ
X: DAT(na)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
на
Петър
му
стигат
пари-те
on
pn
pro
.3
sg
.
m
.
dat
reach(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
money-
def
.
pl
‘Petar has enough money.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Петър
прилича
на
Михаил
pn
resemble(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
‘Petar resembles Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
вярва
на
Мария
pn
believe(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
‘Petar believes Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
взе
книга
от
полица-та
pn
take(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
book
from
shelf-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar took a book from the shelf.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
вижда
къща
pn
see(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
house
‘Petar sees a house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
възраст-та
влияе
на
памет-та
age-
def
.
f
.
sg
influence(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
memory-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Age influences memory.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
срещна
Мария
pn
meet(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar encountered Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_v
X: SBJ
Y: v
Locus: Y
Петър
влезе
в
къща-та
pn
come_in(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
in
house-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar entered the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
победи
Мария
на
шах
pn
win(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
pn
on
chess
‘Petar beat Maria in chess.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
излезе
от
къща-та
pn
come_out(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
from
house-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar went out of the house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
гони
кравата
на
пасище-то
pn
drive(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
cow-
def
.
f
.
sg
on
pasture-
def
.
n
.
sg
‘Petar is driving the cow to the pasture.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
изви
клон-а
pn
pro
.3
sg
.
acc
.
f
bend(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
branch-
def
.
acc
.
m
.
sg
‘Petar bent the branch.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
каза
на
Михаил:
"Ела
ми
на
гости"
pn
tell(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
on
pn
come(
pfv
).2
sg
.
imp
i
.
dat
on
guest.
pl
‘Petar told Mihail: Come visit me.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
държи
книга
в
ръце
pn
hold(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
book
in
hand.
pl
‘Petar is holding a book in his hand.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
настигна
Михаил
pn
catch_up(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar caught up with Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
издои
крава-та
pn
milk(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
cow-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar milked the cow.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
достигна
брег-а
pn
reach(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
shore-
def
.
acc
.
m
.
sg
‘Petar reached the bank.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_do
X: SBJ
Y: do
Locus: Y
Петър
се
допря
до
стена-та
pn
refl
touch(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
up_to
wall-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar touched the wall.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_s
X: SBJ
Y: s
Locus: Y
Петър
се
бие
с
Михаил
pn
refl
fight(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
‘Petar is fighting with Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_s
X: SBJ
Y: s
Locus: Y
Петър
дружи
с
Михаил
pn
be_friends(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
‘Petar is friends with Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_za
X: SBJ
Y: za
Locus: Y
Петър
мисли
за
Михаил
pn
think(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
for
pn
‘Petar is thinking about Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
изяде
ябълка
pn
eat(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
apple
‘Petar ate an apple.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
изпече
риба-та
pn
fry(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
fish-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar fried the fish.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
чака
Михаил
pn
wait(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar is waiting for Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_za
X: SBJ
Y: za
Locus: Y
Петър
е
забрави-л
за
другия
път
pn
be.
prs
.3
sg
forget(
pfv
)-
past
.
ptcp
.
m
.
sg
for
other.
def
.
m
.
sg
road
‘Petar forgot about the other road.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
памет-та
зависи
от
възраст-та
memory-
def
.
f
.
sg
depend(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
from
age-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Memory depends on age.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
извика
Михаил
pn
call(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar called Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_s
X: SBJ
Y: s
Locus: Y
Петър
се
запозна
с
Михаил
преди
една
година
pn
refl
get_to_know(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
with
pn
in_front
one-
f
.
sg
year
‘Petar got to know Mihail a year ago.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
познава
Михаил
pn
know(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar knows Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Петър
свири
на
китара
pn
play(
ipfv
).
aor
.3
sg
on
guitar
‘Petar plays the guitar.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
избягва
Михаил
pn
avoid(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar avoids Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
изготви
бомба
pn
make(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
bomb
‘Petar made a bomb.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_nad
X: SBJ
Y: nad
Locus: Y
Петър
издевателства
над
Михаил
pn
make_fun(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
above
pn
‘Petar is making fun of Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
има
кола
pn
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
car
‘Petar has a car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
търси
ключове-те
pn
look_for(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
key.
