BivalTyp

‘be surprised’

Argument frame: X (be surprised) at Y
Stimulus sentence: (M. made P. an expensive gift.) P. was surprised at this gift .
Predicate label Ru: удивляться
Argument frame Ru: X (удивляться) Y -у
Stimulus sentence Ru: (М. сделала П. дорогой подарок). П. удивился этому подарку .

Abaza ǯ’a-š’a

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
murád awə́j a-sawʕá ǯ’a-j-š’á-ṭ
pn dist def -gift loc -3 sg . erg -wonder( aor )- dcl
‘Murad was surprised with this gift.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ʁe.ṣ̂eʁʷe

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
č̣ʼale-m ṣ̂ʷəhaftənə-r ə-ʁe-ṣ̂eʁʷa-ʁ
guy- obl gift- abs 3 sg . erg - caus -miracle- pst
‘The guy was surprised at this gift.’

Aghul ʡalamat x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan ʡalamat x.u-ne [uč.i-s aq’.u peškeš.i-l]
pn amazing become. pf - aor self- dat do. pf ( ptcp ) gift- super
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift that he received.’

Akhvakh (Northern) tamašaɬiluruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
pataħi tamašaɬil-ari sejeʁate-ɬɬi-ge
pn be_surprised- aor gift- obl - loc
‘Patahi was surprised at this gift.’

Andi (Zilo) tamaʃa-ɬ.i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
pat’imati tamaʃa-ɬ.i he-de-b padarkal-ʔa
pn [ f ][ nom ] amazement- inch . pst ( aor ) dem - sl - inan 1 gift. obl - super
‘Patimat was surprised by this gift.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) tfǧh

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Abrahām tfāǧah mn-ǝl-ᵊhdīyi
pn be_surprised. pf .3 ms from- art -gift
‘Abraham was surprised by the gift.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) tʕaǧǧab

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Aḥmad tʕaǧǧab m=əl-hadiye
pn be_surprised. pfv .3 m from= def -gift( f )
‘Ahmad was surprised by the gift.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) f.ǧ.ʾ

Valency pattern: SBJ_min
X: SBJ
Y: min
Locus: Y
Shadi tfāǧaʾ min il-hadiyye
pn be.surprised. pst .3 m . sg from def -gift
‘Shadi was surprised at the gift.’

Arabic (standard) taʕaǧǧaba

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-un taʕaǧǧaba min hāḏihi l-hadiyyat-i
pn - nom be_surprised. pf .3 m from this. f def -gift( f )- gen
‘Badr was surprised at this gift.’

Archi χːi -kes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUP.EL
Locus: Y
paša χːi i<w>tːi ja-b sːijʁat-li-tːi-š
pn be.surprised <1>become. pfv this-3 present- obl - sup - el
‘Pasha was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (stative).

Armenian (Eastern) zarmac’nel

Valency pattern: DAT~NOM_NOM
X: DAT~NOM
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petros-i-n zarmac’rec’ nver-ə
pn - dat - def surprise: aor :3 sg gift[ nom ]- def
‘Petros was surprised at the gift.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +aǧǧəb

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
ana +uǧǧəb-li b d-a pəštəš
i be_surprised. pst - ls .1 sg with obl - dem 1. sg gift( f )
‘I was surprised at this gift.’
Note: pəštaš is a dialect realization of pašcaš or pəšcaš.

Avar ʕažaibɬi habize

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali-ca sajʁat-aɬe ʕažaibɬi ha-b-una
pn - erg gift- nm . obl . dat wonder do- n - aor
‘Ali was surprised at this gift.’

Azerbaijani tǝǝccüblǝnmək

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Aslan bu hǝdiyyǝ-yǝ tǝǝccüblǝn-di
pn this gift- dat / lat be_surprised- pst (3)
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’

Bafut fúnᵼ̀

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
àmbɛ́ à kɨ̀ fúnᵼ̀ á àndásᵼ̀ júà
pn sm p 2 surprise at gift this
‘Ambe was surprised at this gift.’

Bambara kábakoya

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù kábakoya-ra sàma` lá
pn surprise- pfv . intr gift\ art in
‘Seku was surprised by this gift.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Ahmed mi poytāxc=qati ayron suδ-ǰ
pn d 1. m . sg . o gift= com surprised become- pf
‘Ahmed was surprised at the gift.’

