Bulgarian

Contributed by Krasimira Petrova.

The data were gathered in 2018 using the Russian version of the questionnaire. Elena Ivanova (Academia.edu profile) has greatly contributed to the analysis of the data.

How to cite

Petrova, Krasimira. 2025. Bivalent patterns in Bulgarian. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on January 8, 2025; last revised on May 18, 2025.) (Available online at https://bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Coordinates: 43.36, 25.05.
Genealogy (as given in WALS). Family: Indo-European, genus: Slavic.
Macro-area: Europe.

Grammar notes

Basic clause structure and the transitive construction

Bulgarian displays nominative–accusative alignment. Subjects (A and S arguments) are expressed by unflagged nouns and obligatorily trigger agreement through verbal suffixes. Nominal direct objects (P arguments) are likewise expressed by unflagged nominals but never trigger verbal agreement. Non-core nominal arguments (i.e. arguments other than subjects and direct objects) are flagged by various prepositions. Flagging options are more complex in the case of pronominal arguments, which distinguish nominative, accusative, and dative forms.

For core arguments the mapping is straightforward: subjects correspond to nominative pronominal forms, while direct objects correspond to accusative forms, which may occur alone or in combination with unflagged full NPs. For nominal arguments flagged by the preposition na, however, the situation is more complex. Such arguments may correspond either to dative pronominal forms or to combinations of the preposition na with stressed pronominal forms. The distribution of these patterns is verb-sensitive. In the annotations below, these two coding patterns are labeled "DAT(na)" and "na", respectively.

Finally, unflagged arguments that do not pattern with either subjects or direct objects are annotated as "BARE".

Case system

Nouns do not distinguish case in Bulgarian. By contrast, many pronouns, including personal pronouns, have three case forms: nominative, accusative, and dative, with further complications arising from the contrast between stressed (free) and unstressed (clitic) oblique forms. In addition, the so-called short forms of the postpositive definite article, as in examples (16), (21), etc. below, are typically opposed paradigmatically to the standard definite article, with short forms being impossible for most nouns in subject position.

Verb lemmas

Verbs are cited in the 1st person singular present tense, which is the standard citation form in Bulgarian.

Glossing abbreviations

ACC — accusative; AOR — aorist; COUNT — count form; DAT — dative; DEF — definite; F — masculine; IMP — imperative; IPFV — imperfective; M — masculine; N — neuter; NEG — negation; PAST — past; PFV — perfective; PL — plural; PN — person name; PRO — pronoun; PRS — present; PTCP — participle; REFL — reflexive; SG — singular; SHORT — short form of the definite article; SUBJ — subjunctive.

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern

Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain bolya

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Petăr	go	boli	glava
pn	pro .3 sg . m . acc	ache( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	head
‘Petar has a headache.’

2. have (illness) boleduvam

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	boleduva	ot	grip
pn	be_sick( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	flu
‘Petar has the flu.’

3. be afraid strahuvam se

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	strahuva	ot	kuche-to
pn	refl	be_afraid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	dog- def . n . sg
‘Petar is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw hvărlya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	hvărli	kamăk
pn	throw( pfv ). aor .3 sg	stone
‘Petar threw a stone.’

5. have enough stigam

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ

X: DAT(na)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

na	Petăr	mu	stigat	pari-te
on	pn	pro .3 sg . m . dat	reach( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	money- def . pl
‘Petar has enough money.’

6. resemble prilicham

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petăr	prilicha	na	Mihail
pn	resemble( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar resembles Mihail.’

7. believe vyarvam

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	vyarva	na	Maria
pn	believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar believes Maria.’

8. take vzema

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	vze	kniga	ot	politsa-ta
pn	take( pfv ). aor .3 sg	book	from	shelf- def . f . sg
‘Petar took a book from the shelf.’

9. see vizhdam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	vizhda	kăshta
pn	see( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	house
‘Petar sees a house.’

10. influence vliyaya

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

văzrast-ta	vliyae	na	pamet-ta
age- def . f . sg	influence( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	memory- def . f . sg
‘Age influences memory.’