pl
-
def
.
pl
‘Petar is looking for the keys.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
боядиса
ограда-та
pn
paint(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
fence-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar painted the fence.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
куче
ухапа
Петър
dog
bite(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
pn
‘A dog bit Petar.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
се
лиши
от
къща-та
си
pn
refl
deprive(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
from
house-
def
.
f
.
sg
refl
.
dat
‘Petar lost hist house.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
се
опитва
да
улови
котка-та
pn
refl
try(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
subj
catch(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
cat-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar is trying to catch the cat.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
счупи
пръчка-та
pn
break(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
stick-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar broke a stick.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
ласкае
Мария
pn
flatter(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar is flattering Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
обича
Мария
pn
love(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar loves Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_s
X: SBJ
Y: s
Locus: Y
Петър
маха
с
кърпа
pn
wave(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
with
handkerchief
‘Petar is waving a handkerchief.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_za
X: SBJ
Y: za
Locus: Y
Петър
мечтае
за
нова
кола
pn
dream(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
for
new
car
‘Petar is dreaming of a new car.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
изми
чаша-та
pn
wash(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
cup-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar washed the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
обу
панталони-те
pn
put_on(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
trousers.
pl
-
def
.
pl
‘Petar put on the trousers.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_BARE
X: SBJ
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
този
предмет
се
нарича
компас
this.
m
.
sg
object
refl
call(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
compass
‘This object is called a compass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
наказа
син-а
си
pn
punish(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
son-
def
.
acc
.
m
.
sg
refl
.
dat
‘Petar punished his son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
мечка
нападна
рибар-я
bear
attack(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
fisherman-
def
.
acc
.
m
.
sg
‘A bear attacked the fisherman.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_s
X: SBJ
Y: s
Locus: Y
кофа-та
се
напълни
с
вода
bucket-
def
.
f
.
sg
refl
fill(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
with
water
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
намери
ключове-те
pn
find(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
key.
pl
-
def
.
pl
‘Petar found the keys.’
Valency pattern:
DAT(na)_SBJ
X: DAT(na)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
на
Петър
не
му
стига
един
долар
on
pn
neg
pro
.3
sg
.
m
.
dat
reach
one.
m
.
sg
dollar
‘Petar is one dollar short.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
ненавижда
Михаил
pn
hate(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar hates Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
DAT(na)_SBJ
X: DAT(na)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
на
Петър
му
харесва
тази
риза
on
pn
pro
.3
sg
.
m
.
dat
refl
like(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
this.
f
.
sg
shirt
‘Petar likes this shirt.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
се
нуждае
от
пари
on
refl
need(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
from
money.
pl
‘Petar needs money.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
стени-те
обкръжават
град-а
wall.
pl
-
def
.
pl
surround(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
city-
def
.
acc
.
m
.
sg
‘The walls surround the city.’
Valency pattern:
DAT(na)_SBJ
X: DAT(na)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
на
Петър
му
останаха
10
долара
on
pn
pro
.3
sg
.
m
.
dat
remain(
pfv
).
aor
.3
pl
ten
dollars
‘Petar has ten dollars left.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
отговори
на
учител-я
pn
answer(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
on
teacher-
def
.
acc
.
m
.
sg
‘Petar answered the teacher.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
отвори
банка
pn
open(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
can
‘Petar opened a can.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
моя-та
риза
се
различава
от
твоя-та
my.
f
.
sg
-
def
.
f
.
sg
shirt
refl
distinguish(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
from
your.
f
.
sg
-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
изостана
от
Михаил
pn
fall_behind(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
from
pn
‘Petar fell behind Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
оре
нива-та
pn
plough(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
field-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar is ploughing the field.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
ръце-те
ми
миришат
на
бензин
hand.
pl
-
def
.
pl
i
.