Belarusian zdzivicca

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Alieś zdzivi-ŭ-sia het-amu padarunk-u
pn [ nom . sg ] surprise( pfv )- pst . sg . m - refl this- dat . sg . m gift- dat . sg
‘Ales was surprised at this gift.’

Budugh teʕeccüblenmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
aslan ulu bexşeyiş-cekir teʕeccüblenmi saxha-ci
pn prox gift- obl . part surprised m .be. pfv - prf
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bulgarian uchudya se

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petăr se uchudi na tozi podarăk
pn refl surprise( pfv ). aor .3 sg on this. m . sg gift
‘Petar was surprised at this gift.’

Catalan quedar sorprès

Valency pattern: SBJ_per
X: SBJ
Y: per
Locus: Y
en Pere va qued-ar sorprès pel regal
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind remain- inf surprised. m for. def . sg . m gift( m )
‘Pere was surprised at this gift.’

Chechen ciac-AGR-aala

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT
X: ABS
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
Islam sovghat-ax ciac-v-aella
pn . abs present- lat pv - v -get. prf
‘Islam was surprised at this gift.’

Chinese (Mandarin) jīngyà

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Zhāngsān shōudào zhè-ge lǐwù hěn jīngyà
pn receive this- clf gift very surprised
‘Zhangsan received this gift and was very surprised.’
Note: Not included in the dataset because Y is embedded in a complement clause.

Chirag tamaša b-uχi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le cin-n-i b-ičː-ib-an-n-i tamaša uχ-ub-le
pn ( abs ) self. sg - obl - super n . sg -give: pf - aor - part - obl - super surprised ( m . sg )become: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali is surprised at what they gave him.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Croatian iznenaditi se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Per-o se iznenadi-o t-om poklon-u
pn - nom . sg refl surprise( pfv )- part . perf . m . sg this- dat . sg . m gift- dat . sg
‘Pero was surprised at this gift.’

Czech překvapit

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-a ten dárek překvapi-l
pn ( m )- acc . sg this. m . nom . sg gift( m )[ nom . sg ] surprise( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]
‘Petr was surprised at this gift.’

Danish blive overrasket

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Peter blev overraske-t over denne gave
pn become. pst surprise- ptcp . pst . sg over dem . sg gift( c )
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

Dargwa (Itsari) tamaša-B-ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.LAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
Islam hel žaˤqːrum-li-j tamaša-w-ih-ub
pn ( abs ) this gift- obl - super ( lat ) surprise- m - lv . pfv - aor
‘Islam was surprised at this gift.’

Dargwa (Kadar) ħaˤjran-CL-uh-es / ħaˤjran-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad ħaˤjran-0-uh-ub iš podarok-i-ke
pn surprise- m -become. pfv - pret this gift( rus )- obl - super
‘Muhammad was surprised at this gift.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) tamaša vihara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Petja taMaša v-ih-aˁv hel paˁdaˁrk:a-j
pn wonder m -be. pf - aor (3) dem gift- datlat
‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
gal je sawʁat-l-i uk' uq-un=saw
boy this gift- obl - dat heart ( m )move. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy was surprised at this gift.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) tamaša b-iχ-iz/b-irχ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
il podarok-li-z uršːi tamaša iχ-ub
this gift- obl - dat boy amazing ( m )be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Tsugni) tamaša b-iχʷ-i / b-irχʷ-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.ESS
Locus: Y
durħaˤ xunnela-ge-w tamaša w-iχ-ub
boy gift- super - m . ess amazing m -be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dutch verbaasd zijn

Valency pattern: SBJ_met
X: SBJ
Y: met
Locus: Y
Piet is verbaas-d met het cadeau
pn ( c ) cop .3 sg be.surprised- ptcp with art . def . n gift( n )
‘Piet was surprised at the gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

Enets (Forest) dʲɔke

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
modʲi kasa-jʔ mɛzesi-xozo-da dʲɔkee
i man- nom . sg .1 sg gift- abl . sg - obl . sg .3 sg be_surprised( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend was surprised at the gift’.

