BivalTyp

Hindi

Contributed by Elizaveta Zabelina (Academia.edu profile)

E.Z.'s photo

How to cite

Zabelina, Elizaveta. 2024. Bivalent patterns in Hindi. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on September 30, 2024; last revised on September 30, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on )

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain honā

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pratīk ko sardard hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat headache( m ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek has a headache.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

2. have (illness) honā

Valency pattern: DAT_DIR
X: DAT
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Pratīk ko sardī hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat cold( f ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek has got a cold.’

3. be afraid ḍar lagnā

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Pratīk ko kutte se ḍar lag-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat dog( m ). sg . obl abl fear( m ). sg . dir apply- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw pheṁknā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne patthar pheṁk-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg stone( m ). sg . dir throw. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek threw a stone.’

5. have enough honā

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Ab Pratīk ke pās paryāpt pɛse hɛṁ.
now pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl near sufficient. m . pl . dir money( m ). pl . dir be. prs . pl
‘Now Prateek has enough money.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + adnominal modifier).

6. resemble dikhnā

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pratīk Mohan ke jɛs-ā dikh-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl such_as- m . sg . dir look- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek looks like Mohan.’
Note: TBD: не уверена, что тут можно считать именным маркированием.. носитель периодически говорит без ke, и это адъективная согласованная штука

7. believe višvās karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLpar
X: ERG
Y: OBLpar
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan par višvās kar-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl on trust( m ). sg . dir do- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek believes Mohan.’

8. take lenā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne tāk par se ek kitāb lī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg ledge( m ). sg . obl on abl one book( f ). sg . dir take. pfv . f . sg
‘Prateek took a book from the shelf.’

9. see dekhnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ek ghar ko dekh-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir one house( m ). sg . obl acc / dat see- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Praveen sees a house.’

10. influence prabhāvit karnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Umr yāddāšt ko prabhāvit kar-t-ī hɛ.
lifespan( f ). sg . dir memory( f ). sg . obl acc / dat influenced do- ipfv - f prs .3 sg
‘Age influences memory.’
Note: TBD: Можно найти без маркирования, но довольно маргинально.

11. encounter milnā

Valency pattern: DAT_DIR
X: DAT
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Pratīk ko saṁyog se Mohan mil-e.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat connection( m ). sg . obl abl pn ( m ). sg . dir meet. pfv - m . pl
‘Prateek accidentally encountered Mohan.’

12. enter ghusnā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLke.andar
X: DIR
Y: OBLke.andar
Locus: Y
Pratīk ghar ke aṁdar ghus-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir house( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl inside penetrate. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek got into the house.’

13. win harānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne Mohan ko harāy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat defeat. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek beat Mohan.’
Note: TBD. Простой предикат, но не получается найти примеры без маркирования (одуш. объект в лексической семантике?). yellow.

14. go out jānā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk ghar se bāhar gay-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir house( m ). sg . obl abl outside go. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek went out of the house.’

15. drive hāṁknā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk gāy ko hāṁk rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir cow( f ). sg . obl acc / dat nudge dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is nudging the cow.’

16. bend moṛnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne šākhā ko moṛ-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg branch( f ). sg . obl acc / dat bend. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek bent the branch.’

17. tell kahnā

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pratīk ne Mohan ko kah-ā…
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat say. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek told Mohan…’
Note: TBD. Нормативно ожидалось аблативное маркирование на Y (управление). Переспрос дал 50 на 50 (двое из четырех). Маркирование объектным послелогом опустить, кажется, нельзя, хотя предикат простой.

18. hold pakaṛnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne ek kitāb pakṛ-ī hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg one book( f ). sg . dir grab. pfv - f . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek holds a book.’

19. catch up pahuṁc jānā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLtak
X: DIR
Y: OBLtak
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan tak pahuṁc gay-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl until reach go. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek caught up with Mohan.’

20. milk duhānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk gāy duhā-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir cow( f ). sg . dir milk- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is milking the cow.’

21. reach pahuṁcnā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBL
X: DIR
Y: OBL
Locus: Y
Pratīk kināre pahuṁč-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir bank( m ). sg . obl reach. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek reached the bank.’