11. encounter sreshtna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	sreshtna	Maria
pn	meet( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar encountered Maria.’

12. enter vlyaza

Valency pattern: SBJ_v

X: SBJ

Y: v

Locus: Y

Petăr	vleze	v	kăshta-ta
pn	come_in( pfv ). aor .3 sg	in	house- def . f . sg
‘Petar entered the house.’

13. win pobedya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	pobedi	Maria	na	shah
pn	win( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn	on	chess
‘Petar beat Maria in chess.’

14. go out izlyaza

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	izleze	ot	kăshta-ta
pn	come_out( pfv ). aor .3 sg	from	house- def . f . sg
‘Petar went out of the house.’

15. drive gonya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	goni	krava-ta	na	pasishte-to
pn	drive( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	cow- def . f . sg	on	pasture- def . n . sg
‘Petar is driving the cow to the pasture.’

16. bend izviya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	izvi	klon-a
pn	bend( pfv ). aor .3 sg	branch- def . short . m . sg
‘Petar bent the branch.’

17. tell kazha

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	kaza	na	Mihail:	"Ela	mi	na	gosti"
pn	tell( pfv ). aor .3 sg	on	pn	come( pfv ).2 sg . imp	pro .1 sg . dat	on	guest. pl
‘Petar told Mihail: Come visit me.’

18. hold dărzha

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	dărzhi	kniga	v	ratse
pn	hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	book	in	hand. pl
‘Petar is holding a book in his hands.’

19. catch up nastigna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	nastigna	Mihail
pn	catch_up( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar caught up with Mihail.’

20. milk izdoya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	izdoi	krava-ta
pn	milk( pfv ). aor .3 sg	cow- def . f . sg
‘Petar milked the cow.’

21. reach dostigna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	dostigna	breg-a
pn	reach( pfv ). aor .3 sg	shore- def . short . m . sg
‘Petar reached the bank.’

22. touch dopra se

Valency pattern: SBJ_do

X: SBJ

Y: do

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	doprya	do	stena-ta
pn	refl	touch( pfv ). aor .3 sg	up_to	wall- def . f . sg
‘Petar touched the wall.’

23. fight biya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_s

X: SBJ

Y: s

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	bie	s	Mihail
pn	refl	fight( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar is fighting with Mihail.’

24. be friends druzha

Valency pattern: SBJ_s

X: SBJ

Y: s

Locus: Y

Petăr	druzhi	s	Mihail
pn	be_friends( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar is friends with Mihail.’

25. think mislya

Valency pattern: SBJ_za

X: SBJ

Y: za

Locus: Y

Petăr	misli	za	Mihail
pn	think( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	for	pn
‘Petar is thinking about Mihail.’

26. eat izyam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	izyade	yabălka
pn	eat( pfv ). aor .3 sg	apple
‘Petar ate an apple.’

27. fry izpeka

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	izpeche	riba-ta
pn	fry( pfv ). aor .3 sg	fish- def . f . sg
‘Petar fried the fish.’

28. wait chakam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	chaka	Mihail
pn	wait( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar is waiting for Mihail.’

29. forget zabravya

Valency pattern: SBJ_za

X: SBJ

Y: za

Locus: Y

Petăr	e	zabravi-l	za	drug-ia	păt
pn	be. prs .3 sg	forget( pfv )- past . ptcp . m . sg	for	other- def . short . m . sg	road
‘Petar forgot about the other road.’

30. depend zavisya

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

pamet-ta	zavisi	ot	văzrast-ta
memory- def . f . sg	depend( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	age- def . f . sg
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call izvikam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	izvika	Mihail
pn	call( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar called Mihail.’

32. get to know zapoznaya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_s

X: SBJ

Y: s

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	zapozna	s	Mihail	predi	edn-a	godina
pn	refl	get_to_know( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	pn	in_front	one- f . sg	year
‘Petar got to know Mihail a year ago.’