English be surprised

Valency pattern: SBJ_with
X: SBJ
Y: with
Locus: Y
Peter was surprised at this gift.
Note: Passive.

Estonian üllatunud olema

Valency pattern: NOM_GENule
X: NOM
Y: GENule
Locus: Y
Peeter ol-i selle kingituse üle üllatu-nud
pn . sg . nom be- pst .3 sg dem . sg . gen gift. sg . gen over be_surprised- act . pst . ptcp
‘Peeter was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Finnish yllättyä

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pekka yllätty-i tä-stä lahja-sta
pn . nom be.surprised- pst .3 sg this- ela gift- ela
‘Pekka was surprised at this gift.’

French être surpris

Valency pattern: SBJ_par
X: SBJ
Y: par
Locus: Y
Paul a été surpris par ce cadeau
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg be. pst . ptcp . m surprise. pst . ptcp . m by this. sg . m gift( m )
‘Paul was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Passive construction.

Gascon s'estonè

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pèir s’=estonè d’=aqueth cadèu
pn refl =surprise. pst .3 sg of=this. sg . m gift
‘Pèir was surprised at this gift.’

Gban kṵ̋

Valency pattern: nen_SBJ
X: nen
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Mɔ̰̈bì dè ɛ́ kṵ̋ Zá̰ nɛ̰̏
pn gift 3 sg \ pst catch[ pfv . hod ] pn at
‘Zan was surprised at Monbi’s gift.’

Georgian ga-Ø-u-k'vir-d-eb-a

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s mašo-s-gan aset-i sačukar-i ga-Ø-u-k'vir-d-a
pn - dat pn - gen - pstp : abl adj . dem . prox - nom gift- nom prv :outward- io 3- ver : o -be_surprised- intr - s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre was surprised by such a gift from Masho.’

German überrascht werden

Valency pattern: NOM_vonDAT
X: NOM
Y: vonDAT
Locus: Y
Karl wurde von dem Geschenk überrascht
pn [ nom . sg ] become. pst .3 sg of def . n . dat . sg gift[ dat . sg ] surprise. ptcp 2
‘Karl was surprised with a gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

Hebrew (modern) hufta

Valency pattern: SBJ_mi
X: SBJ
Y: mi
Locus: Y
Pinχas hufta me ha matana ha z-o
pn be.surprised[ pst .3 sg . m ] from def gift def this- sg . f
‘Pinchas was surprised at this gift.’

Hindi cakit honā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk tohfe se cakit hu-ā
pn ( m ). sg . dir present( m ). sg . obl abl surprised be. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek is surprised with the present.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Indonesian (standard) ter-kejut

Valency pattern: SBJ_dengan
X: SBJ
Y: dengan
Locus: Y
Ahmad ter-kejut dengan hadiah ini
pn pass -shocked with gift this
‘Ahmad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

Irish bí iontas

Valency pattern: ar_mar.gheall.air
X: ar
Y: mar.gheall.air
Locus: XY
Bhí iontas air Phól mar_gheall_air an mbronntanas.
be. pst surprise on pn with.respect.to def gift
‘Pól was surprised at the gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian rimanere sorpreso

Valency pattern: SBJ_da
X: SBJ
Y: da
Locus: Y
Leo è rimast-o sorpres-o dal regal-o
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs stay. pst . ptcp - sg . m surprise. pst . ptcp - sg . m by. def . sg . m gift- sg . m
‘Leo got surprised at the gift.’

Karata tamašaɬaɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali tamašaɬ-e sajʁat-ja
pn wonder- pf gift- dat
‘Ali was surprised at this gift.’

Kazakh taŋɣal

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya osï sïylïq-qa taŋɣal-dï
pn this gift- dat be_surprised- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya was surprised at this gift.’

Khanty (Kazym) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Khoekhoe buru

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge nē ǀkhaexū-i xa ge buru
pn -3 m . sg decl this gift-3 c . sg by pst be_surprised
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’

Khwarshi ažajbła

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.TRANS
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.TRANS
Locus: Y
fatima аžajb-łа-ja padarka-ƛ'o-jža
pn surprised- vblz - pst . w gift- super - trans
‘Fatima was surprised at this gift.’