22. touch chūnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne dīvār ko chu-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg wall( f ). sg . obl acc / dat touch. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek touched the wall.’

23. fight laṛnā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se laṛ rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl fight dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is fighting with Mohan.’

24. be friends dost honā

Valency pattern: DIR_GEN
X: DIR
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan kā dost hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . dir friend( m ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is Mohan’s friend.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

25. think socnā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLke.bare.me
X: ERG
Y: OBLke.bare.me
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mīnakṣī ke bāre meṁ soc rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( f ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl about in think dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is thinking about Meenakshi.’

26. eat khānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne ek seb khāy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg one apple( m ). sg . dir eat. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek ate an apple.’

27. fry bhūnnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne machlī bhun-ī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg fish( f ). sg . dir roast. pfv - f . sg
‘Prateek roasted fish.’

28. wait pratīkṣā karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan kī pratīkṣā kar rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . f waiting( f ). sg . dir do dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is waiting for Mohan.’

29. forget bhūl jānā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLke.bare.me
X: DIR
Y: OBLke.bare.me
Locus: Y
Pratīk dūsr-ī saṛak ke bāre meṁ bhūl gay-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir second- f road( f ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl about in forget go. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek forgot about the other road.’

30. depend nirbhar karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLpar
X: ERG
Y: OBLpar
Locus: Y
Yāddāšt umr par nirbhar kar-t-ī hɛ.
memory( f ). sg . dir lifespan( f ). sg . obl on dependent do- ipfv - f prs .3 sg
‘Memory depends on the age.’

31. call bulānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne Mohan ko bulāy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat call. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek called Mohan.’
Note: TBD. Простой предикат, но не получается найти примеры без маркирования (одуш. объект в лексической семантике?). yellow.

32. get to know milnā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se ek sāl pahle mil-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl one year( m ). sg . obl before meet. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek met Mohan one year ago.’

33. know jānnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk Mohan ko jān-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat know- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek knows Mohan.’

34. play (instrument) bajānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk giṭār bajā rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir guitar( m ). sg . dir play dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid dūr rahnā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se dūr rah-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl far stay- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek stays away from Mohan’

36. make banānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne ek cūhedānī banāy-ī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg one mousetrap( f ). sg . dir make. pfv - f . sg
‘Prateek made a mousetrap.’

37. make fun mazāk uṛānā

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan kā mazāk uṛā rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . dir jest( m ). sg . dir make_fly dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is making fun of Mohan.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

38. have honā

Valency pattern: OBLke.pas_DIR
X: OBLke.pas
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Pratīk ke pās ek kār hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl near one car( f ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek has a car.’

39. look for khodnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk apn-ī chābiyāṁ khod rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir own- f key( f ). pl . dir search dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is looking for his keys.’

40. paint raṁgnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne bāṛ ko raṁg diy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg fence( f ). sg . obl acc / dat colour( m ). sg . dir give. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek painted the fence.’

41. bite kāṭnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ko ek kutte ne kāṭ-ā .
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat one dog( m ). sg . obl erg cut. pfv - m . sg
‘A dog bit Prateek.’

42. forfeit gaṁvā denā.

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne apn-ā ghar gaṁvā diy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg own- m . sg . dir house( m ). sg . dir lose give. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek has lost his house.’
Note: TBD. Возможно, честнее будет не брать, в трех из четырех анкет была непереходная конструкция в этом месте ("дом П. ушел"). What about constituency in this intransitive construction?

43. try to catch pakaṛne kī košiš karnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk billī ko pakaṛn-e kī košiš kar rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir cat( f ). sg . obl acc / dat catch. inf - obl adjz . f attempt( f ). sg . dir do dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is trying to catch a cat.’

44. break toṛnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne ek chaṛī toṛ-ī .
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg one twig( f ). sg . dir break. pfv - f . sg
‘Prateek broke a stick.’

45. flatter makkhan lagānā

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mīnakṣī ko makkhan lagā rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( f ). sg . obl acc / dat butter( m ). sg . dir put dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is flattering Meenakshi.’

46. love (person) pyār karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mīnakṣī se pyār kar-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( f ). sg . obl abl love( m ). sg . dir do- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek loves Meenakshi.’