33. know poznavam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	poznava	Mihail
pn	know( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar knows Mihail.’

34. play (instrument) svirya

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Petăr	sviri	na	kitara
pn	play( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	guitar
‘Petar plays the guitar.’

35. avoid izbyagvam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	izbyagva	Mihail
pn	avoid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar avoids Mihail.’

36. make izgotvya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	izgotvi	bomba
pn	make( pfv ). aor .3 sg	bomb
‘Petar made a bomb.’

37. make fun podigravam se

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	podigrava	na	Maria
pn	refl	make_fun( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar is making fun of Maria.’

38. have imam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	ima	kola
pn	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	car
‘Petar has a car.’

39. look for tărsya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	tărsi	klyuchove-te
pn	look_for( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	key. pl - def . pl
‘Petar is looking for the keys.’

40. paint boyadisam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	boyadisa	ograda-ta
pn	paint( pfv ). aor .3 sg	fence- def . f . sg
‘Petar painted the fence.’

41. bite uhapya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

kuche	uhapa	Petăr
dog	bite( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘A dog bit Petar.’

42. forfeit lisha se

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	lishi	ot	kăshta-ta	si
pn	refl	deprive( pfv ). aor .3 sg	from	house- def . f . sg	pro . refl . dat
‘Petar lost his house.’

43. try to catch opitvam se da ulovya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	se	opitva	da	ulovi	kotka-ta
pn	refl	try( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	subj	catch( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	cat- def . f . sg
‘Petar is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break schupya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	schupi	prăchka-ta
pn	break( pfv ). aor .3 sg	stick- def . f . sg
‘Petar broke a stick.’

45. flatter laskaya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	laskae	Maria
pn	flatter( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar is flattering Maria.’

46. love (person) obicham

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	obicha	Maria
pn	love( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar loves Maria.’

47. wave maham

Valency pattern: SBJ_s

X: SBJ

Y: s

Locus: Y

Petăr	maha	s	kărpa
pn	wave( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	handkerchief
‘Petar is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream mechtaya

Valency pattern: SBJ_za

X: SBJ

Y: za

Locus: Y

Petăr	mechtae	za	nov-a	kola
pn	dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	for	new- f . sg	car
‘Petar is dreaming of a new car.’

49. wash izmiya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	izmi	chasha-ta
pn	wash( pfv ). aor .3 sg	cup- def . f . sg
‘Petar washed the cup.’

50. put on obuya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	obu	pantaloni-te
pn	put_on( pfv ). aor .3 sg	trousers. pl - def . pl
‘Petar put on the trousers.’

51. be called naricham se

Valency pattern: SBJ_BARE

X: SBJ

Y: BARE

Locus: Y

tozi	predmet	se	naricha	kompas
this. m . sg	object	refl	call( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	compass
‘This object is called a compass.’

52. punish nakazha

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	nakaza	sin-a	si
pn	punish( pfv ). aor .3 sg	son- def . short . m . sg	pro . refl . dat
‘Petar punished his son.’

53. attack napadna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mechka	napadna	ribar-ya
bear	attack( pfv ). aor .3 sg	fisherman- def . short . m . sg
‘A bear attacked the fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) napălnya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_s

X: SBJ

Y: s

Locus: Y

kofa-ta	se	napălni	s	voda
bucket- def . f . sg	refl	fill( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	water
‘The bucket filled with water.’

55. find namerya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	nameri	klyuchove-te
pn	find( pfv ). aor .3 sg	key. pl - def . pl
‘Petar found the keys.’

56. be short NEG + stigam

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ

X: DAT(na)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

na	Petăr	ne	mu	stiga	edin	dolar
on	pn	neg	pro .3 sg . m . dat	reach( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	one. m . sg	dollar
‘Petar is one dollar short.’

57. hate nenavizhdam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	nenavizhda	Mihail
pn	hate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar hates Mihail.’

58. like haresvam

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ

X: DAT(na)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

na	Petăr	mu	haresva	tazi	riza
on	pn	pro .3 sg . m . dat	like( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	this. f . sg	shirt
‘Petar likes this shirt.’