Komi-Permyak дивуйтчыны

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Петя дивуйтч-ö эта подарок-вö
pn удивляться- prs .3 этот подарок- suplat
‘Петя удивился этому подарку.’

Komi-Zyrian č́ujmi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a č́ujm-i-s koźin-li̮
pn be_surprised- pret -3 present- dat
‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’

Kpelle (Guinean) kwèi pǐli mà

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Paul kwèi àá pìlí mà dàa ɲɛ́í màa mɛ́nî ɓà
pn stomach. loc 3 sg . prf throw 3 sg .on1 def \town dem surface issue\ l on1
‘Pepee is surprised by this town.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kryz (Alik) taʕcib aric

Valency pattern: ERG_EQU
X: ERG
Y: EQU
Locus: Y
terlan-ir lu hadya-ci-ğan taʕcib ar-ic
pn - erg this gift- obl - equ wonder do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan was surprised at this gift.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) mahtal yipkinic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan lu pay-in-iz mahtal yilkin-d
pn this share- obl - dat surprised remain. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’

Kryz (proper) mahtal xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
aslan li pay-cux mahtal xhi-yid
pn this share- obl . apud surprised be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk tamaša bolmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
musa bu sawʁat-ʁa tamaša bol-d-u
pn this present- dat strange be- pst -3 sg
‘Musa was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kurdish (Sorani) ser sur̂man

Valency pattern: EXT_le
X: EXT
Y: le
Locus: XY
Hîwa le-ew diyarî-e ser=î sur̂ma bû-Ø
pn from-this gift- dem head=3 sg . pc spinning be- pst .3 sg
‘Hiwa was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) şaşmayî bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_li.serOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: li.serOBL
Locus: Y
jinik li ser vê diyari-yê şaşmayî bû
woman at on this. f . obl gift- obl . f surprised be. pfv .3 sg
‘The woman was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Maħammad piškaš-li-j-n maħatːal x-und-i
pn gift- obl - sup - lat be.amazed become- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad was surprised at this gift.’

Latin miror

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
(host-is) dum mira-tur subit-um advent-um
enemy( m )- nom . sg as_long_as be_surprised[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 sg sudden- acc . sg . m advance( m )- acc . sg
‘... while (the enemy) was surprised by the sudden advance.’
Note: (Liv. XXXIX, 30, 10)

Laz o-šaš-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i xedie-s go-Ø-i-šaš-u
pn - nom gift- dat prv - do 3- ver : s -surprise- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim was surprised at the gift.’

Lezgian (Yargun) mehttel jen

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Sahib in ppadarkka-da-l mehttel xha-na
pn this gift- obl - sup surprised become. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib was surprised at this gift.’

Macedonian se začudi

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar se začudi od podarok-ot
pn refl surprise( pfv ). aor .3 sg from gift( m ). sg - art . m . sg
‘Petar was surprised at this gift.’

Maltese COP + sorpriż

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
Ġwanni kien sorpriż bir-rigal
pn be. pf . m .3 sg surprised with2. def -present
‘Ġwanni was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Maninka (Eastern) bàra

Valency pattern: do(POST)_SBJ
X: do(POST)
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Í lá físiri bára bàra ń dɔ́.
2 sg poss gift\ art prf surprise 1 sg in
‘I'm surprised with your gift.’

Mano gé dùò

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ŋ̄ gé ē dùò sɛ́lɛ́ ɓɛ̄ ká
1 sg stomach 3 sg . pst throw town dem with
‘I am astonished by this town .’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Mansi (Northern) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Mehweb tamaša -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
Islam tamaša uh-ub sajʁat-iče
pn strange m .become: pfv - aor present- super ( lat )
‘Islam was surprised at this gift.’

Mingrelian Ø-e-Ɂ-on-eb-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_INS
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s te nač'q'olopu-t(i) Ø-e-Ɂ-on-(u)
pn - dat dem . prox gift- ins io 3- ver : r -follow- r . ext -( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo got surprised at this gift.’

Nanai ərdəŋgə baa-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia əj daŋsa-wa ərdəŋgə baa-xa-ni
pn this book- obl wonderful find- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia was surprised at this book.’