47. wave hilānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk rūmāl hilā rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir kerchief( m ). sg . dir wave dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream sapnā dekhnā

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Pratīk ek nay-ī kār kā sapnā dekh rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir one new- f car( f ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . dir dream( m ). sg . dir see dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek dreams of a new car.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

49. wash dhonā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne pyālā dhoy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg cup( m ). sg . dir wash. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek washed the cup.’

50. put on pahannā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne apn-ī patlūn pahn-ī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg own- f trousers( f ). sg . dir put_on. pfv - f . sg
‘Prateek put on his trousers.’

51. be called kahnā

Valency pattern: DAT_DIR
X: DAT
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Is ko dišāsūcak kah-t-e hɛṁ.
this. obl acc / dat compass( m ). sg . dir say- ipfv - pl prs . pl
‘This is called a compass.’

52. punish daṇḍ dēnā

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pratīk ne beṭe ko daṁḍ diy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg son( m ). sg . obl acc / dat punishment( m ). sg . dir give. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek punished the child.’

53. attack hamlā karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLpar
X: ERG
Y: OBLpar
Locus: Y
Ek bālū ne machuāre par hamlā kiy-ā.
one bear( m ). sg . obl erg fisherman( m ). sg . obl on attack( m ). sg . dir do. pfv - m . sg
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) bharā honā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Bālṭī pānī se bhar-ā hu-ā hɛ.
bucket( m ). sg . dir water( m ). sg . obl abl fill. pfv - m . sg be. pfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘A bucket has been filled with water.’
Note: TBD: Is this non-verbal?

55. find milnā

Valency pattern: DAT_DIR
X: DAT
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Pratīk ko us-kī chābī mil-ī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat 3 sg . obl - adjz . f key( f ). sg . dir meet. pfv - f . sg
‘Prateek found his keys.’

56. be short honā

Valency pattern: OBLke.pas_DIR
X: OBLke.pas
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Pratīk ke pās ek yūro kam hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl near one euro( m ). sg . dir little be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek lack one euro.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate.

57. hate nafrat karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se nafrat kar-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl hatred( f ). sg . dir do- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek hates Mohan.’

58. like pasaṁd karnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk is kamīz ko pasaṁd kar-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir this. obl shirt( f ). sg . obl acc / dat liking( f ). sg . dir do- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek likes this shirt.’

59. need cāhiye

Valency pattern: DAT_DIR
X: DAT
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Pratīk ko pɛsā cāhiye.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat money( m ). sg . dir be_needed
‘Prateek needs money.’
Note: TBD. Non-agreeing predicate (but the origin is verbal). TBD whether this is synchronically a non-verbal predicate.

60. surround ghernā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Dīvāroṁ ne šahar ko gher-ā hu-ā hɛ.
wall( f ). pl . obl erg city( m ). sg . obl acc / dat enclose. pfv - m . sg be. pfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘The walls have enlosed the city.’
Note: TBD. Возможно, честнее будет не брать, в трех из четырех анкет была непереходная конструкция в этом месте ("вокруг города со всех сторон стены"),

61. remain honā

Valency pattern: OBLke.pas_DIR
X: OBLke.pas
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Pratīk ke pās das yūro bac-e hɛṁ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl near ten euro( m ). pl . dir left- m . pl . dir be. prs . pl
‘Prateek has ten euros left.’
Note: TBD: Is this non-verbal?

62. answer javāb denā

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pratīk ne šikṣak ko javāb diy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg teacher( m ). sg . obl acc / dat answer( m ). sg . dir give. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek answered the teacher.’

63. open kholnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne ek boṭal khol-ī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg one bottle( f ). sg . dir open. pfv - f . sg
‘Prateek opened a bottle.’

64. be different honā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Nahīṁ, mer-ā šarṭ tumhār-e se dūsr-ā hɛ.
no, my- m . sg . dir shirt( m ). sg . dir your- m . sg . obl abl second- m . sg . dir be. prs .3 sg
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind pīche rahnā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLke.piche
X: DIR
Y: OBLke.piche
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan ke pīche rah gay-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl behind stay go. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek fell behind Mohan.’

66. plough jotnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk khet jot rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir field( m ). sg . dir plough dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is ploughing the field.’