59. need nuzhdaya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	nuzhdae	ot	pari
pn	refl	need( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	money. pl
‘Petar needs money.’

60. surround obkrăzhavam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

steni-te	obkrăzhavat	grad-a
wall. pl - def . pl	surround( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	city- def . short . m . sg
‘The walls surround the city.’

61. remain ostana

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_SBJ

X: DAT(na)

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

na	Petăr	mu	ostanaha	10	dolar-a
on	pn	pro .3 sg . m . dat	remain( pfv ). aor .3 pl	ten	dollar- count
‘Petar has ten dollars left.’

62. answer otgovorya

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	otgovori	na	uchitel-ya
pn	answer( pfv ). aor .3 sg	on	teacher- def . short . m . sg
‘Petar answered the teacher.’

63. open otvorya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	otvori	ken
pn	open( pfv ). aor .3 sg	can
‘Petar opened a can.’

64. be different razlichavam

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

moya-ta	riza	se	razlichava	ot	tvoya-ta
my. f . sg - def . f . sg	shirt	refl	distinguish( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	your. f . sg - def . f . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

65. fall behind izostana

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	izostana	ot	Mihail
pn	fall_behind( pfv ). aor .3 sg	from	pn
‘Petar fell behind Mihail.’

66. plough ora

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	ore	niva-ta
pn	plough( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	field- def . f . sg
‘Petar is ploughing the field.’

67. smell mirisha

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

rătse-te	mi	mirishat	na	benzin
hand. pl - def . pl	pro .1 sg . dat	smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	on	gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

68. cross preseka

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	preseche	ulitsa-ta
pn	cross( pfv ). aor .3 sg	street- def . f . sg
‘Petar crossed the street.’

69. sing izpeya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	izpya	krasiv-a	pesen
pn	sing( pfv ). aor .3 sg	beautiful- f . sg	song
‘Petar sang a beautiful song.’

70. write napisha

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	napisa	pismo
pn	write( pfv ). aor .3 sg	letter
‘Petar wrote a letter.’

71. drink izpiya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	izpi	mlyako-to
pn	drink( pfv ). aor .3 sg	milk- def . n . sg
‘Petar drank the milk.’

72. melt raztopya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	raztopi	parche	olovo
pn	melt( pfv ). aor .3 sg	piece	lead
‘Petar melted a piece of lead.’

73. match otivam

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

tozi	kolan	otiva	na	moya-ta	roklya
this. m . sg	belt	match( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	my. f . sg - def . f . sg	dress
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave napusna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	napusna	rodn-ia	si	grad
pn	leave( pfv ). aor .3 sg	native- def . short . m . sg	pro . refl . dat	city
‘Petar left his native city.’

75. cover pokrivam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

kilim-ăt	pokriva	tsel-ia	pod
carpet- def . m . sg	cover( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	all- def . short . m . sg	floor
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember pomnya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	dobre	pomni	dom-a,	v	koyto	e	otrasna-l
pn	well	remember( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	house- def . short . m . sg	in	which. m . sg	be. prs .3 sg	grow( pfv )- past . ptcp . m . sg
‘Petar remembers the house where he grew up well.’

77. help pomogna

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	pomogna	na	Mihail
pn	help( pfv ). aor .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar helped Mihail.’

78. understand (language) razbiram

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	razbira	frenski
pn	understand( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	f rench
‘Petar understands French.’

79. hit (target) udarya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mălnia	udari	kăshta-ta
lightning	hit( pfv ). aor .3 sg	house- def . f . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself porezha se

Valency pattern: SBJ_s

X: SBJ

Y: s

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	poryaza	s	brăsnach
pn	refl	cut( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	razor
‘Petar cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck zalepna

Valency pattern: SBJ_za

X: SBJ

Y: za

Locus: Y

chasha-ta	zalepna	za	masa-ta
glass- def . f . sg	stick( pfv ). aor .3 sg	for	table- def . f . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) zagubya

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	zagubi	ot	Mihail
pn	lose( pfv ). aor .3 sg	from	pn
‘Petar lost to Mihail.’