Nivkh fəskəd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik hu + pоdarоk-rоχ fəskə-d
pn close . dem + gift- dat / add be.surprised- ind
‘Kaskazik was surprised at this gift.’

Norwegian Bokmål å bli overrasket

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Per ble overraske-t over gav-en
pn become. pst surprise- ptcp over gift- def . m . sg
‘Per was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

Oromo (West Central) adʒaaʔibsiisata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n kennaa kana adʒaaʔib-siif-at-e
pn - nom gift. abs this. abs surprise- caus - mid -3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa was surprised at this gift.’

Persian šegeftzade šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM
X: NOM
Y: azNOM
Locus: Y
ahmad az hedīye šegeftzade šod
pn from gift surprised become. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad was surprised at this gift.’

Polish zdziwić się

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Michał zdziwi-ł się tym prezent-em
pn [ nom . sg ] surprise: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] refl this. m . ins . sg gift- ins . sg
‘Michał was surprised at this gift.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) ficar surpreso

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro fic-ou surpres-o com ess-e presente
pn ( m ) get-3 sg . pst surprised- m with dem . med - m gift( m )
‘Pedro got surprised at this gift.’

Romani (Kalderash) udivilpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a udivi-sajl-o kata padark-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg be_surprised- pst . refl -3 sg . m from gift- nom . sg
‘Murša was surprised at this gift.’

Romanian a fi surprins

Valency pattern: NOM_de
X: NOM
Y: de
Locus: Y
Petru a fost surprins de acest dar
pn aux .3 sg be. pst . ptcp surprise. pst . ptcp [М] of this gift
‘Petru was surprised at this gift.’
Note: This is a passive construction.

Russian udivitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet-ja udivi-l-sja èt-omu podark-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg surprise( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl this- m . dat . sg gift( m )- dat . sg
‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’

Rutul (Kina) taˤʔǯib jišira

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
rasul taˤʔǯib jiši-r=a ha-d amanat-a-s hɨwɨ-d saʔat-a
pn ( nom ) amazed 1.become. pfv - cvb =be this- attr gift- obl - dat 4.give. pfv - attr watch- obl ( sup )
‘Rasul was surprised at the watch that was given to him as a present.’

Rutul (Mukhad) maˤʔaˤt'al jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
murad mi amanat-aa maˤʔaˤt'al jiši-ri
pn prox trust- super surprised m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
mırad mi padarka-ya maˁʔtal yişi-ri
pn this gift- inel surprised m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Shin-Borch) mat yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
murad mi-di pay-aa mat yişi-r
pn prox - attr present- super surprised m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Shinaz) mahaˁt'al h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
basir mahaˁt'al ɨj ha-d peškeš-a
pn surprised cop med - attr gift- super
‘Basir was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Saami (Skolt) õõmtõõššâd

Valency pattern: NOM_GENdiott
X: NOM
Y: GENdiott
Locus: Y
Peâtt õõmtõõžž-i sǩiâŋk diõtt
pn . sg . nom be.surprized- pst .3 sg gift. sg . gen because.of
‘Pete was surprised at the gift.’

Sagada ʕažaib boqa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
muħamad ʕažaib oq-ii neƚa podarok-ƛ’o
pn ( i ) surprised ( i )become- pst . w 3 sg . obl gift- super
‘Muhamad was surprised by this present.’

Serbian iznenaditi se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar se iznenadi-o t-om poklon-u
pn . nom . sg refl surprise- part . perf . m . sg this- dat . sg . m gift- dat . sg
‘Petar was surprised at this gift.’

Shughni ayrůn rêdow

Valency pattern: NOM.NO.CL_INS
X: NOM.NO.CL
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Azim wi padarka=qati ayrůn red
pn d 3. m . sg . obl gift= ins surprised remain. pst
‘Azim was surprised at the gift.’