67. smell mahaknā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLki.tarah
X: DIR
Y: OBLki.tarah
Locus: Y
Mer-e hāth miṭṭī ke tel kī tarah mahak rah-e hɛṁ.
my- m . pl . dir hand( m ). pl . dir soil( f ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl oil( m ). sg . obl adjz . f manner( f ). sg . dir smell dur - m . pl prs . pl
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’

68. cross pār karnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne saṛak pār kī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg street( f ). sg . dir across do. pfv . f . sg
‘Prateek crossed the street.’

69. sing gānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ek suṁdar gānā gā rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir one beautiful. m . sg . dir song( m ). sg . dir sing dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is singing a beautiful song.’

70. write likhnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne ek khat likh-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg one letter( m ). sg . dir write. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek wrote a letter.’

71. drink pī jānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk dūdh pī gay-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir milk( m ). sg . dir drink go. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek drank the milk.’

72. melt galānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne līḍ ke ek ṭukṛ-e ko galāy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg lead( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl one piece( m )- sg . obl acc / dat melt. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek melted a piece of lead.’

73. match milnā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Yah belṭ mer-e kapṛ-oṁ se mil-t-a hɛ.
this. dir belt( m ). sg . dir my- m . pl . obl clothes( m )- pl . obl abl meet- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘This belt matches my clothes.’

74. leave choṛ denā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne apn-ā mūl nivās choṛ diy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg own- m . sg . dir root residency( m ). sg . dir leave give. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek left his original residency.’

75. cover ghernā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Kālīn pūr-e farš ko gher-e hɛṁ.
carpet( m ). pl . dir full- m . sg . obl floor( m ). sg . obl acc / dat enclose. pfv - m . pl prs . pl
‘Carpets cover the whole floor.’

76. remember yād honā

Valency pattern: DAT_DIR
X: DAT
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Pratīk ko apn-ā ghar acche se yād hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat own- m . sg . dir house( m ). sg . dir good. m . sg . obl abl memory( f ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek remembers his home well.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

77. help sahāyatā karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Pratīk ne Mohan kī sahāyatā kī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . f help( f ). sg . dir do. pfv . f . sg
‘Prateek helped Mohan.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

78. understand (language) samājh ānā

Valency pattern: DAT_DIR
X: DAT
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Pratīk ko freṁč samajh ā-t-ī hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat f rench( f ). sg . dir understanding( f ). sg . dir come- ipfv - f prs .3 sg
‘Prateek understands French.’

79. hit (target) girnā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLpar
X: DIR
Y: OBLpar
Locus: Y
Ghar par bijlī gir-ī.
house( m ). sg . obl on lightning( f ). sg . dir fall. pfv - f . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself kāṭnā

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk ne apne āp ko rɛzar se kāṭ liy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg own. m . sg . obl oneself. obl acc / dat razor( m ). sg . obl abl cut take. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek cut himself with a razor.’

81. get stuck saṭ jānā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLpar
X: DIR
Y: OBLpar
Locus: Y
Glās mez par saṭ gay-ā.
glass( m ). sg . dir desk( f ). sg . obl on stick go. pfv - m . sg
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) hār jānā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se hār gay-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl lose go. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek lost to Mohan.’

83. be glad xuš honā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLke.bare.me
X: DIR
Y: OBLke.bare.me
Locus: Y
Pratīk khat ke bāre meṁ xuš th-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir letter( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl about in happy be. pst - m . sg
‘Prateek was happy about the letter.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

84. speak bāt karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_ABL
X: ERG
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se bāt kar rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl matter( f ). sg . dir do dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is talking to Mohan.’

85. give birth janm denā

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mīnakṣī ne beṭe ko janm diy-ā.
pn ( f ). sg . obl erg son( m ). sg . obl acc / dat birth( m ). sg . dir give. pfv - m . sg
‘Meenakshi gave birth to a son.’

86. drop girānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne glās girāy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg glass( m ). sg . dir make_fall. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek dropped the glass.’

87. govern calānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk hamār-e šahar ko calā-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir our- m . sg . obl city( m ). sg . obl acc / dat make_move- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek rules our city.’

88. miss yād karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mīnakṣī ko yād kar-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( f ). sg . obl acc / dat memory( f ). sg . dir do- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek misses Meenakshi.’