83. be glad zaradvam se

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	zaradva	na	pismo-to
pn	refl	make_happy( pfv ). aor .3 sg	on	letter- def . n . sg
‘Petar was glad about the letter.’

84. speak razgovaryam

Valency pattern: SBJ_s

X: SBJ

Y: s

Locus: Y

Petăr	razgovarya	s	Mihail
pn	speak( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar is speaking with Mihail.’

85. give birth rodya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Maria	rodi	sin
pn	give_birth( pfv ). aor .3 sg	son
‘Maria gave birth to a son.’

86. drop izpusna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	izpusna	chasha-ta
pn	drop( pfv ). aor .3 sg	glass- def . f . sg
‘Petar dropped the glass.’

87. govern răkovodya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	răkovodi	nashe-to	selo
pn	govern( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	our. n . sg - def . n . sg	village
‘Petar runs our village.’

88. miss tăguvam

Valency pattern: SBJ_za

X: SBJ

Y: za

Locus: Y

Petăr	tăguva	za	Maria
pn	miss( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	for	pn
‘Petar misses Maria.’

89. follow sledvam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	sledva	Maria
pn	follow( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar follows Maria.’

90. dismount slyaza

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	sleze	ot	kon-ya
pn	go_down( pfv ). aor .3 sg	from	horse- def . short . m . sg
‘Petar got down from the horse.’

91. listen slusham

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	slusha	radio
pn	listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	radio
‘Petar is listening to radio.’

92. obey slusham

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	slusha	mayka	si
pn	listen( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	mother	pro . refl . dat
‘Petar listens to his mother.’

93. hear chuvam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	chuva	muzika
pn	hear( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	music
‘Petar hears music.’

94. mix smesya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_s

X: SBJ

Y: s

Locus: Y

med-ăt	se	e	smesi-l	s	mlyako-to
honey- def . m . sg	refl	be. prs .3 sg	mix( pfv )- past . ptcp . m . sg	with	milk- def . n . sg
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look gledam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	gleda	oblatsi-te
pn	look( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	cloud. pl - def . pl
‘Petar is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off svalya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	svali	riza-ta	si
pn	take_off( pfv ). aor .3 sg	shirt- def . f . sg	pro . refl . dat
‘Petar took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) sănuvam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	sănuva	Maria
pn	see_in_dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar dreams about Maria.’

98. agree săglasya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_s

X: SBJ

Y: s

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	săglasi	s	Maria
pn	refl	agree( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar agreed with Maria.’

99. have a quarrel skaram se

Valency pattern: SBJ_s

X: SBJ

Y: s

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	skara	s	Maria
pn	refl	quarrel( pfv ). aor .3 sg	with	pn
‘Petar had a quarrel with Maria.’

100. cost struvam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

tazi	chasha	struva	edin	dolar
this. f . sg	glass	cost( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	one	dollar
‘This glass costs one dollar.’

101. shoot at strelyam

Valency pattern: SBJ_po

X: SBJ

Y: po

Locus: Y

Petăr	strelya	po	ptitsa-ta
pn	shoot( ipfv ). aor .3 sg	by	bird- def . f . sg
‘Petar shot at the bird.’

102. pour sipya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	sipa	zahar	v	chasha-ta
pn	pour( ipfv ). aor .3 sg	sugar	in	cup- def . f . sg
‘Petar poured sugar into the cup.’

103. lose zagubya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	zagubi	klyuchove-te	si
pn	lose( pfv ). aor .3 sg	key. pl - def . pl	pro . refl . dat
‘Petar lost his keys.’

104. sink potăna

Valency pattern: SBJ_v

X: SBJ

Y: v

Locus: Y

dărvo-to	potăna	v	reka-ta
log- def . n . sg	sink( pfv ). aor .3 sg	in	river- def . f . sg
‘The log sank in the river.’