dat
smell(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
on
gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
пресече
улица-та
pn
cross(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
street-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar crossed the street.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
изпя
красив-а
песен
pn
sing(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
beautiful-
f
.
sg
song
‘Petar sang a beautiful song.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
написа
писмо
pn
write(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
letter
‘Petar wrote a letter.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
изпи
мляко-то
pn
drink(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
milk-
def
.
n
.
sg
‘Petar drank the milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
разтопи
парче
олово
pn
melt(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
piece
lead
‘Petar melted a piece of lead.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
този
колан
отива
на
моя-та
рокля
this.
m
.
sg
belt
match(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
my.
f
.
sg
-
def
.
f
.
sg
dress
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
напусна
родния
си
град
pn
leave(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
native.
def
.
m
.
sg
refl
.
dat
city
‘Petar left his native city.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
килим-ът
покрива
целия
под
carpet-
def
.
m
.
sg
cover(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
all.
def
.
m
.
sg
floor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
добре
помни
дом-а,
в
който
е
отрасна-л
pn
well
remember(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
house-
def
.
acc
.
m
.
sg
in
which.
m
.
sg
be.
prs
.3
sg
grow(
pfv
)-
past
.
ptcp
.
m
.
sg
‘Petar remembers the house where he grew up well.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
помогна
на
Михаил
pn
help(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
on
pn
‘Petar helped Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
разбира
френски
pn
understand(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
f
rench
‘Petar understands French.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
мълния
удари
къща-та
lightning
hit(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
in house-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_s
X: SBJ
Y: s
Locus: Y
Петър
се
поряза
с
бръснач
pn
refl
cut(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
with
razor
‘Petar cut himself with a razor.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_za
X: SBJ
Y: za
Locus: Y
чаша-та
залепна
за
маса-та
glass-
def
.
f
.
sg
stick(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
for
table-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
загуби
от
Михаил
pn
lose(
pfv
).
aor
.
sg
.М
from
pn
‘Petar lost to Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
се
зарадва
на
писмо-то
pn
refl
make_happy(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
on
letter-
def
.
n
.
sg
‘Petar was glad about the letter.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_s
X: SBJ
Y: s
Locus: Y
Петър
разговаря
с
Михаил
pn
speak(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
with
pn
‘Petar is speaking with Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Мария
роди
син
pn
give_birth(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
son
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
изпусна
чаша-та
pn
drop(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
glass-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar dropped the glass.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
ръководи
наше-то
село
pn
govern(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
our.
n
.
sg
-
def
.
n
.
sg
village
‘Petar runs our village.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_za
X: SBJ
Y: za
Locus: Y
Петър
тъгува
за
Мария
pn
miss(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
for
pn
‘Petar misses Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
следва
Мария
pn
follow(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar follows Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
слезе
от
кон-я
pn
go_down(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
from
horse-
def
.
acc
.
m
.
sg
‘Petar got down from the horse.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
слуша
радио
pn
listen(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
radio
‘Petar is listening to radio.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
слуша
майка
си
pn
listen(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
mother
refl
.
dat
‘Petar listens to his mother.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
чува
музика
pn
hear(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
music
‘Petar hears music.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_s
X: SBJ
Y: s
Locus: Y
мед-ът
се
е
смесил
с
мляко-то
honey-
def
.
m
.
sg
refl
be.
prs
.3
sg
mix(
pfv
)-
past
.
ptcp
.
m
.
sg
with
milk-
def
.
n
.
sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
гледа
облаци-те
pn
look(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
cloud.
pl
-
def
.
pl
‘Petar is looking at the clouds.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
свали
риза-та
си
pn
take_off(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
shirt-
def
.
f
.
sg
refl
.
dat
‘Petar took off his shirt.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
сънува
Мария
pn
see_in_dream(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar dreams about Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_s
X: SBJ
Y: s
Locus: Y
Петър
се
съгласи
с
Мария
pn
refl
agree(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
with
pn
‘Petar agreed with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_s
X: SBJ
Y: s
Locus: Y
Петър
се
скара
с
Мария
pn
refl
quarrel(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
with
pn
‘Petar had a quarrel with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
тази
чаша
струва
един
долар
this.