89. follow calnā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLke.piche
X: DIR
Y: OBLke.piche
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan ke pīche cal-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl behind walk- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek follows Mohan.’

90. dismount utarnā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk ghoṛe se nīche utar-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir horse( m ). sg . obl abl down get_down. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek got down from the horse.’

91. listen sunnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
P rēḍiyō sun rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir radio( m ). sg . dir hear dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is listening to the radio.’

92. obey sunnā

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pratīk hamešā apn-ī māṁ kī bāteṁ sun-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir always own- f mom( f ). sg . obl adjz . f matter( f ). pl . dir hear- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek always obeys his mother's words.’
Note: TBD. Is not it the case that Y is a clause-level dependent here?

93. hear sunnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk gānā sun-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir song( f ). sg . dir hear- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek hears the song.’

94. mix mil jānā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Šahad dūdh se mil gay-ā.
honey( m ). sg . dir milk( m ). sg . obl abl meet go. pfv - m . sg
‘Honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look dekhnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk bādal-oṁ ko dekh rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir cloud( m )- pl . obl acc / dat see dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off utār denā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne apn-ī kamīz utār dī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg own- f shirt( f ). sg . dir take_down give. pfv . f . sg
‘Prateek took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) sapne dekhnā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLke.bare.me
X: ERG
Y: OBLke.bare.me
Locus: Y
Mīnakṣī Pratīk ke bāre meṁ sapne dekh-t-ī hɛ.
pn ( f ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl about in dream( m ). pl . dir see- ipfv - f prs .3 sg
‘Meenakshi dreams about Prateek.’

98. agree sahmat honā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se sahmat hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl agreed be. prs .3 sg
‘Pratees agrees with Mohan.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

99. have a quarrel honā

Valency pattern: GEN_ABL
X: GEN
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Pratīk kā Mohan se jhagṛā hu-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl quarrel( m ). sg . dir be. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek had a quarrel with Mohan.’
Note: TBD. Change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate. What is the alternative in the 4th dataset? Буквально "Ссора Пратика с Моханом случилась". В 3 из 4 анкет так, в одной получила не генитивный вариант, но не знаю, честно ли его будет взять (звучит тоже естественно)

100. cost honā

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Is pyāli kī kīmat ek yūro hɛ.
this. obl teacup( f ). sg . obl adjz . f price( f ). sg . dir one euro( m ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg
‘This teacup's price is one euro.’
Note: TBD. Is not it the case that X is a clause-level dependent here?

101. shoot at nišānā lagānā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLpar
X: ERG
Y: OBLpar
Locus: Y
Pratīk ne ek chiṛiyā par nišānā lagāy-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg one bird( f ). sg . obl on target( m ). sg . dir put. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek shot at the bird.’

102. pour ḍālnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne cīnī ḍāl-ī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg sugar( f ). sg . dir throw. pfv - f . sg
‘Prateek poured some sugar.’

103. lose kho denā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne cābī kho dī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg key( f ). sg . dir lose give. pfv . f . sg
‘Prateek lost the key.’

104. sink ḍūb jānā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLme
X: DIR
Y: OBLme
Locus: Y
Taxtā pānī meṁ ḍūb gay-ā.
board( m ). sg . dir water( m ). sg . obl in sink go. pfv - m . sg
‘The board sank in the water.’

105. kill mār ḍālnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne Mohan ko mār ḍāl-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat beat throw. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek killed Mohan.’

106. hit pīṭnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne Mohan ko pīṭ-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat beat. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek beat Mohan.’

107. kiss cūmnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne Mīnakṣī ko cūm-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg pn ( f ). sg . obl acc / dat kiss. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek kissed Meenakshi.’

108. read paṛhnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne ek rōmāṁcak kitāb ko paṛh-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg one exciting. f . sg . obl book( f ). sg . obl acc / dat read. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek read an exciting book.’

109. move (bodypart) calānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne apn-ī uṁgl-ī calāy-ī.
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg own- f finger( f ). sg . dir make_move. pfv - f . sg
‘Prateek moved his finger.’

110. respect sammān denā

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan ko sammān de-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat respect( m ). sg . dir give- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek respects Mohan.’