105. kill ubiya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	ubi	Mihail
pn	kill( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar killed Mihail.’

106. hit udarya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	udari	Mihail
pn	hit( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar hit Mihail.’

107. kiss tseluna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	tseluna	Maria
pn	kiss( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar kissed Maria.’

108. read procheta

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	prochete	interesn-a	kniga
pn	read( pfv ). aor .3 sg	interesting- f . sg	book
‘Petar read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) pomrădna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	pomrădna	prăst
pn	move( pfv ). aor .3 sg	finger
‘Petar moved his finger.’

110. respect uvazhavam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	uvazhava	Mihail
pn	respect( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar respects Mihail.’

111. be squeamish gnusya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	gnusi	ot	mrăsn-i	sădove
pn	refl	disgust( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	dirty- pl	dish. pl
‘Petar is squeamish about dirty dishes.’

112. be content dovolen + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	e	dovolen	ot	svo-ya	sin
pn	be. prs .3 sg	satisfied. m . sg	from	one’s- def . short . m . sg	son
‘Petar is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love vlyubya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_v

X: SBJ

Y: v

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	vlyubi	v	Maria
pn	refl	fall_in_love( pfv ). aor .3 sg	in	pn
‘Petar fell in love with Maria.’

114. trust imam doverie

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	ima	doverie	na	Maria
pn	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	trust	on	pn
‘Petar trusts Maria.’

115. sympathise zhal + COP

Valency pattern: DAT(na)_za

X: DAT(na)

Y: za

Locus: XY

na	Petăr	mu	e	zhal	za	mayka	mu
on	pn	pro .3 sg . m . dat	be. prs .3 sg	pity	for	mother	pro .3 sg . m . dat
‘Petar sympathises with his mother.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy zavizhdam

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	zavizhda	na	Mihail
pn	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar envies Mihail.’

117. be angry sărdya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	sărdi	na	Mihail
pn	refl	make_angry( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar is angry with Mihail.’

118. be surprised uchudya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	uchudi	na	tozi	podarăk
pn	refl	surprise( pfv ). aor .3 sg	on	this. m . sg	gift
‘Petar was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) obicham

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	obicha	chay
pn	love( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	tea
‘Petar loves tea.’

120. enjoy naslazhdavam se

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	naslazhdava	na	goresht-iya	chay
pn	refl	enjoy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	warm- def . short . m . sg	tea
‘Petar enjoys hot tea.’

121. want iskam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	iska	nov	mobilen	telefon
pn	want( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	new[ m . sg ]	mobile	phone
‘Petar wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge sărdya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	sărdi	na	Maria
pn	refl	make_angry( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar holds a grudge against Maria.’

123. take offence obidya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	obidi	na	Mihail
pn	refl	offend( pfv ). aor .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar took offence at Mihail.’

124. upset ogorcha

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	mnogo	ogorchi	Mihail
pn	very	upset( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar greatly upset Mihail.’

125. marvel ostana vpechatlen

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	ostana	vpechatlen	ot	tozi	grad
pn	remain( pfv ). aor .3 sg	impressed. m . sg	from	this. m . sg	city
‘Petar was impressed by this town.’

126. despise preziram

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petăr	prezira	Mihail
pn	despise( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn
‘Petar despises Mihail.’

127. get upset ogorcha se

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	ogorchi	ot	sin-a	si
pn	refl	upset( pfv ). aor .3 sg	from	son- def . short . m . sg	pro . refl . dat
‘Petar got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated yadosvam se

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	yadosva	na	Maria
pn	refl	irritate( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar is getting irritated with Maria.’

129. be fond simpatiziram

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petăr	simpatizira	na	Maria
pn	be_fond( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar is fond of Maria.’

130. be shy pritesnyavam se

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

Petăr	se	pritesnyava	ot	răst-a	si
pn	refl	embarrass( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	height- def . short . m . sg	pro . refl . dat
‘Petar is embarrassed about his height.’