f
.
sg
glass
cost(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
one
dollar
‘This glass costs one dollar.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_po
X: SBJ
Y: po
Locus: Y
Петър
стреля
по
птица-та
pn
shoot(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
by
bird-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar shot at the bird.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
сипа
захар
в
чаша-та
pn
pour(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
sugar
in
cup-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘Petar poured sugar into the cup.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
загуби
ключове-те
си
pn
lose(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
key.
pl
-
def
.
pl
refl
.
dat
‘Petar lost his keys.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_v
X: SBJ
Y: v
Locus: Y
дърво-то
потъна
в
река-та
log-
def
.
n
.
sg
sink(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
in
river-
def
.
f
.
sg
‘The log sank in the river.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
уби
Михаил
pn
kill(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar killed Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
удари
Михаил
pn
hit(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar hit Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
целуна
Мария
pn
kiss(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar kissed Maria.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
прочете
интересн-а
книга
pn
read(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
interesting-
f
.
sg
book
‘Petar read an interesting book.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
помръдна
пръст
pn
move(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
finger
‘Petar moved his finger.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
уважава
Михаил
pn
respect(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar respects Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
се
гнуси
от
мръсн-и
съдове
pn
refl
disgust(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
from
dirty-
pl
dish.
pl
‘Petar is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
е
доволен
от
своя
син
pn
be.
prs
.3
sg
satisfied.
m
.
sg
from
one’s.
def
.
acc
.
m
.
sg
son
‘Petar is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_v
X: SBJ
Y: v
Locus: Y
Петър
се
влюби
в
Мария
pn
refl
fall_in_love(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
in
pn
‘Petar fell in love with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
има
доверие
на
Мария
pn
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
trust
on
pn
‘Petar trusts Maria.’
Valency pattern:
DAT(na)_za
X: DAT(na)
Y: za
Locus: XY
на
Петър
му
е
жал
за
майка
му
on
pn
pro
.3
sg
.
m
.
dat
be.
prs
.3
sg
pity
for
mother
pro
.3
sg
.
m
.
dat
‘Petar sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
завижда
на
Михаил
pn
envy(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
‘Petar envies Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
се
сърди
на
Михаил
pn
refl
make_angry(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
‘Petar is angry with Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
се
учуди
на
този
подарък
pn
refl
surprise(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
on
this.
m
.
sg
gift
‘Petar was surprised at this gift.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
обича
чай
pn
love(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
tea
‘Petar loves tea.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
се
наслаждава
на
горещия
чай
pn
refl
enjoy(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
warm.
def
.
acc
.
m
.
sg
tea
‘Petar enjoys hot tea.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
сика
нов
мобилен
телефон
pn
want(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
new
mobile
phone
‘Petar wants a new mobile phone.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
се
сърди
на
Мария
pn
refl
make_angry(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
‘Petar holds a grudge against Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
се
обиди
на
Михаил
pn
refl
offend(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
on
pn
‘Petar took offence at Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
много
огорчи
Михаил
pn
very
upset(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar greatly upset Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
се
порази
от
този
град
pn
refl
stun(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
from
this.
m
.
sg
city
‘Petar was impressed by this town.’
Valency pattern:
TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър
презира
Михаил
pn
despise(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
pn
‘Petar despises Mihail.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
се
огорчи
от
сина
си
pn
refl
upset(
pfv
).
aor
.3
sg
from
son
refl
.
dat
‘Petar got upset with his son.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
се
ядосва
на
Мария
pn
refl
irritate(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
‘Petar is getting irritated with Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Петър
симпатизира
на
Мария
pn
be_fond(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
on
pn
‘Petar is fond of Maria.’
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър
се
притеснява
от
ръст-а
си
pn
refl
embarrass(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
from
one’s-
def
.
acc
.
m
.
sg
refl
.
dat
‘Petar is embarrassed about his height.’