Slovak prekvapený + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter bo-l z darček-a prekvapen-ý
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] be( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ] from gift( m )- gen . sg surprised- m . nom . sg
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Slovenian začuditi

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-a je začudi-l-o daril-o
pn - acc . sg aux .3 sg surprise: pfv - lpt - n . sg gift- nom . sg
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’

Spanish sorprender

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ
X: DO
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a Pedro lo/le ha sorprendi-do el regalo
dir . obj . anm pn [ sg . m ] he. dir . obj . anm aux .3 sg surprise- ptcp : prf art . def . sg . m gift[ sg . m ]
‘This gift surprised Pedro.’
Note:

Svan x-a-sk'wrel (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s lile-š-xän-ka sačukar-Ø at-sak'wrel-ǝn
pn - dat pn - gen - abl - el gift- nom prv : dist . io 3-be_surprised- pst
‘Maizer was surprised at the gift from Lile.’

Swedish att bli överraskad

Valency pattern: SBJ_av
X: SBJ
Y: av
Locus: Y
Björn blev överraska-d av present-en
pn become. pst surprise- ptcp . c . sg of gift- def . c . sg
‘Björn was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
fatima podarok.ǯi-in rusvah ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs ) gift- super surprise pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Fatima was surprised at the gift.’

Tagalog magulat

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-gulat si Pedro sa regalo sa kaniya
av . pfv -get_surprised pers . subj pn dat gift dat 3. sg . dat
‘Pedro was surprised at this gift.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

Telugu āšcaryapōvu

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
pravīṇ ā bahumati-ni cūsi āšcaryapōyāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom dem . dist gift( n ). sg . obl - acc see. cvb . ant get_surprised. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

Tsakhur matхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad i-ni pay-ıle mat-хha-na
pn prox - attr . obl share- superel surprised- aux . pf - h
‘Murad was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tswana gakgamadiwa

Valency pattern: SBJ_ke
X: SBJ
Y: ke
Locus: Y
ke-gakgamad-its-w-e ke Ø-mpho e
s i :1 sg -be.surprised- prf . caus - pass - fv by sg -gift(9) cl9. dem
‘I am surprised at this gift.’

Turkish şaşmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet bu hediye-ye şaş-tı
pn this gift- dat be_surprised- pst
‘Mehmet was surprised at this gift.’

Turoyo midawmər

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_m
X: SBJ.SS
Y: m
Locus: Y
Maryam mdawmr-o m-u dəšno
pn be_surprised. pfv - ss .3 f from- art . f present( m )
‘Maryam was surprised by the gift.’

Twi dwiri

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kofi ho dwiri-i no wᴐ saa akyεdeε yi
pn inner_self disperse- pst him have this gift def
‘Kofi was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

Udi məət't'əl mandes

Valency pattern: ABS_ABL
X: ABS
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Ok'sana me pay-axun məət't'əl=e mand-i
pn dem present- abl surprised=3 sg remain- aor
‘Oksana was surprised at this gift.’

Udmurt abdrani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a ta kuźi̮m-li̮ abdra-z
pn . nom this gift- dat be_surprised- pst .3 sg
‘Petja was surprised with this gift.’

Ukrainian zdyvovanyj + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petr-o zdyvovan-yj c-ym podarunk-om
pn ( m )- nom . sg surprise( pfv ). ptcp . pst . pass - m . nom . sg this- m . ins . sg gift( m )- ins . sg
‘Petro was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive participle).

Ulcha pəskə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ama min daru-wa-j kət pəskə-xə-n
father my gift- acc -1 sg very wonder- pst -3 sg
‘Father was surprised at my gift.’

Uzbek hayron bo’lmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya bu sovɣa-ga hayron bo’l-di
pn this present- dat surprised be- pst .3 sg
‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Wolof waaru

Valency pattern: SBJ_ci
X: SBJ
Y: ci
Locus: Y
waar-u naa ci dikk-am
surprise- mid prf .s i :1 sg loc coming( b )- poss :3 sg
‘I am surprised at his coming.’

Yukaghir (Northern) mа̄lijuori=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn tu-ŋ nǝlǝčǝ-lǝ mǝ mа̄li-j-uo-ri-m
pn prxm - at gift- acc aff get_surprised- pf - res - appl - tr .3 sg
‘Semien was surprised at this gift.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ver.PSTP
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: ver.PSTP
Locus: Y
o na xɛlate=vɛr ʃaʃ mɛnd
3 sg . m . abs this. f . abs gift=front surprised stay. pst
‘He was surprised at this gift.’