111. be squeamish honā

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Pratīk ko gaṁd-e bartan se ghin hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat dirty- m . sg . obl dishes( m ). sg . obl abl scorn( f ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is squeamish about dirty dishes.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate.

112. be content honā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk apn-e beṭe se saṁtuṣṭ hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir own- m . sg . obl son( m ). sg . obl abl satisfied be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is satisfied with his son.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love ho jānā

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Pratīk ko Mīnakṣī se pyār ho gay-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat pn ( f ). sg . obl abl love( m ). sg . dir be go. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek fell in love with Meenakshi.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate?

114. trust ṭrasṭ karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLpar
X: ERG
Y: OBLpar
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan par ṭrasṭ kar-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl on trust do- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek trusts Mohan.’

115. sympathise honā

Valency pattern: DAT_OBLpar
X: DAT
Y: OBLpar
Locus: XY
Pratīk ko apn-ī māṁ par dayā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat own- f mom( f ). sg . obl on compassion( f ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek sympathises with his mother.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate.

116. envy jalnā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se jal-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl burn- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek envies Mohan.’
Note: TBD: What alternative? есть вариант с немного другим управлением (и предикатом), но этот самый частотный

117. be angry honā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan se gussā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl anger( m ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is angry with Mohan.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The verb agrees with X.

118. be surprised cakit honā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk tohfe se cakit hu-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir present( m ). sg . obl abl surprised be. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek is surprised with the present.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

119. love (tea) pasaṁd honā

Valency pattern: DAT_DIR
X: DAT
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Pratīk ko cāy pasaṁd hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat tea( m ). sg . dir liked be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek likes tea.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

120. enjoy mazā lenā

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Pratīk garm cāy kā mazā le rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir hot tea( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . dir savour( m ). sg . dir take dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is enjoying hot tea.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

121. want cāhnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ek nay-ā mobāil fon cāh-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir one new- m . sg . dir mobile phone( m ). sg . dir want- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge honā

Valency pattern: GEN_ABL
X: GEN
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Pratīk ka Mohan se manmuṭāv hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl abl antagonism( m ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek has a grudge against Mohan.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence burā mānnā

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pratīk Mohan kī bāt kā burā mān gay-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . f matter( f ). sg . dir adjz . m . sg . dir bad. m . sg . dir consider go. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek took offence at Mohan's words.’
Note: TBD: What is the exact reason for non-inclusion?

124. upset honā

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Mīnakṣī ko bahut dukhī hɛ Pratīk se.
pn ( f ). sg . obl acc / dat very grief( f ). sg . dir be. prs .3 sg pn ( m ). sg . obl abl
‘Meenakshi is very upset by Prateek.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate.

125. marvel prabhāvit honā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk is šahar se kaafī prabhāvit hu-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir this. obl city( m ). sg . obl abl enough influenced be. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek was quite impressed by the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

126. despise tiraskār karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan kā tiraskār kar-t-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . dir contempt( m ). sg . dir do- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek despises Mohan.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

127. get upset ho jānā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL
X: DIR
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pratīk apn-e beṭe se nārāz ho gay-ā.
pn ( m ). sg . dir own- m . sg . obl son( m ). sg . obl abl unsatisfied be go. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek is upset with his son.’
Note: TBD: verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate?

128. get irritated honā

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Pratīk ko apn-ī beṭī se gussā ho rah-ā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat own- f daughter( f ). sg . obl abl anger( m ). sg . dir be dur - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is being angry with his daughter.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate.

129. be fond pasaṁd honā

Valency pattern: DAT_DIR
X: DAT
Y: DIR
Locus: X
Pratīk ko Mohan pasaṁd hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat pn ( m ). sg . dir liked be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek likes Mohan.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

130. be shy honā

Valency pattern: DIR_OBLko.lekar
X: DIR
Y: OBLko.lekar
Locus: Y
Pratīk apn-e kad ko lekar šarmiṁdā hɛ.
pn ( m ). sg . dir own- m . sg . obl height( m ). sg . obl acc / dat concerning ashamed be. prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is ashamed about his height.’
Note: TBD: change the verb lemma. Non-verbal predicate.